| To the AP Student |
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xviii | |
| To the AP Teacher |
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xxii | |
| AP Exam Content Outline |
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xxxii | |
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Chapter 1 Introduction and History of Psychology |
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1 | (25) |
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What is Psychology-and What is It Not? |
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2 | (6) |
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Psychology and Critical Thinking |
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4 | (2) |
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What Do Psychologists Do? |
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6 | (2) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Knowing the Difference between a Psychologist and a Psychiatrist |
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8 | (2) |
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What are Psychology's Historical Roots? |
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9 | (1) |
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Structuralism: Focus on Structure---and the Founding of Scientific Psychology |
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10 | (3) |
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Functionalism: Focus on Function |
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11 | (1) |
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Gestalt Psychology: Focus on the Whole Instead of the Parts |
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12 | (1) |
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Behaviorism: Eliminate the Mind and Focus on Behavior |
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12 | (1) |
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Psychoanalysis: Focus on the Unconscious Mind |
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13 | (1) |
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Psychology in Your Life: An Introspective Look at the Necker Cube |
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13 | (2) |
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What are the Perspectives Psychologists use Today? |
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15 | (6) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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The Evolutionary/Sociobiological View |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (2) |
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The Changing Face of Psychology |
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20 | (1) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Psychology as a Major |
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21 | (1) |
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Using Psychology to Learn Psychology: Studying with Key Questions and Core Concepts |
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22 | (4) |
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Chapter 2 Research Methods |
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26 | (34) |
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How do Psychologists Develop New Knowledge? |
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28 | (11) |
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The Five Steps of the Scientific Method |
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29 | (4) |
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Types of Psychological Research |
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33 | (3) |
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Sources of Bias in Research (or Anywhere Else) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (2) |
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Questions Science Cannot Answer |
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39 | (1) |
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Psychology in your Life: Getting in Deeper |
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39 | (2) |
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How Do We Make Sense of The Data? |
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41 | (9) |
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Developing Your Own Survey |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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Describing the Data with Descriptive Statistics |
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44 | (3) |
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Correlation: A Relationship Between Two Variables |
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47 | (1) |
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Making Inferences with Inferential Statistics |
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48 | (2) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Statistics in Politics |
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50 | (1) |
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Using Psychology to Learn Psychology: Research in Practice |
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50 | (10) |
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Chapter 3 Biopsychology and the Foundations of Neuroscience |
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60 | (48) |
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How are Genes and Behavior Linked? |
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64 | (5) |
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Evolution and Natural Selection |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (3) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Choosing Your Children's Genes |
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69 | (2) |
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How Does The Body Communicate Internally? |
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71 | (11) |
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The Neuron: Building Block of the Nervous System |
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72 | (5) |
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Divisions of the Nervous System |
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77 | (3) |
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80 | (2) |
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Psychology in Your Life: How Psychoactive Drugs Affect the Nervous System |
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82 | (2) |
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How Does the Brain Produce Behavior and Mental Processes? |
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84 | (17) |
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85 | (2) |
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Three Layers of the Brain |
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87 | (5) |
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Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex |
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92 | (4) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (2) |
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The Split Brain: "I've Half a Mind to.." |
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98 | (3) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Brain Damage and Behavior |
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101 | (2) |
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Biopsychology: The State of the Art |
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103 | (1) |
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Using Psychology to Learn Psychology: Putting Your Knowledge of the Brain to Work |
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103 | (5) |
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Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception |
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108 | (48) |
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How Does Stimulation Become Sensation? |
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111 | (5) |
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Transduction: Changing Stimulation to Sensation |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (1) |
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Psychology in Your Life: A Critical Look at Subliminal Persuasion |
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116 | (2) |
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How are The Senses Alike? And How are They Different? |
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118 | (15) |
