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Public Speaking: Strategies for Success 8th edition [Mīkstie vāki]

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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 432 pages, height x width: 276x216 mm, weight: 830 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 08-Jun-2016
  • Izdevniecība: Pearson
  • ISBN-10: 0134169883
  • ISBN-13: 9780134169880
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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 432 pages, height x width: 276x216 mm, weight: 830 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 08-Jun-2016
  • Izdevniecība: Pearson
  • ISBN-10: 0134169883
  • ISBN-13: 9780134169880
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
For courses in Public Speaking.  Teach Readers Sound Strategies for Public Speaking Public Speaking: Strategies for Success gives readers the tools they need to think critically, plan strategically, and speak effectively. By thinking analytically, organizing ideas, doing sound research, and properly assessing their audiences, readers learn how to successfully inform and persuade. In the process, they build necessary skills for many other areas of life. The Eighth Edition builds on the idea that public speaking is a strategic practice. It allows readers to recognize that public speaking is an art dictated by the dynamics of an audience. By learning a set of norms and expectations and strategizing how to plan for any situation, readers are better able to achieve their public speaking goals. Students learn to prepare for any public speaking situation by assessing different strategies and developing habits of analysis and memory through examples, activities and sample speeches. Emphasis on underlying theory throughout helps readers understand how certain speakers and their audiences engage one another.   Also available with MyCommunicationLab® MyCommunicationLab for the Public Speaking course extends learning online to engage readers and improve results. Media resources with assignments bring concepts to life, and offer readers opportunities to practice applying what they’ve learned. Please note: this version of MyCommunicationLab does not include an eText. NOTE: You are purchasing a standalone product; MyCommunicationLab does not come packaged with this content. If you would like to purchase both the physical text and MyCommunicationLab search for: 0134319974 / 9780134319971  Public Speaking: Strategies for Success, Plus MyCommunicationLab for Public Speaking — Access Card Package, 8/e Package consists of:0134169883 / 9780134169880     Public Speaking: Strategies for Success, 8/e0133907279 / 9780133907278     MyCommunicationLab for Public Speaking Public Speaking: Strategies for Success, Eighth Edition is also available viaREVEL™ , an interactive learning environment that enables readers to read, practice, and study in one continuous experience.
To the Student xiii
To the Instructor xv
Acknowledgments xxii
PART I Foundations of Public Speaking
1(78)
1 Welcome to Public Speaking
1(22)
Why Study Public Speaking?
2(1)
Develop Specific Communication Skills
2(1)
Focus on Critical Thinking and Strategic Planning
3(1)
Apply What You Learn
4(1)
Public Speaking and Communication
4(1)
The Audience's View
4(1)
The Speaker's View
5(1)
The Interplay
5(1)
The Rhetorical Situation
6(1)
The Audience
7(1)
The Occasion
8(1)
The Speaker
9(1)
The Speech
10(1)
Constraints and Opportunities
10(2)
The Public Forum
12(1)
Characteristics of the Public Forum
13(2)
The Health of the Public Forum
15(1)
Public Speaking and the Public Forum
16(1)
Ethics: Respect for Audience, Topic, and Occasion
17(1)
Respect for Your Listeners
17(2)
Respect for Your Topic
19(1)
Responsibility for Your Statements
19(1)
Concern for the Consequences of Your Speech
20(1)
What Have You Learned?
20(3)
2 Your First Speech
23(15)
Goals and Strategies for Your First Speech
