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E-grāmata: Process of Research and Statistical Analysis in Psychology

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(Illinois State University, USA)
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 17-Jul-2019
  • Izdevniecība: SAGE Publications Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781544362021
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Process of Research and Statistical Analysis in PsychologyPalielināt
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 17-Jul-2019
  • Izdevniecība: SAGE Publications Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781544362021
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The Process of Research and Statistical Analysis in Psychology presents integrated coverage of psychological research methods and statistical analysis to illustrate how these two crucial processes work together to uncover new information. Best-selling author Dawn M. McBride draws on over 20 years of experience using a practical step-by-step approach in her teaching to guide readers through the full process of designing, conducting, and presenting a research study. The text opens with introductory discussions of why psychologists conduct and analyze research before digging into the process of designing an experiment and performing statistical analyses. Each chapter concludes with exercises and activities that promote critical thinking, the smart consumption of research, and practical application. Readers will come away with a complete picture of the role that research plays in psychology as well as their everyday lives.

Recenzijas

"This text provides an introduction to the entire research process from the development of the research question to the analysis of data. There is a stepwise, methodical approach to each aspect of research design and analysis, which undergraduate students are likely to find approachable." -- Emily Coyle

Preface xvi
Acknowledgments xvii
About the Author xviii
Chapter 1 Psychological Research: The Whys and Hows of the Scientific Method and Data 1(31)
Why Should I Care About Research If I Don't Want to Do Research in My Career?
2(2)
Why Psychologists Conduct Research
4(3)
Populations and Samples
7(3)
Types of Data
10(5)
Scales of Measurement
11(2)
Survey Data
13(1)
Systematic and Controlled Measures
14(1)
Frequency Distributions
15(10)
Shape of a Distribution
16(4)
Frequency Distributions in Excel
20(3)
Frequency Distributions in SPSS
23(2)
Summary of Frequency Distributions
25(4)
Thinking About Research
27(2)
Summary
29(1)
Applying Your Knowledge
29(1)
Test Yourself
30(2)
Chapter 2 Developing a Research Question and Understanding Research Reports: Where Research Questions Come From 32(40)
Developing a Research Question
33(4)
How to Conduct a Literature Review
37(6)
PsycINFO
39(3)
PubMed and ERIC
42(1)
Other Sources
42(1)
What You Find in a Literature Review
43(6)
What Is a Journal Article?
43(1)
Structure of an Empirical Journal Article
44(3)
Review Articles and Book
Chapters
47(2)
Using the Literature Review to Make Hypotheses
49(5)
Theory-Driven Hypotheses
49(3)
Data-Driven Hypotheses
52(1)
Descriptive and Causal Hypotheses
53(1)
APA-Style Article Writing
54(8)
Before You Write
54(2)
Sections of an APA-Style Article
56(5)
Multiple-Study Articles
61(1)
Research Proposals
62(1)
General Formatting
62(1)
Oral Presentations
62(1)
Poster Presentations
63(5)
Thinking About Research
66(2)
Summary
68(1)
Applying Your Knowledge
69(1)
Test Yourself
69(3)
Chapter 3 Ethical Guidelines for Psychological Research 72(23)
Historical Context for Ethical Guidelines
75(4)
Nuremberg Code
75(1)
APA Code
76(3)
Current Ethical Guidelines for Human Participants Research
79(6)
Respect for Persons
79(3)
Beneficence
82(1)
Justice
83(1)
An Example
83(2)
Institutional Review Boards
85(4)
Exempt Studies
85(1)
Expedited Studies
86(1)
Full-Review Studies
86(1)
Criteria for Institutional Review Board Approval
86(1)
Deception and Debriefing
87(1)
An Example
88(1)
Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative
88(1)
Ethics in Reporting Research
89(4)
Thinking About Research
91(2)
Summary
93(1)
Applying Your Knowledge
93(1)
Test Yourself
94(1)
Chapter 4 Probability and Sampling 95(22)
Probability Concepts
96(3)
Sample Outcomes
97(1)
Sampling From a Population
97(2)
Sampling Techniques
99(6)
Probability Samples
100(3)
Convenience Samples
103(2)
Distribution of Sample Means Introduction
105(4)
Connecting Samples to Populations
105(4)
Recruiting Participants
109(1)
Using the Internet to Sample
110(3)
Thinking About Research
111(2)
Summary
113(1)
Applying Your Knowledge
114(1)
Test Yourself
114(3)
Chapter 5 How Psychologists Use the Scientific Method: Data Collection Techniques and Research Designs 117(30)
Data Collection Techniques
120(12)
Naturalistic Observation
122(2)
Surveys and Questionnaires
124(3)
Systematic Observation
127(2)
Using Archival Data
129(2)
Validity and Reliability
131(1)
Types of Research Designs
132(12)
Case Studies
133(3)
Correlational Studies
136(1)
Experiments
136(3)
Quasi-Experiments
139(2)
Thinking About Research
141(3)
Summary
144(1)
Applying Your Knowledge
144(1)
Test Yourself
145(2)
Chapter 6 Descriptive Statistics 147(42)
Central Tendency in Distributions
148(1)
Mean
149(5)
Calculating the Mean by Hand
149(3)
Calculating the Mean Using Excel
152(1)
Calculating the Mean Using SPSS
152(2)
Median
154(3)
Calculating the Median by Hand
154(1)
Calculating the Median Using Excel
155(1)
Calculating the Median Using SPSS
155(2)
Mode
157(2)
Calculating the Mode by Hand
157(1)
Calculating the Mode Using Excel
157(1)
Calculating the Mode Using SPSS
158(1)
Which Measure of Central Tendency Should I Use?
