Preface and Acknowledgments |
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xiii | |
1 Vision and Reading |
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1 | (8) |
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Box 1.1 Complete Citations for the 20 Articles in the Psychophysics of Reading Series |
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5 | (2) |
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Box 1.2 Citations to M.A. Tinker's Classic Series of 13 Articles |
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7 | (2) |
2 Measuring Reading Speed |
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9 | (34) |
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2.1 Three Methods for Measuring Reading Speed |
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9 | (7) |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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Clinical Potential of the Flashcard Method |
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15 | (1) |
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2.2 Subtleties in the Measurement of Reading Speed |
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16 | (4) |
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Text Difficulty, Word Length, and Carver's Metric |
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16 | (1) |
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Instructions to Participants |
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16 | (1) |
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Oral and Silent Reading of Short and Long Passages |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (2) |
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2.3 How Fast Do People Read? |
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20 | (16) |
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Reading Speeds of Normally Sighted People |
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20 | (3) |
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23 | (5) |
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Box 2.1 Role of the Magnocellular Pathway in Reading and Dyslexia |
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24 | (4) |
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Effect of Age on Normal Reading Speed |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (1) |
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Auditory and Tactile Reading Speed |
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30 | (5) |
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Box 2.2 Characteristics of Braille |
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32 | (3) |
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Is Reading Speed Limited by Motor Movements, Sensory Coding, or Cognition? |
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35 | (1) |
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2.4 Comparison of Reading Speed to Other Measures of Reading Performance |
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36 | (8) |
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36 | (2) |
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38 | (1) |
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Reading Accuracy, Visual Search, and Visual Comfort |
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39 | (4) |
3 Visual Mechanisms in Reading |
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43 | (64) |
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3.1 Two Important Properties of Letters in Text: Contrast and Size |
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44 | (4) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (2) |
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3.2 The Effect of Character Size in Normal and Low Vision |
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48 | (4) |
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48 | (3) |
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51 | (1) |
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3.3 Contrast Effects in Normal and Low Vision |
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52 | (4) |
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52 | (3) |
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55 | (1) |
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3.4 The CSF Model of Reading |
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56 | (3) |
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3.5 The Spatial-Frequency Channel Model of Reading |
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59 | (7) |
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3.6 Reading with Peripheral Vision |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (16) |
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Box 3.1 Historical Antecedents of the Visual Span |
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68 | (4) |
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Two Methods for Measuring the Visual Span |
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72 | (4) |
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The Impact of Contrast and Character Size on the Visual Span |
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76 | (3) |
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Three Determinants of the Size of the Visual Span |
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79 | (4) |
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3.8 Central-Field Loss and Reading Difficulty |
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83 | (8) |
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Macular Degeneration and Central-Field Loss |
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83 | (1) |
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Central-Field Loss Usually Means Slow Reading |
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84 | (2) |
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Why Do People With Central Scotomas Read Slowly? |
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86 | (2) |
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Implications for Rehabilitation |
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88 | (3) |
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3.9 Linking Letter Recognition to Reading Speed |
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91 | (12) |
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A Model Based on Letter Recognition |
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91 | (3) |
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94 | (4) |
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Box 3.2 Is There a Visual Word Form Area? |
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96 | (2) |
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Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processes in Word Recognition |
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98 | (9) |
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Box 3.3 Dual-Route Theory |
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100 | (3) |
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3.10 Summary and Conclusions |
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103 | (4) |
4 Displaying Text |
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107 | (60) |
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107 | (5) |
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107 | (4) |
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Box 4.1 Fonts for Highway Signs |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (1) |
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4.2 Font Effects in Normal and Low Vision |
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112 | (5) |
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112 | (3) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (20) |
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Effects of Sample Density and Spatial-Frequency Bandwidth |
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117 | (6) |
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Implications for Text Displays |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (2) |
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Sampled Displays and Low Vision |
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129 | (8) |
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Box 4.2 Pixelized Vision as a Prosthetic for Blind People |
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132 | (5) |
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4.4 The Window-Size Effect and Page Navigation |
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137 | (8) |
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141 | (4) |
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4.5 Navigating Through Text |
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145 | (4) |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (2) |
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4.6 Navigating Through Text with Magnifiers |
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149 | (9) |
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Using Large Print or Short Viewing Distance to Magnify |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (4) |
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Hypertext Retrieval with Low vision and the Local-Global Problem |
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155 | (3) |
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4.7 Color and Luminance Effects in Normal and Low Vision |
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158 | (6) |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (2) |
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162 | (2) |
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Box 4.3 Page Luminance and Illuminance |
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163 | (1) |
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4.8 Guidelines for Legible Text |
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164 | (3) |
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Critical Values for Reading Speed |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
5 The MNREAD Acuity Chart |
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167 | (26) |
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J. Stephen Mansfield and Gordon E. Legge |
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167 | (4) |
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168 | (3) |
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171 | (5) |
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Print Size and Resolution |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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Physical Properties of the Charts |
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176 | (1) |
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5.3 Guidelines for Using the MNREAD Acuity Chart |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (7) |
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Calculating Reading Acuity |
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177 | (5) |
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Box 5.1 Sample Calculation of Reading Acuity and Reading Speed |
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179 | (3) |
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Calculation of Reading Speed |
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182 | (1) |
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CPS and Maximum Reading Speed 182 Reliability and Validity |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (9) |
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185 | (8) |
Appendix: Print Size Definitions and Conversions |
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193 | (6) |
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J. Stephen Mansfield and Gordon E. Legge |
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Glossary of Technical Acronyms |
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199 | (2) |
References |
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201 | (16) |
Author Index |
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217 | (8) |
Subject Index |
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225 | |