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Vision: How the Nervous System Processes Light |
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119 | (6) |
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Hearing: If a Tree Falls in the Forest |
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125 | (4) |
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How the Other Senses Are Like Vision and Hearing |
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129 | (4) |
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Psychology in Your Life: The Experience of Pain |
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133 | (2) |
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What is the Relationship Between Sensation and Perception? |
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135 | (15) |
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Perceptual Processing: Finding Meaning in Sensation |
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136 | (1) |
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Perceptual Ambiguity and Distortion |
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137 | (4) |
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Theoretical Explanations for Perception |
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141 | (9) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Seeing and Believing |
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150 | (1) |
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Sensation and Perception: The State of the Art |
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151 | (1) |
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Using Psychology to Learn Psychology: Studying for the Gestalt |
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151 | (5) |
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Chapter 5 States of Consciousness |
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156 | (38) |
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How is Consciousness Related to Other Mental Processes? |
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158 | (6) |
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Tools for Studying Consciousness |
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160 | (2) |
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The Conscious and Nonconscious Minds |
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162 | (2) |
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Psychology in Your Life: The Unconscious---Reconsidered |
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164 | (2) |
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What Cycles Occur in Everyday Consciousness? |
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166 | (9) |
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166 | (1) |
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Sleep: The Mysterious Third of Our Lives |
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167 | (5) |
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Dreaming: The Pageants of the Night |
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172 | (3) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Sleep Disorders |
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175 | (3) |
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What Other Forms Can Consciousness Take? |
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178 | (3) |
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178 | (3) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (6) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Dependence and Addiction |
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187 | (2) |
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Consciousness: The State of the Art |
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189 | (1) |
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Using Psychology to Learn Psychology: Connecting Consciousness with Memory |
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190 | (4) |
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194 | (38) |
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What Sort of Learning Does Classical Conditioning Explain? |
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198 | (7) |
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The Essentials of Classical Conditioning |
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199 | (3) |
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Applications of Classical Conditioning |
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202 | (3) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Taste Aversions and Chemotherapy |
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205 | (1) |
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How do We Learn New Behaviors by Operant Conditioning? |
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206 | (11) |
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Skinner's Radical Behaviorism |
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206 | (1) |
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The Power of Reinforcement |
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206 | (5) |
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The Problem of Punishment |
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211 | (4) |
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Operant and Classical Conditioning Compared |
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215 | (2) |
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Psychology in Your Life: A Checklist for Modifying Operant Behavior |
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217 | (1) |
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How Does Cognitive Psychology Explain Learning? |
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218 | (7) |
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Insight Learning: Kohler in the Canaries with the Chimps |
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219 | (1) |
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Cognitive Maps: Tohman Finds Out What's on a Rat's Mind |
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220 | (2) |
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Observational Learning: Bandura's Challenge to Behaviorism |
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222 | (1) |
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Rethinking Behavioral Learning in Cognitive Terms |
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223 | (1) |
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Brain Mechanisms and Learning |
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223 | (1) |
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"Higher" Cognitive Learning |
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224 | (1) |
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Psychology in Your Life: A Critical Look at "Learning Styles" |
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225 | (1) |
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Learning: The State of the Art |
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226 | (1) |
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Using Psychology to Learn Psychology: Operant Conditioning Can Help You Study More--- and Enjoy It |
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227 | (5) |
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232 | (64) |
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235 | (2) |
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Memory's Three Basic Tasks |
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236 | (1) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Would You Want a "Photographic" Memory? |
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237 | (4) |
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239 | (2) |
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The First Stage: Sensory Memory |
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241 | (9) |
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The Second Stage: Working Memory |
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242 | (4) |
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The Third Stage: Long-Term Memory |
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246 | (4) |
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Psychology in Your Life: "Flashbulb" Memories: Where Were You When...? |
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250 | (2) |
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How Do We Retrieve Memories? |
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252 | (3) |