24(1)
A Clear Message
24(1)
Positive Ethos
25(1)
Organizing Your Speech
26(1)
The Introduction
27(1)
The Body
27(4)
The Conclusion
31(1)
Outlining Your Speech
31(1)
Preparation Outline
31(1)
Presentation Outline
32(1)
Practicing and Presenting Your Speech
32(1)
Presenting Your Speech
33(1)
Strategies for Overcoming Speech Anxiety
34(2)
What Have You Learned?
36(2)
3 Presenting the Speech
38(21)
Characteristics of Effective Presentation
39(1)
The Voice in Presentation
40(1)
Volume
40(1)
Pitch
41(1)
Rate
42(1)
Pauses
42(2)
Articulation and Enunciation
44(1)
Pronunciation
45(1)
Inflection
46(1)
The Body in Presentation
46(1)
Physical Appearance
46(1)
Movement
47(2)
Gesture
49(1)
Facial Expression
50(2)
Modes of Presentation
52(1)
Impromptu Presentation
52(1)
Memorized Presentation
53(1)
Manuscript Presentation
53(1)
Extemporaneous Presentation
54(1)
Practicing for Speech Presentation
54(1)
The Presentation Outline
55(1)
Mental Rehearsal
55(1)
Oral Practice
55(2)
Simulation
57(1)
What Have You Learned?
57(2)
4 Listening Critically
59(20)
Are You Really Listening?
60(1)
Why Listening is Important
60(1)
Why Listening Is Difficult
61(1)
Thinking Faster Than Listening
62(1)
Limited Attention Span
63(1)
Situational Distractions
63(1)
Jumping to Conclusions
63(2)
Strategies for Careful Listening
65(1)
Mapping
65(2)
Note Taking
67(1)
Listening Critically
68(1)
Critical Thinking
68(2)
Applying Critical Thinking to the Speech Situation
70(3)
Evaluating Speeches Critically
73(1)
Evaluation Standards
74(1)
Evaluating Classroom Speeches
75(1)
Evaluating Speeches Outside of the Classroom
76(1)
Rhetorical Criticism
77(1)
What Have You Learned?
77(2)
PART II Invention and Development of the Speech
79(106)
5 Analyzing Your Audience
79(24)
Checking Audience Demographics
81(1)
Size
81(1)
Heterogeneity
81(1)
Voluntary Versus Captive Audience
82(1)
Composition
83(1)
Physically Present Versus Mediated Audience
83(1)
Respecting Audience Cultures
83(1)
Cultural Diversity
84(3)
Self-Interest
87(1)
Personal Interests
88(1)
Beliefs and Values
89(1)
Prior Understanding
89(1)
Common Knowledge and Experience
90(1)
Roles and Reference Groups
91(1)
Understanding Audience Psychology
91(1)
Selective Exposure and Selective Attention
91(2)
Perception
93(2)
Strategies for Analyzing the Audience
95(1)
Formal Methods
95(1)
Informal Methods
95(1)
Simplifying Devices
96(2)
Critical Appraisal
98(1)
Analyzing Your Own Ethos
99(1)
Audience Perceptions of You
99(1)
Modifying Audience Perceptions
99(1)
What Have You Learned?
100(3)
6 Choosing a Topic and Developing a Strategy
103(23)
Who Chooses Your Topic?
104(1)
What Makes a Good Topic?
104(1)
Importance to the Speaker
105(1)
Interest to the Audience
106(1)
Worthy of Listeners' Time
106(1)
Appropriateness of Scope
107(1)
Appropriateness for Oral Delivery
107(1)
Appropriateness to the Rhetorical Situation
107(1)
Clarity
108(1)
How to Choose a Good Topic
108(1)
Conduct a Personal Inventory
108(1)
Brainstorm
109(1)
Narrow the Topic
109(2)
Developing a Strategic Plan
111(1)
Identifying the Purpose
111(4)
Identifying the Constraints
115(2)
Identifying the Opportunities
117(1)
Selecting the Means
118(1)
Developing the Purpose Statement and the Thesis Statement
119(1)
The Purpose Statement
119(1)
The Thesis Statement
120(1)
Analyzing the Thesis Statement
120(1)
Identifying the Issues
120(2)
Why Identify the Issues?
122(1)
What Have You Learned?
123(3)
7 Researching the Speech
126(27)
Strategic Perspectives on Research
127(1)
Types of Supporting Material
128(1)
Personal Experience
128(1)
Common Knowledge
128(1)
Direct Observation
129(1)
Examples
129(2)
Documents
131(1)
Statistics
132(2)
Testimony
134(1)
Tools for Locating Supporting Material
135(1)
Search Engines
135(1)
Electronic Databases
135(2)
Catalogs
137(1)
Supplementing the Tools
137(1)
Sources of Supporting Material
138(1)
Periodicals
138(1)
Newspapers
139(1)
Books
139(1)
Reference Works
139(1)
Government Publications
