Contributors |
|
xi | |
Preface to the first edition |
|
xiii | |
Preface to the second edition |
|
xv | |
Abbreviations and measurements |
|
xvii | |
|
Physiology of Excitable Cells |
|
|
1 | (38) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
1 | (6) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
The resting membrane potential |
|
|
2 | (5) |
|
|
7 | (6) |
|
The form of the nerve action potential |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
The ionic basis of the nerve action potential |
|
|
8 | (2) |
|
The propagated action potential |
|
|
10 | (2) |
|
The ionic basis of the cardiac action potential |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
The action potential in muscle |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Voltage-gated ion channels |
|
|
13 | (3) |
|
|
14 | (2) |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
Neurotransmitters and receptors: ion channels, G proteins and second messengers |
|
|
16 | (5) |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
Neuropeptide transmitters |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
Neurotransmitter release in sympathetic ganglia |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
Neuromuscular transmission |
|
|
21 | (3) |
|
Structure of the neuromuscular junction |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
An overview of neuromuscular transmission |
|
|
21 | (3) |
|
|
24 | (6) |
|
|
24 | (5) |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs and spinal reflexes |
|
|
30 | (3) |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
|
30 | (2) |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
The initiation of skeletal muscle contraction |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
|
33 | (2) |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of receptor activation |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
|
35 | (4) |
|
Physiology of the Nervous System |
|
|
39 | (36) |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
|
39 | (7) |
|
Neuron structure and properties |
|
|
39 | (3) |
|
|
42 | (3) |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
The central and peripheral nervous systems |
|
|
46 | (20) |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
|
47 | (3) |
|
Cerebral blood flow and oxygenation |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
Intracranial pressure (ICP) |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
Classification of sensorimotor neurons |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
|
52 | (5) |
|
Motor function and its control |
|
|
57 | (5) |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
The autonomic nervous system |
|
|
66 | (5) |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
Sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
Parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
|
71 | (4) |
|
|
75 | (42) |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
|
76 | (4) |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
ATP: the currency of cellular energy |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
Anaerobic or aerobic metabolism |
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
|
77 | (3) |
|
Functions of the respiratory system |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
Carriage of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood |
|
|
81 | (6) |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
Oxygen carriage in the blood |
|
|
82 | (3) |
|
Carbon dioxide carriage in the blood |
|
|
85 | (2) |
|
The mechanics of lung ventilation |
|
|
87 | (10) |
|
Equilibrium between the lung and thorax |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
Pressures and flow during the breathing cycle |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
Elastic forces and expansion of the lung |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
Non-elastic forces and expansion of the lung |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
Laminar, transitional and turbulent gas flow |
|
|
89 | (2) |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
The pressure--volume relationship of the lung |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
The muscles of ventilation |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
|
95 | (2) |
|
Gas exchange in the lungs |
|
|
97 | (10) |
|
Rate of pulmonary exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
Rate of transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial and venous blood |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
Functional anatomy of the airways, alveoli and pulmonary capillaries |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
Alveolar ventilation and dead space |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
Anatomical, alveolar and physiological dead spaces |
|
|
99 | (2) |
|
The oxygen and carbon dioxide composition of alveolar gas |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
The pulmonary circulation |
|
|
102 | (2) |
|
|
104 | (2) |
|
Ventilation--perfusion ratio |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
|
107 | (6) |
|
The respiratory centre in the medulla |
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
Peripheral chemoreceptors |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
Other factors involved in control of ventilation |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
Reflex ventilatory responses |
|
|
110 | (2) |
|
Exercise and the control of ventilation |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
Anaesthetic agents and the control of ventilation |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
|
113 | (4) |
|
Cardiovascular Physiology |
|
|
117 | (72) |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
Functions and layout of the cardiovascular system |
|
|
118 | (3) |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
Distribution of blood volume in the cardiovascular system |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
|
121 | (19) |
|
|
121 | (2) |
|
Cardiac action potentials |
|
|
123 | (2) |
|
Relationship between cardiac action potential, muscle contraction and refractory periods |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
Excitation--contraction coupling in cardiac muscle cells |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
Generation and conduction of the cardiac action potential |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
|
127 | (2) |
|
Mechanical events of the cardiac cycle |
|
|
129 | (2) |
|
Biophysical determinants of cardiac muscle contraction |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
Studies of isolated cardiac muscle preparations |
|
|
131 | (3) |
|
Studies of mechanical performance of the whole heart |
|
|
134 | (2) |
|
Ventricular pressure--volume relationships |
|
|
136 | (4) |
|
Physical factors governing blood flow through vessels |
|
|
140 | (5) |
|
|
140 | (3) |
|
Observed physiological deviations from Poiseuille's equation |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
Vessels of the systemic circulation |
|
|
145 | (16) |
|
General description of the vessels |
|
|
145 | (2) |
|
Arteries and arterial blood pressure |
|
|
147 | (2) |
|
|
149 | (3) |
|
|
152 | (3) |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