159(4)
Shape of the Distribution
159(2)
Type of Data
161(2)
Calculation Summary
163(1)
Variability in Distributions
163(1)
Standard Deviation
164(8)
Calculating the Standard Deviation by Hand
166(4)
Calculating the Standard Deviation Using Excel
170(1)
Calculating the Standard Deviation Using SPSS
170(2)
Calculation Summary
172(1)
Descriptive Statistics in Graphs
172(10)
Bar Graphs
172(2)
Line Graphs
174(3)
Scatterplots
177(3)
Creating Graphs Using Excel
180(1)
Creating Graphs Using SPSS
181(1)
APA Style for Graphs and Tables
182(3)
Thinking About Research
184(1)
Summary
185(1)
Test Yourself
186(3)
Chapter 7 Independent Variables and Validity in Research 189(19)
Independent Variables
191(5)
Types of Manipulations
191(1)
Quasi-Independent Variables
192(4)
Validity and Sources of Bias
196(9)
Internal Validity
196(4)
External Validity
200(3)
Sources of Bias Specific to a Field of Study
203(1)
Thinking About Research
204(1)
Summary
205(1)
Applying Your Knowledge
206(1)
Test Yourself
206(2)
Chapter 8 One-Factor Experiments 208(18)
Manipulation of Independent Variables
211(1)
Control in Within-Subjects and Between-Subjects Experiments
212(5)
Between-Subjects Experiments
212(3)
Within-Subjects Experiments
215(2)
Experiment Examples
217(6)
Cognitive Example
217(2)
Biological Example
219(1)
Social Example
219(3)
Thinking About Research
222(1)
Summary
223(1)
Applying Your Knowledge
223(1)
Test Yourself
224(2)
Chapter 9 Hypothesis-Testing Logic 226(32)
The z Score Transformation
228(5)
Calculating a z Score by Hand
230(1)
Calculating a z Score Using Excel
231(1)
Calculating a z Score Using SPSS
232(1)
The Normal Distribution
233(3)
Locating a z Score in the Normal Distribution
235(1)
Using the Normal Distribution to Determine the Probability of a Sample Mean
236(3)
Using the Normal Distribution to Test Hypotheses
239(3)
The Distribution of Sample Means Revisited
239(2)
Conducting a One-Sample z Test
241(1)
Logic of Hypothesis Testing
242(8)
Step 1: State Hypotheses
242(3)
Step 2: Set Decision Criterion
245(2)
Step 3: Collect Sample Data
247(1)
Step 4: Calculate Statistics
247(2)
Step 5: Make a Decision
249(1)
Types of Hypothesis-Testing Errors
250(2)
Predicting the Null Hypothesis
252(1)
Statistical Significance
252(2)
Calculation Summary
253(1)
Thinking About Research
253(1)
Summary
254(1)
Test Yourself
255(3)
Chapter 10 t Tests 258(41)
The t Distribution
261(2)
One-Sample t Test
263(4)
Step 1: State Hypotheses
263(1)
Step 2: Set Decision Criterion
263(1)
Step 3: Collect Sample Data
263(1)
Step 4: Calculate Statistics
263(3)
Step 5: Make a Decision
266(1)
Conducting a One-Sample t Test Using SPSS
267(3)
One-Sample t Test Assumptions
270(1)
Samples With Related or Paired Data
271(4)
Calculating a Related or Paired Samples t Test
275(3)
Step 1: State Hypotheses
275(1)
Step 2: Set Decision Criterion
275(1)
Step 3: Collect Sample Data
275(1)
Step 4: Calculate Statistics
276(1)
Step 5: Make a Decision
276(2)
Conducting a Related or Paired Samples t Test Using SPSS
278(2)
Paired Samples t Test Assumptions
280(2)
Independent Samples
282(4)
Estimating Sampling Error for Two Samples
284(2)
Calculating the Independent Samples t Test
286(3)
Step 1: State Hypotheses
286(1)
Step 2: Set Decision Criterion
286(1)
Step 3: Collect Sample Data
287(1)
Step 4: Calculate Statistics
287(2)
Step 5: Make a Decision
289(1)
Conducting an Independent Samples t Test Using SPSS
289(3)
Independent Samples t Test Assumptions
292(3)
Calculation Summary
292(1)
Thinking About Research
293(2)
Summary
295(1)
Test Yourself
295(4)
Chapter 11 One-Way Analysis of Variance 299(22)
More Than Two Independent Samples
301(4)
Between-Subjects Designs With Three or More Groups
301(1)
Hypotheses With Three or More Groups
301(1)
Using Variance Instead of Mean Differences
302(1)
The F Distribution
303(2)
Calculating the FScore in an Analysis of Variance
305(5)
Step 1: State Hypotheses
305(1)
Step 2: Set Decision Criterion
306(1)
Step 3: Collect Sample Data
306(1)
Step 4: Calculate Statistics
306(2)
Step 5: Make a Decision
308(2)
Conducting a One-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance Using SPSS
310(4)
Post Hoc Tests
