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Psychophysics of Reading in Normal and Low Vision [Hardback]

  • Formāts: Hardback, 246 pages, height x width: 229x152 mm, weight: 474 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 11-Oct-2006
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0805843280
  • ISBN-13: 9780805843286
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  • Cena: 132,74 €
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  • Formāts: Hardback, 246 pages, height x width: 229x152 mm, weight: 474 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 11-Oct-2006
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0805843280
  • ISBN-13: 9780805843286
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
In 2002 about 3.3 million people in the US over age 40 had impaired vision. Due to the aging of the population, in 2020 that number should increase to about 5.7 million. This series of 20 articles written from 1985 to 2002, Legge (U. of Minnesota) and his co-writers describe the empirical characteristics of reading deficits in people with impaired vision, explain the reasons for these defects, and apply their findings to useful techniques for improvement. Writing for researchers in vision science, the psychology of reading, clinical vision research, rehabilitation, display engineering and human factors, Legge and his co-writers rely on experiments to describe measuring reading speed, determining visual mechanisms in reading, displaying text, and using the MNREAD Acuity Chart. They include print size definitions and conversions and a glossary in appendices. Annotation ©2006 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

There are an estimated four million individuals with low vision in the United States—a problem so significant the federal government established a new set of regulations in 2001 requiring all federal Web sites and federally-owned office equipment to be accessible to the blind. In Psychophysics of Reading in Normal and Low Vision, author Gordon E. Legge, a leader in the field of low-vision research, discusses the role of vision in reading, focusing on the reading performance of people with normal, healthy vision and people with impaired vision. Legge describes the influence of physical properties of text on reading performance and the implications for information processing in the visual pathways.
 
Providing an overview of 20 seminal research papers in the field, this book explores:
*different forms of low vision that affect reading;
*text characteristics that optimize reading for those with low vision;
*principles underlying the legibility of text and guidelines for displaying text; and
*special topics, including the role of the magnocellular pathway in reading and dyslexia, Braille reading, and fonts for highway signs.
 
An accompanying CD contains reprints of the seminal series of articles by Gordon E. Legge and colleagues on the psychophysics of reading in normal and low vision, published between 1985 and 2001.
 