|
155 | (3) |
|
The relationship between venous return and cardiac output |
|
|
158 | (3) |
|
Control of the cardiovascular system |
|
|
161 | (14) |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
Functional organization of cardiovascular sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves in the medulla |
|
|
162 | (2) |
|
Central nervous system control and integration of the cardiovascular system |
|
|
164 | (2) |
|
Efferent pathways and effectors |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
Sensors and measured variables |
|
|
167 | (2) |
|
Effects of the arterial baroreceptor reflex on arterial blood pressure |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
Control of special circulations |
|
|
170 | (5) |
|
Integrated cardiovascular responses |
|
|
175 | (10) |
|
|
175 | (3) |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
|
179 | (6) |
|
|
185 | (4) |
|
Gastrointestinal Physiology |
|
|
189 | (18) |
|
|
189 | (15) |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
|
190 | (2) |
|
|
192 | (6) |
|
|
198 | (5) |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
204 | (3) |
|
|
207 | (12) |
|
|
207 | (10) |
|
|
207 | (2) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
214 | (3) |
|
|
217 | (2) |
|
|
219 | (32) |
|
|
219 | (29) |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
Fluid and electrolyte balance and dietary requirements |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
Functional anatomy of the kidneys |
|
|
222 | (2) |
|
|
224 | (3) |
|
Control of renal blood flow |
|
|
227 | (2) |
|
Tubular reabsorption and secretion |
|
|
229 | (4) |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
The loop of Henle and production of concentrated urine |
|
|
234 | (3) |
|
Summary of tubular handling of the glomerular filtrate |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
Hormonal control of tubular function |
|
|
238 | (3) |
|
Control of renal sodium, water and potassium excretion |
|
|
241 | (3) |
|
Renal control of acid--base balance |
|
|
244 | (4) |
|
Mechanisms of action of diuretic drugs |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
248 | (3) |
|
|
251 | (18) |
|
|
251 | (15) |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
253 | (4) |
|
Whole--body (in vivo) titration curves |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
|
257 | (3) |
|
Clinical effects of acid--base changes |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
Temperature and acid--base control |
|
|
261 | (2) |
|
Clinical aspects of acid--base control |
|
|
263 | (3) |
|
|
266 | (3) |
|
|
269 | (30) |
|
|
269 | (27) |
|
Haemopoiesis and its control |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
270 | (7) |
|
|
277 | (3) |
|
|
280 | (4) |
|
|
284 | (2) |
|
Cell-based theory of coagulation |
|
|
286 | (3) |
|
|
289 | (4) |
|
|
293 | (3) |
|
|
296 | (3) |
|
Physiology of the Immune System |
|
|
299 | (24) |
|
|
299 | (23) |
|
|
299 | (7) |
|
|
306 | (7) |
|
|
313 | (2) |
|
|
315 | (3) |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Assessment of immune function |
|
|
318 | (3) |
|
Effects of anaesthesia on immune function |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Allergic drug reactions in anaesthesia |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
323 | (32) |
|
|
323 | (28) |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Hormone production and secretion |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Regulation of hormone secretion |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
324 | (2) |
|
|
326 | (2) |
|
|
328 | (2) |
|
|
330 | (2) |
|
|
332 | (5) |
|
|
337 | (2) |
|
|
339 | (3) |
|
|
342 | (4) |
|
|
346 | (3) |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Atrial natriuretic factor |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
351 | (4) |
|
Metabolism, Nutrition, Exercise and Temperature Regulation |
|
|
355 | (26) |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
|
355 | (8) |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
|
356 | (5) |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Control of metabolic pathways |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
363 | (5) |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Inter-relation between fat and carbohydrate metabolism |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
366 | (2) |
|
|
368 | (5) |
|
|
368 | (3) |
|
Cardiovascular responses to exercise |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Respiratory responses to exercise |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Muscle and bone responses to exercise |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Gastrointestinal and endocrine effects |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
373 | (3) |
|
Afferent temperature sensors |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Cutaneous responses to heat |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Effects of anaesthesia on thermoregulation |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Physiology of altered temperature |
|
|
376 | (2) |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
376 | (2) |
|
Responses to high temperatures |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
378 | (3) |
|
|
381 | (18) |
|
|
381 | (15) |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Peripheral mechanisms of pain |
|
|
382 | (6) |
|
|
388 | (6) |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
396 | (3) |
|
Maternal and Neonatal Physiology |
|
|
399 | (24) |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
399 | (11) |
|
|
399 | (7) |
|
Physiology of the placenta |
|
|
406 | (4) |
|
|
410 | (9) |
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
|
413 | (3) |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
|
419 | (4) |
|
|
423 | (6) |
|
|
423 | (4) |
|
Functional decline with ageing |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Changes in the nervous system |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Changes in the cardiovascular system |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Changes in the respiratory system |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
Changes in body compartments |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Changes in renal function |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Changes in liver function |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
427 | (2) |
|
|
429 | (10) |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
429 | (3) |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
Direct effects of increased pressure |
|
|
429 | (2) |
|
Effects of breathing hyperbaric gases |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Physiological effects of altitude |
|
|
432 | (2) |
|
Environmental changes with altitude |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
Effects of rapid ascent to altitude |
|
|
432 | (2) |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Physiology of space travel |
|
|
434 | (2) |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Physiological effects of weightlessness |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
436 | (3) |
Key equations and tables |
|
439 | (10) |
Further reading |
|
449 | (4) |
Index |
|
453 | |