313(1)
Test Assumptions
314(3)
Calculation Summary
314(1)
Thinking About Research
315(2)
Summary
317(1)
Test Yourself
318(3)
Chapter 12 Correlation Tests and Simple Linear Regression 321(22)
Correlation Versus Causation
322(4)
Statistical Relationships
323(3)
Hypothesis Testing With Pearson r
326(4)
Step 1: State Hypotheses
326(1)
Step 2: Set Decision Criterion
326(1)
Step 3: Collect Sample Data
327(1)
Step 4: Calculate Statistics
328(2)
Step 5: Make a Decision
330(1)
Conducting a Pearson r Test Using SPSS
330(2)
Regression Analyses
332(4)
Slope
333(1)
Intercept
333(1)
R2 Fit Statistic
334(1)
R2: Fit Statistic Indicating How Well an Equation Fits the Data
335(1)
Conducting a Linear Regression Using SPSS
335(1)
Nonlinear Relationships
336(4)
Calculation Summary
338(1)
Thinking About Research
338(2)
Summary
340(1)
Test Yourself
340(3)
Chapter 13 Chi-Square Tests 343(13)
Parametric Versus Nonparametric Tests
344(1)
Observed Versus Expected Frequencies
345(2)
Calculating a Chi-Square by Hand
347(2)
Step 1: State Hypotheses
347(1)
Step 2: Set Decision Criterion
347(1)
Step 3: Collect Sample Data
348(1)
Step 4: Calculate Statistics
348(1)
Step 5: Make a Decision
349(1)
Calculating a Chi-Square Test Using SPSS
349(4)
Calculation Summary
352(1)
Thinking About Research
352(1)
Summary
353(1)
Test Yourself
354(2)
Chapter 14 Multifactor Experiments 356(23)
Factorial Designs
358(6)
More About Interactions
364(3)
Experiment Examples
367(8)
Cognitive Example
367(2)
Biological Example
369(1)
Social Example
370(2)
Developmental Example
372(1)
Thinking About Research
373(2)
Summary
375(1)
Applying Your Knowledge
375(1)
Test Yourself
376(3)
Chapter 15 Two-Way Analysis of Variance 379(22)
Factorial Designs
380(3)
Calculating a Two-Way Analysis of Variance
383(7)
Step 1: State Hypotheses
384(1)
Step 2: Set Decision Criterion
384(1)
Step 3: Collect Sample Data
384(1)
Step 4: Calculate Statistics
384(3)
Step 5: Make a Decision
387(3)
Calculating Two-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance Using SPSS
390(4)
Test Assumptions
394(3)
Calculation Summary
394(1)
Thinking About Research
394(3)
Summary
397(1)
Test Yourself
397(4)
Chapter 16 One-Way Within-Subjects Analysis of Variance 401(20)
Within-Subjects Designs
402(2)
Calculating a Within-Subjects Analysis of Variance
404(5)
Step 1: State Hypotheses
405(1)
Step 2: Set Decision Criterion
406(1)
Step 3: Collect Sample Data
406(1)
Step 4: Calculate Statistics
406(2)
Step 5: Make a Decision
408(1)
Calculating One-Way Within-Subjects Analysis of Variance Using SPSS
409(4)
Test Assumptions
413(1)
More Complex Within-Subjects Designs
414(4)
Calculation Summary
414(1)
Thinking About Research
415(3)
Summary
418(1)
Test Yourself
418(3)
Appendix A: Sample APA-Style Research Report 421(10)
Appendix B: Answers to Stop and Think Questions 431(13)
Appendix C: Unit Normal Table (z Table) 444(3)
Appendix D: t Distribution Table 447(2)
Appendix E: F Distribution Table 449(4)
Appendix F: Pearson r Critical Values Table 453(2)
Appendix G: Chi Square Critical Values Table 455(2)
Glossary 457(6)
References 463(5)
Index 468
Dawn M. McBride is professor of psychology at Illinois State University, where she has taught research methods since 1998. Her research interests include automatic forms of memory, false memory, prospective memory, task order choices, and forgetting. In addition to research methods, she teaches courses in introductory psychology, cognition and learning, and human memory; she also teaches a graduate course in experimental design. She is a recipient of the Illinois State University Teaching Initiative Award and the Illinois State University SPA/Psi Chi Jim Johnson Award for commitment to undergraduate mentorship, involvement, and achievement. Her nonacademic interests include spending time with her family, traveling, watching Philadelphia sports teams (it was a good year for Philly sports this year!), and reading British murder mysteries. She earned her PhD in cognitive psychology from the University of California, Irvine, and her BA from the University of California, Los Angeles.
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