140(1)
Other Materials Found Online
140(1)
Interviews
141(2)
Evaluating Evidence
143(1)
Potential Deficiencies in Evidence
143(1)
The Quality of Internet Evidence
143(2)
A Plan for Research
145(3)
Note Taking
148(2)
What Have You Learned?
150(3)
8 Reasoning
153(32)
Proof, Support, and Reasoning
154(1)
Rhetorical Proof as Support
155(1)
Proof and the Audience
155(1)
Components of Proof
156(1)
An Example of Rhetorical Proof
157(1)
Using Rhetorical Proof in Your Speech
158(1)
Example
159(1)
Types of Inference from Example
160(2)
Tests for Inference from Example
162(1)
Guidelines for Reasoning Through Example
162(1)
Analogy
163(1)
Types of Inference from Analogy
163(1)
Tests for Inference from Analogy
164(1)
Guidelines for Reasoning Through Analogy
165(1)
Signs
166(1)
Types of Inference from Signs
166(1)
Tests for Inference from Signs
167(1)
Guidelines for Reasoning Through Signs
167(1)
Cause
168(1)
Types of Inference from Cause
169(1)
Tests for Inference from Cause
170(2)
Guidelines for Reasoning Through Cause
172(1)
Testimony
172(1)
Types of Inference from Testimony
173(1)
Tests for Inference from Testimony
173(1)
Guidelines for Reasoning Through Testimony
174(1)
Narrative
175(1)
Tests for Inference from Narrative
176(1)
Avoiding Errors in Reasoning
177(1)
Six General Tests of Inference
177(2)
Reasoning in Public Speaking
179(1)
What Have You Learned?
180(5)
Part III Arrangement and Style in the Speech
185(88)
9 Organizing the Speech: The Body
185(21)
Why is Organization Important?
186(1)
Selecting the Main Ideas
187(1)
Identifying Your Main Ideas
188(1)
Choosing Among Main Ideas
189(1)
Criteria for Selecting the Main Ideas
189(1)
Characteristics of the Main Ideas
190(2)
Arranging the Main Ideas
192(1)
Factors Affecting Arrangement
192(2)
Patterns for Arranging Main Ideas
194(4)
Choosing the Organizational Pattern
198(2)
Selecting and Arranging Supporting Materials
200(1)
Selection of Supporting Materials
200(2)
Arrangement of Supporting Materials
202(1)
What Have You Learned?
203(3)
10 Organizing the Speech: Introductions, Conclusions, and Transitions
206(24)
Introductions: Beginning the Speech
207(1)
The Purposes of an Introduction
207(2)
An Example of an Introduction
209(1)
Types of Introductions
209(7)
Strategies for Preparing an Introduction
216(1)
Conclusions: Ending the Speech
217(1)
The Purposes of a Conclusion
217(2)
An Example of a Conclusion
219(1)
Types of Conclusions
219(2)
Strategies for Preparing a Conclusion
221(1)
Transitions: Connecting the Elements of a Speech
222(1)
The Purposes of Transitions
223(1)
Elements of Effective Transition
223(3)
Strategies for Preparing Transitions
226(1)
What Have You Learned?
227(3)
11 Outlining the Speech
230(18)
From Ideas to Outline
231(1)
The Preparation Outline
232(1)
What Does a Good Outline Look Like?
233(1)
Outlining the Body of the Speech
233(2)
Outlining Introductions and Conclusions
235(1)
Outlining Transitions
236(1)
Citing Supporting Materials in the Outline
236(1)
Sample Preparation Outline
237(3)
The Presentation Outline
240(1)
Guidelines for the Presentation Outline
240(1)
Use of Note Cards
241(1)
Reference to Supporting Materials and Oral Citations
242(1)
Use of Stage Directions
243(1)
Using an Outline in Rehearsal
244(1)
Sample Presentation Outline
244(1)
What Have You Learned?
245(3)
12 Achieving Style Through Language
248(25)
What is Style?
249(1)
Style in a Speech
249(1)
Style and Language
250(1)
Oral Style Versus Written Style
251(2)
Performative Versus Conversational Style
253(1)
Basic Requirements for Effective Style
254(2)
Defining Terms Appropriately
256(1)
Neutral Definitions
256(1)
Denotation and Connotation in Definitions
257(1)
Persuasive Definitions
257(2)
Achieving Clarity, Rhythm, and Vividness
259(1)
Clarity
259(1)
How Clear Should You Be?
260(2)
Rhythm
262(1)
Vividness
263(3)
Stylistic Choices in Combination
266(1)
Style and the Entire Speech
266(1)
Choosing the Right Level of Style
266(1)