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Implicit and Explicit Memory |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (2) |
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Other Factors Affecting Retrieval |
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254 | (1) |
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Psychology in Your Life: On the Tip of Your Tongue |
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255 | (2) |
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Why Does Memory Sometimes Fail Us? |
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257 | (8) |
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Transience: Fading Memories Cause Forgetting |
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257 | (1) |
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Absent-Mindedness: Lapses of Attention Cause Forgetting |
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258 | (1) |
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Blocking: Interference Causes Forgetting |
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258 | (2) |
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Misattribution: Memories in the Wrong Context |
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260 | (1) |
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Suggestibility: External Cues Distort or Create Memories |
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261 | (2) |
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Bias: Beliefs, Attitudes, and Opinions Distort Memories |
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263 | (1) |
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Persistence: When We Can't Forget |
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264 | (1) |
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The Advantages of the "Seven Sins" of Memory |
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264 | (1) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Improving Your Memory with Mnemonics |
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265 | (2) |
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How do Children Acquire Language? |
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267 | (2) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Learning a New Language |
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269 | (2) |
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270 | (1) |
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What are the Components of Thought? |
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271 | (6) |
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271 | (2) |
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Imagery and Cognitive Maps |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (3) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Schemas and Scripts Help You Know What to Expect |
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277 | (2) |
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What Abilities Do Good Thinkers Possess? |
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279 | (7) |
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279 | (5) |
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Judging and Making Decisions |
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284 | (2) |
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Psychology in Your Life: On Becoming a Creative Genius |
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286 | (3) |
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Memory: The State of the Art |
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289 | (1) |
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Using Psychology to Learn Psychology: How to Avoid Memory Failure on Exams |
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290 | (6) |
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Chapter 8 Emotion and Motivation |
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296 | (62) |
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What do our Emotions do for Us? |
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299 | (3) |
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The Evolution of Emotions |
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299 | (1) |
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Cultural Universals in Emotional Expression |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (2) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Emotional Differences between Men and Women Depend on Culture |
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302 | (2) |
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Where do Our Emotions Come From? |
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304 | (1) |
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The Neuroscience of Emotion |
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304 | (7) |
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Psychological Theories of Emotion: Resolving Some Persistent Issues |
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307 | (3) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Arousal, Performance, and the Inverted U |
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310 | (1) |
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How much Control do We Have Over Our Emotions? |
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311 | (5) |
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Developing Emotional Intelligence |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (3) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Controlling Anger |
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316 | (2) |
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Motivation: What Makes Us Act As We Do? |
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318 | (5) |
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How Psychologists Use the Concept of Motivation |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (4) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Rewards Can (Sometimes) Squelch Motivation |
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323 | (2) |
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How are Achievement, Hunger, and Sex Alike? Different? |
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325 | (10) |
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325 | (2) |
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327 | (3) |
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330 | (4) |
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334 | (1) |
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Psychology in Your Life: The Origins of Sexual Orientation |
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335 | (1) |
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How and Why Do We Experience Stress? |
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336 | (16) |
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Stressors, Ancient and Modern |
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337 | (2) |
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339 | (3) |
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The Physical Stress Response |
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342 | (3) |
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The General Adaptation Syndrome |
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345 | (4) |
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Stress and the Immune System |
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349 | (3) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Developing Resilience |
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352 | (1) |
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Emotion and Motivation: The State of the Art |
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353 | (1) |
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Using Psychology to Learn Psychology: Motivating Yourself |
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353 | (5) |
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Chapter 9 Psychological Development |
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358 | (50) |
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How Do Psychologists Explain Development? |
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362 | (3) |
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The Nature-Nurture Interaction |
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362 | (2) |
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Gradual versus Abrupt Change |
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364 | (1) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Psychological Traits in Your Genes |
