To the Student |
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xiii | |
To the Instructor |
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xv | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxii | |
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PART I Foundations of Public Speaking |
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1 | (78) |
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1 Welcome to Public Speaking |
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1 | (22) |
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Why Study Public Speaking? |
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2 | (1) |
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Develop Specific Communication Skills |
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2 | (1) |
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Focus on Critical Thinking and Strategic Planning |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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Public Speaking and Communication |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Constraints and Opportunities |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (1) |
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Characteristics of the Public Forum |
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13 | (2) |
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The Health of the Public Forum |
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15 | (1) |
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Public Speaking and the Public Forum |
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16 | (1) |
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Ethics: Respect for Audience, Topic, and Occasion |
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17 | (1) |
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Respect for Your Listeners |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (1) |
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Responsibility for Your Statements |
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19 | (1) |
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Concern for the Consequences of Your Speech |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (3) |
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23 | (15) |
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Goals and Strategies for Your First Speech |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (4) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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Practicing and Presenting Your Speech |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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Strategies for Overcoming Speech Anxiety |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (2) |
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38 | (21) |
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Characteristics of Effective Presentation |
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39 | (1) |
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The Voice in Presentation |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (2) |
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Articulation and Enunciation |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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Extemporaneous Presentation |
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54 | (1) |
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Practicing for Speech Presentation |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (20) |
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Are You Really Listening? |
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60 | (1) |
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Why Listening is Important |
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60 | (1) |
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Why Listening Is Difficult |
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61 | (1) |
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Thinking Faster Than Listening |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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Strategies for Careful Listening |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
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Applying Critical Thinking to the Speech Situation |
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70 | (3) |
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Evaluating Speeches Critically |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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Evaluating Classroom Speeches |
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75 | (1) |
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Evaluating Speeches Outside of the Classroom |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (2) |
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PART II Invention and Development of the Speech |
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79 | (106) |
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5 Analyzing Your Audience |
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79 | (24) |
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Checking Audience Demographics |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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Voluntary Versus Captive Audience |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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Physically Present Versus Mediated Audience |
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83 | (1) |
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Respecting Audience Cultures |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (3) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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Common Knowledge and Experience |
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90 | (1) |
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Roles and Reference Groups |
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91 | (1) |
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Understanding Audience Psychology |
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91 | (1) |
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Selective Exposure and Selective Attention |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (2) |
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Strategies for Analyzing the Audience |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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Audience Perceptions of You |
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99 | (1) |
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Modifying Audience Perceptions |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (3) |
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6 Choosing a Topic and Developing a Strategy |
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103 | (23) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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Importance to the Speaker |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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Worthy of Listeners' Time |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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Appropriateness for Oral Delivery |
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107 | (1) |
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Appropriateness to the Rhetorical Situation |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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How to Choose a Good Topic |
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108 | (1) |
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Conduct a Personal Inventory |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (2) |
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Developing a Strategic Plan |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (4) |
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Identifying the Constraints |
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115 | (2) |
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Identifying the Opportunities |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Developing the Purpose Statement and the Thesis Statement |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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Analyzing the Thesis Statement |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (3) |
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126 | (27) |
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Strategic Perspectives on Research |
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127 | (1) |
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Types of Supporting Material |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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Tools for Locating Supporting Material |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (2) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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Sources of Supporting Material |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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Other Materials Found Online |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (1) |
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Potential Deficiencies in Evidence |
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143 | (1) |
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The Quality of Internet Evidence |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (3) |
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148 | (2) |
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150 | (3) |
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153 | (32) |
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Proof, Support, and Reasoning |
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154 | (1) |
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Rhetorical Proof as Support |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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An Example of Rhetorical Proof |
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157 | (1) |
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Using Rhetorical Proof in Your Speech |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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Types of Inference from Example |
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160 | (2) |
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Tests for Inference from Example |
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162 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Reasoning Through Example |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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Types of Inference from Analogy |
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163 | (1) |
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Tests for Inference from Analogy |
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164 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Reasoning Through Analogy |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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Types of Inference from Signs |
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166 | (1) |
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Tests for Inference from Signs |
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167 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Reasoning Through Signs |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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Types of Inference from Cause |
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169 | (1) |
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Tests for Inference from Cause |
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170 | (2) |
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Guidelines for Reasoning Through Cause |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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Types of Inference from Testimony |
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173 | (1) |
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Tests for Inference from Testimony |
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173 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Reasoning Through Testimony |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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Tests for Inference from Narrative |
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176 | (1) |
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Avoiding Errors in Reasoning |
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177 | (1) |
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Six General Tests of Inference |
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177 | (2) |
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Reasoning in Public Speaking |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (5) |
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Part III Arrangement and Style in the Speech |
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185 | (88) |
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9 Organizing the Speech: The Body |
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185 | (21) |
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Why is Organization Important? |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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Identifying Your Main Ideas |
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188 | (1) |