Finding the Right Pace and Proportion
267(1)
Memorable Phrases
268(1)
Congruence of Language and Delivery
268(1)
Achieving Good Style
268(1)
Erroneous Assumptions About Speeches
268(1)
Suggestions for Developing and Improving Style
269(1)
What Have You Learned?
270(3)
Part IV Uses of Public Speaking
273(94)
13 Informing
273(16)
Planning Your Strategy
274(1)
Defining Your Specific Purpose
274(1)
Informing Your Audience
275(1)
Clarifying Your Informative Goal
276(2)
Informative Strategies
278(1)
Defining
278(1)
Reporting
279(1)
Describing
280(1)
Explaining
281(1)
Demonstrating
282(1)
Storytelling
283(1)
Comparing
284(1)
Encouraging Retention
285(2)
What Have You Learned?
287(2)
14 Persuading
289(31)
Purposes for Persuasive Strategies
290(1)
Strengthening Commitment
291(1)
Weakening Commitment
292(1)
Conversion
292(1)
Inducing a Specific Action
293(1)
Plan Your Strategy
294(1)
Determine Your Target Audience
294(1)
Assess Your Audience's Motivation
294(1)
Determine Your Purpose
295(1)
The Elaboration Likelihood Model
296(1)
Components of the Model
296(1)
Implications of the Model
296(1)
Constraints on Effective Persuasive Speaking
297(1)
Selective Listening
297(1)
Selective Perception
298(1)
Selective Influence
299(2)
Strategic Resources for Specific and General Purposes
301(1)
Strengthening Commitment
301(2)
Weakening Commitment
303(2)
Conversion
305(3)
Inducing a Specific Action
308(1)
General Strategic Resources
308(4)
Organizing Persuasive Speeches
312(1)
The Problem-Solution Speech
313(2)
The Motivated Sequence
315(2)
What Have You Learned?
317(3)
15 Speaking with Visual Aids
320(23)
Benefits of Using Visual Aids
321(1)
Interest
322(1)
Credibility
322(1)
Comprehension and Retention
322(1)
Argument
323(1)
Types of Visual Aids
323(1)
Charts
324(2)
Graphs
326(2)
Representations
328(2)
Objects and Models
330(1)
People
331(1)
Visual Aid Media
331(1)
Computer-Generated Slides
332(2)
Audiovisual Media
334(1)
Multimedia
334(1)
Transparencies
335(1)
Flip Charts and Posters
335(1)
Handouts
336(1)
Preparing Visual Aids
336(1)
Choosing Ideas for Visual Aids
336(1)
Designing Visual Aids
337(1)
Planning for Technical Difficulties
338(1)
Using Visual Aids in the Speech
339(1)
Avoid Distraction
339(1)
Do Not Obstruct the Audience's View
339(1)
Speak to the Audience, Not to the Visual Aid
340(1)
What Have You Learned?
341(2)
16 Occasions for Public Speaking
343(24)
Fitting Your Speech to the Occasion
344(1)
Influence of the Occasion
344(2)
The Concept of Decorum
346(1)
Identifying Your Purpose
347(1)
Deliberative Speaking
347(1)
The Nature of Deliberative Speaking
347(1)
Community Service and Involvement
348(1)
Oral Reports and Presentations
349(1)
Group Presentations
349(2)
Public Hearings and Debates
351(2)
Responding to Questions
353(1)
Ceremonial Speaking
354(1)
The Nature of Ceremonial Speaking
354(1)
Speeches of Greeting
355(1)
Speeches of Tribute
355(3)
Commemorative Celebrations
358(1)
Speeches Marking Awards
358(2)
Speeches Combining Deliberative and Ceremonial Goals
360(1)
Keynote Speeches
360(1)
Pep Talks
361(1)
After-Dinner Speeches
361(1)
Commencement Speeches
362(1)
Speeches Marking Candidacy and Election
363(2)
What Have You Learned?
365(2)
Appendix: Speeches for Analysis and Discussion 367(18)
Glossary 385(5)
Notes 390(8)
Credits 398(2)
Index 400
David Zarefsky is Owen L. Coon Professor Emeritus of Argumentation and Debate, and Professor Emeritus of Communication Studies, at Northwestern University, where he served as Dean of the School of Speech from 1988 through June 2000. He joined the Northwestern faculty in 1968 and rose through the ranks, achieving promotion to Professor in 1982. He also has held a series of administrative appointments, including Director of Forensics (1970-75), Chair of the Department of Communication Studies (1975-83), Associate Dean of the School of Speech (1983-88), and Dean.  He retired from the full-time faculty and achieved Emeritus status in 2009.