This volume will be of interest to researchers and professionals in the area of low vision, including graphics engineers, HCI scientists, human factors specialists, low-vision rehabilitation specialists, opthamologists, occupational therapists, special education teachers, as well as cognitive scientists and perceptual psychologists. It is also suitable for advanced students with a background in the topic.
Preface and Acknowledgments xiii
1 Vision and Reading 1(8)
Gordon E. Legge
Box 1.1 Complete Citations for the 20 Articles in the Psychophysics of Reading Series
5(2)
Box 1.2 Citations to M.A. Tinker's Classic Series of 13 Articles
7(2)
2 Measuring Reading Speed 9(34)
Gordon E. Legge
2.1 Three Methods for Measuring Reading Speed
9(7)
Drifting Text Method
10(2)
RSVP Method
12(1)
Flashcard Method
13(2)
Clinical Potential of the Flashcard Method
15(1)
2.2 Subtleties in the Measurement of Reading Speed
16(4)
Text Difficulty, Word Length, and Carver's Metric
16(1)
Instructions to Participants
16(1)
Oral and Silent Reading of Short and Long Passages
17(1)
Context Effects
18(2)
2.3 How Fast Do People Read?
20(16)
Reading Speeds of Normally Sighted People
20(3)
Speed Reading
23(5)
Box 2.1 Role of the Magnocellular Pathway in Reading and Dyslexia
24(4)
Effect of Age on Normal Reading Speed
28(2)
Low-Vision Reading Speed
30(1)
Auditory and Tactile Reading Speed
30(5)
Box 2.2 Characteristics of Braille
32(3)
Is Reading Speed Limited by Motor Movements, Sensory Coding, or Cognition?
35(1)
2.4 Comparison of Reading Speed to Other Measures of Reading Performance
36(8)
Comprehension
36(2)
Eye Movements
38(1)
Reading Accuracy, Visual Search, and Visual Comfort
39(4)
3 Visual Mechanisms in Reading 43(64)
Gordon E. Legge
3.1 Two Important Properties of Letters in Text: Contrast and Size
44(4)
Contrast Definitions
45(1)
Size Definitions
46(2)
3.2 The Effect of Character Size in Normal and Low Vision
48(4)
Normal Vision
48(3)
Low Vision
51(1)
3.3 Contrast Effects in Normal and Low Vision
52(4)
Normal Vision
52(3)
Low Vision
55(1)
3.4 The CSF Model of Reading
56(3)
3.5 The Spatial-Frequency Channel Model of Reading
59(7)
3.6 Reading with Peripheral Vision
66(1)
3.7 The Visual Span
67(16)
Box 3.1 Historical Antecedents of the Visual Span
68(4)
Two Methods for Measuring the Visual Span
72(4)
The Impact of Contrast and Character Size on the Visual Span
76(3)
Three Determinants of the Size of the Visual Span
79(4)
3.8 Central-Field Loss and Reading Difficulty
83(8)
Macular Degeneration and Central-Field Loss
83(1)
Central-Field Loss Usually Means Slow Reading
84(2)
Why Do People With Central Scotomas Read Slowly?
86(2)
Implications for Rehabilitation
88(3)
3.9 Linking Letter Recognition to Reading Speed
91(12)
A Model Based on Letter Recognition
91(3)
Word Shape
94(4)
Box 3.2 Is There a Visual Word Form Area?
96(2)
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processes in Word Recognition
98(9)
Box 3.3 Dual-Route Theory
100(3)
3.10 Summary and Conclusions
103(4)
4 Displaying Text 107(60)
Gordon E. Legge
4.1 Text Legibility
107(5)
Definition
107(4)
Box 4.1 Fonts for Highway Signs
109(2)
Legibility Metric
111(1)
4.2 Font Effects in Normal and Low Vision
112(5)
Influence of Font Design
112(3)
Influence of Spacing
115(1)
Fonts for Low vision
116(1)
4.3 Display Resolution
117(20)
Effects of Sample Density and Spatial-Frequency Bandwidth
117(6)
Implications for Text Displays
123(2)
Defocused Text
125(2)
Reading and Myopia
127(2)
Sampled Displays and Low Vision
129(8)
Box 4.2 Pixelized Vision as a Prosthetic for Blind People
132(5)
4.4 The Window-Size Effect and Page Navigation
137(8)
Relation to Visual Span
141(4)
4.5 Navigating Through Text
145(4)
Eye Movements in Reading
145(2)
Small Displays
147(2)
4.6 Navigating Through Text with Magnifiers
149(9)
Using Large Print or Short Viewing Distance to Magnify
149(2)
Reading with Magnifiers
151(4)
Hypertext Retrieval with Low vision and the Local-Global Problem
155(3)
4.7 Color and Luminance Effects in Normal and Low Vision
158(6)
Color
158(2)
Colored Overlays
160(2)
Luminance
162(2)
Box 4.3 Page Luminance and Illuminance
163(1)
4.8 Guidelines for Legible Text
164(3)
Critical Values for Reading Speed
165(1)
Font Characteristics
165(1)
Color and luminance
166(1)
5 The MNREAD Acuity Chart 167(26)
J. Stephen Mansfield and Gordon E. Legge
5.1 Introduction
167(4)
The MNREAD Acuity Chart
168(3)
5.2 Design principles
171(5)
Print Size and Resolution
172(1)
Typeface Properties
173(1)
Text Properties
174(1)
Sentence Composition
175(1)
Physical Properties of the Charts
176(1)
5.3 Guidelines for Using the MNREAD Acuity Chart
176(1)
Conditions for Testing
176(1)
Testing Procedure
177(1)
5.4 Scoring Guidelines
177(7)
Calculating Reading Acuity
177(5)
Box 5.1 Sample Calculation of Reading Acuity and Reading Speed
179(3)
Calculation of Reading Speed
182(1)
CPS and Maximum Reading Speed 182 Reliability and Validity
183(1)
5.5 Concluding Remarks
184(9)
Box 5.2 Source Code
185(8)
Appendix: Print Size Definitions and Conversions 193(6)
J. Stephen Mansfield and Gordon E. Legge
Glossary of Technical Acronyms 199(2)
References 201(16)
Author Index 217(8)
Subject Index 225


Legge, Gordon E.