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365 | (1) |
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What Capabilities Does the Child Possess? |
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366 | (9) |
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367 | (1) |
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The Neonatal Period: Abilities of the Newborn Child |
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368 | (1) |
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Infancy and Childhood: Building on the Neonatal Blueprint |
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369 | (6) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Does Your Child Measure Up? |
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375 | (1) |
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What are The Developmental Tasks of Infancy and Childhood? |
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376 | (9) |
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Cognitive Development: Piaget's Theory |
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376 | (5) |
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Social and Emotional Development |
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381 | (4) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Childhood Influences on Your Personality |
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385 | (2) |
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What Changes Mark the Transition of Adolescence? |
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387 | (5) |
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388 | (1) |
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Physical Maturation in Adolescence |
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388 | (1) |
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Cognitive Development in Adolescence |
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389 | (1) |
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Social and Emotional Issues in Adolescence |
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390 | (1) |
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Sexual Issues in Adolescence |
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391 | (1) |
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Psychology in Your Life: The Development of Moral Thinking |
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392 | (4) |
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What Developmental Challenges Do Adults Face? |
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396 | (2) |
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Erikson's Theory of Young Adulthood: Intimacy versus Isolation |
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396 | (1) |
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The Challenge of Midlife: Generativity versus Stagnation |
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397 | (1) |
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New Perspectives on Women, Men, Work, and Family |
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398 | (1) |
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Psychology in Your Life: The Last Developmental Challenges You Will Face |
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398 | (4) |
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Developmental Psychology: The State of the Art |
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402 | (1) |
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Using Psychology to Learn Psychology: Cognitive Development in College |
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403 | (5) |
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408 | (42) |
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What Forces Shape Our Personalities? |
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411 | (18) |
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412 | (10) |
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422 | (3) |
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Social-Cognitive Theories |
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425 | (3) |
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428 | (1) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Explaining Unusual People and Unusual Behavior |
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429 | (1) |
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What Persistent Patterns are Found in Personality? |
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430 | (6) |
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Personality and Temperament |
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431 | (1) |
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Personality as a Composite of Traits |
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432 | (4) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Finding Your Type |
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436 | (2) |
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What "Theories" Do People Use to Understand Each Other? |
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438 | (3) |
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Implicit Personality Theories |
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438 | (1) |
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Personality across Cultures |
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439 | (2) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Developing Your Own Theory of Personality |
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441 | (1) |
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Personality: The State of the Art |
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442 | (1) |
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Using Psychology to Learn Psychology: Your Academic Locus of Control |
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443 | (7) |
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Chapter 11 Testing and Individual Differences |
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450 | (32) |
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How do we Measure Individual Differences? |
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452 | (3) |
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452 | (1) |
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Standardization and Norms |
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453 | (1) |
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454 | (1) |
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Ethics and Standards in Testing |
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454 | (1) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Testing in Education |
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455 | (1) |
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How is Intelligence Measured? |
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456 | (4) |
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Binet and Simon Invent a School Abilities Test |
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456 | (1) |
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American Psychologists Borrow Binet and Simon's Idea |
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457 | (2) |
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459 | (1) |
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Problems with the IQ Formula |
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460 | (1) |
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Psychology in Your Life: What Can You Do for an Exceptional Child? |
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460 | (3) |
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What are the Components of Intelligence? |
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463 | (5) |
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Psychometric Theories of Intelligence |
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463 | (1) |
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Cognitive Theories of Intelligence |
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464 | (2) |
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Cultural Definitions of Intelligence |
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466 | (2) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Test Scores and the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy |
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468 | (1) |
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How do Psychologists Explain IQ Differences Among Groups? |