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Choosing Among Main Ideas |
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189 | (1) |
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Criteria for Selecting the Main Ideas |
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189 | (1) |
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Characteristics of the Main Ideas |
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190 | (2) |
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192 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting Arrangement |
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192 | (2) |
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Patterns for Arranging Main Ideas |
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194 | (4) |
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Choosing the Organizational Pattern |
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198 | (2) |
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Selecting and Arranging Supporting Materials |
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200 | (1) |
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Selection of Supporting Materials |
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200 | (2) |
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Arrangement of Supporting Materials |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (3) |
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10 Organizing the Speech: Introductions, Conclusions, and Transitions |
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206 | (24) |
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Introductions: Beginning the Speech |
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207 | (1) |
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The Purposes of an Introduction |
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207 | (2) |
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An Example of an Introduction |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (7) |
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Strategies for Preparing an Introduction |
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216 | (1) |
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Conclusions: Ending the Speech |
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217 | (1) |
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The Purposes of a Conclusion |
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217 | (2) |
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An Example of a Conclusion |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (2) |
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Strategies for Preparing a Conclusion |
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221 | (1) |
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Transitions: Connecting the Elements of a Speech |
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222 | (1) |
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The Purposes of Transitions |
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223 | (1) |
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Elements of Effective Transition |
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223 | (3) |
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Strategies for Preparing Transitions |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (3) |
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230 | (18) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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What Does a Good Outline Look Like? |
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233 | (1) |
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Outlining the Body of the Speech |
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233 | (2) |
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Outlining Introductions and Conclusions |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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Citing Supporting Materials in the Outline |
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236 | (1) |
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Sample Preparation Outline |
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237 | (3) |
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240 | (1) |
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Guidelines for the Presentation Outline |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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Reference to Supporting Materials and Oral Citations |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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Using an Outline in Rehearsal |
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244 | (1) |
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Sample Presentation Outline |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (3) |
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12 Achieving Style Through Language |
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248 | (25) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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Oral Style Versus Written Style |
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251 | (2) |
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Performative Versus Conversational Style |
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253 | (1) |
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Basic Requirements for Effective Style |
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254 | (2) |
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Defining Terms Appropriately |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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Denotation and Connotation in Definitions |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (2) |
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Achieving Clarity, Rhythm, and Vividness |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (2) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (3) |
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Stylistic Choices in Combination |
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266 | (1) |
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Style and the Entire Speech |
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266 | (1) |
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Choosing the Right Level of Style |
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266 | (1) |
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Finding the Right Pace and Proportion |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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Congruence of Language and Delivery |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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Erroneous Assumptions About Speeches |
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268 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Developing and Improving Style |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (3) |
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Part IV Uses of Public Speaking |
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|
273 | (94) |
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273 | (16) |
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274 | (1) |
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Defining Your Specific Purpose |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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Clarifying Your Informative Goal |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (2) |
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287 | (2) |
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289 | (31) |
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Purposes for Persuasive Strategies |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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|
292 | (1) |
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Inducing a Specific Action |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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Determine Your Target Audience |
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294 | (1) |
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Assess Your Audience's Motivation |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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The Elaboration Likelihood Model |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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Implications of the Model |
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296 | (1) |
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Constraints on Effective Persuasive Speaking |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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|
299 | (2) |
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Strategic Resources for Specific and General Purposes |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (2) |
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303 | (2) |
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305 | (3) |
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Inducing a Specific Action |
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308 | (1) |
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General Strategic Resources |
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|
308 | (4) |
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Organizing Persuasive Speeches |
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312 | (1) |
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The Problem-Solution Speech |
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313 | (2) |
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315 | (2) |
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317 | (3) |
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15 Speaking with Visual Aids |
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320 | (23) |
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Benefits of Using Visual Aids |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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Comprehension and Retention |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (2) |
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326 | (2) |
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328 | (2) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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Computer-Generated Slides |
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332 | (2) |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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Choosing Ideas for Visual Aids |
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336 | (1) |
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|
337 | (1) |
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Planning for Technical Difficulties |
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338 | (1) |
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Using Visual Aids in the Speech |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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Do Not Obstruct the Audience's View |
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339 | (1) |
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Speak to the Audience, Not to the Visual Aid |
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|
340 | (1) |
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|
341 | (2) |
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16 Occasions for Public Speaking |
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|
343 | (24) |
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Fitting Your Speech to the Occasion |
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344 | (1) |
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Influence of the Occasion |
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344 | (2) |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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The Nature of Deliberative Speaking |
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347 | (1) |
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Community Service and Involvement |
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348 | (1) |
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Oral Reports and Presentations |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (2) |
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Public Hearings and Debates |
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351 | (2) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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The Nature of Ceremonial Speaking |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (3) |
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Commemorative Celebrations |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (2) |
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Speeches Combining Deliberative and Ceremonial Goals |
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360 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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|
361 | (1) |
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|
362 | (1) |
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Speeches Marking Candidacy and Election |
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|
363 | (2) |
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|
365 | (2) |
Appendix: Speeches for Analysis and Discussion |
|
367 | (18) |
Glossary |
|
385 | (5) |
Notes |
|
390 | (8) |
Credits |
|
398 | (2) |
Index |
|
400 | |