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469 | (7) |
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Intelligence and the Politics of Immigration |
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470 | (1) |
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What Evidence Shows That Intelligence Is Influenced by Heredity? |
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470 | (1) |
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What Evidence Shows That Intelligence Is Influenced by Environment? |
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471 | (1) |
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Heritability and Group Differences |
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471 | (5) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Helping Others Think Critically About Group Differences |
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476 | (1) |
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Testing and Individual Differences: The State of the Art |
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477 | (1) |
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Using Psychology to Learn Psychology: Developing Expertise in Psychology---or Any Other Subject |
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477 | (5) |
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Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders |
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482 | (40) |
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What is Psychological Disorder? |
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485 | (6) |
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Changing Concepts of Psychological Disorder |
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486 | (3) |
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Indicators of Abnormality |
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489 | (2) |
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Psychology in Your Life: A Caution to Readers |
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491 | (1) |
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How are Psychological Disorders Classified? |
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492 | (21) |
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Overview of the DSM-IV Classification System |
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492 | (1) |
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493 | (4) |
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497 | (4) |
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501 | (1) |
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502 | (3) |
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505 | (1) |
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506 | (4) |
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510 | (1) |
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511 | (2) |
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Adjustment Disorders and Other Conditions |
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513 | (1) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Shyness |
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513 | (1) |
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What are the Consequences of Labeling People? |
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514 | (2) |
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Diagnostic Labels Can Compound the Problem |
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515 | (1) |
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The Cultural Context of Psychological Disorder |
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515 | (1) |
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Psychology in Your Life: The Plea of Insanity |
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516 | (2) |
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Psychological Disorders: The State of the Art |
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518 | (1) |
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Using Psychology to Learn Psychology: Diagnosing Your Friends and Family |
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518 | (4) |
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Chapter 13 Therapies for Psychological Disorders |
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522 | (42) |
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525 | (5) |
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526 | (1) |
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The Therapeutic Relationship and the Goals of Therapy |
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526 | (1) |
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Therapy in Historical and Cultural Context |
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527 | (3) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Paraprofessionals Do Therapy, Too |
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530 | (1) |
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How do Psychologists Treat Psychological Disorders? |
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531 | (16) |
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531 | (7) |
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538 | (4) |
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: A Synthesis |
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542 | (2) |
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Evaluating the Psychological Therapies |
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544 | (3) |
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Psychology in Your Life: Where Do Most People Get Help? |
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547 | (2) |
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How is the Biomedical Approach Used to Treat Psychological Disorders? |
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549 | (8) |
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Drug Therapy/Psychopharmacology |
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549 | (4) |
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Other Medical Therapies for Psychological Disorder |
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553 | (2) |
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Hospitalization and the Alternatives |
|
|
555 | (2) |
|
Psychology in Your Life: What Sort of Therapy Would You Recommend? |
|
|
557 | (2) |
|
Therapies: The State of the Art |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
Using Psychology to Learn Psychology: How Is Education Like Therapy? |
|
|
559 | (5) |
|
Chapter 14 Social Psychology |
|
|
564 | |
|
How does the Social Situation Affect Our Behavior? |
|
|
568 | (14) |
|
Social Standards of Behavior |
|
|
568 | (3) |
|
|
|
571 | (3) |
|
|
|
574 | (5) |
|
The Bystander Problem: The Evil of Inaction |
|
|
579 | (3) |
|
Psychology in Your Life: On Being "Shoe" at Yale |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
Constructing Social Reality: What Influences Our Judgments of Others? |
|
|
583 | (11) |
|
|
|
584 | (4) |
|
Making Cognitive Attributions |
|
|
588 | (2) |
|
Prejudice and Discrimination |
|
|
590 | (3) |
|
Other Topics in Social Psychology |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
Psychology in Your Life: Loving Relationships |
|
|
594 | (2) |
|
What are the Roots of Violence and Terrorism? |
|
|
596 | (3) |
|
The Social Psychology of Aggression and Violence |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
The Robbers Cave: An Experiment in Conflict |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
Psychology in Your Life: Multiple Perspectives on Terrorism |
|
|
599 | (2) |
|
Social Psychology: The State of the Art |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
Using Psychology to Learn Psychology: Persuasion in the Classroom |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
|
|
602 | |
|
Appendix Preparing for the AP Exam |
|
|
1 | (1) |
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|
1 | (1) |
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|
|
2 | |
|
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
|
|
3 | (1) |
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|
|
3 | (1) |
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|
|
3 | (1) |
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|
|
4 | (1) |
|
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
|
|
6 | |
| Discovering Psychology Viewing Guides |
|
1 | (1) |
| Glossary |
|
1 | (1) |
| References |
|
1 | (1) |
| Credits |
|
1 | (1) |
| Answers to AP Review: Vocabulary |
|
1 | (1) |
| Name Index |
|
1 | (10) |
| Subject Index |
|
11 | |