 

Zarefskys research and teaching are in the areas of rhetorical history and criticism, argumentation and debate, and forensics. He is the author, co-author, or editor of nine books and the author of over 100 articles in professional journals. Two of his books have won the Winans-Wichelns Award for Distinguished Scholarship in Rhetoric and Public Address, an award of the National Communication Association (NCA): President Johnsons War on Poverty: Rhetoric and History (University of Alabama Press, 1986) and Lincoln, Douglas, and Slavery: In the Crucible of Public Debate (University of Chicago Press, 1990). He is one of only four individuals to have won this award twice. In 1994 he was named to the ranks of NCA Distinguished Scholars and in 2015 he was named the Douglas Ehninger Distinguished Rhetorical Scholar.  He also has twice won the Best Article Award from the Southern States Communication Association.

 

At Northwestern, Zarefsky taught courses in the study of American public discourse, with a special focus on the pre-Civil War years and on the 1960s. He also taught courses in argumentation theory, persuasion, and public speaking.  On thirteen different occasions he was named to the student governments honor roll for distinguished teaching. He received the NCA Lifetime Teaching Excellence Award in 2012. He has held visiting appointments at Penn State University, Harvard University, and the University of Iowa. Zarefsky also has two videocourses, Abraham Lincoln: In His Own Words and Argumentation: The Study of Effective Reasoning, marketed by The Teaching Company.

 

In 1993 Zarefsky was President of the National Communication Association and in 2001 he received its Samuel L. Becker Distinguished Service Award. He held the presidency of the Central States Communication Association in 1986-87. In 2010 and 2011 he was President of the Rhetoric Society of America (RSA), a position he also occupied in 2006 and 2007.  He received the George Yoos Distinguished Service Award from RSA in 2010. He has held numerous other positions in these organizations and in the American Forensic Association, whose journal he edited from 1977-80. From 1984-89 he was the Director of the National Debate Tournament, and from 2007-15 he was the Steering Committee chair of the NCA/AFA Biennial Summer Conference on Argumentation. He also has served on the editorial boards of 10 different journals.

 

Zarefsky has been involved in numerous other activities under the heading of University and professional service. In 1982-83 he chaired Northwesterns General Faculty Committee, the principal arm of faculty governance, and he has served on several other committees and task forces at Northwestern. He has participated on academic program review committees for over 25 colleges and universities and as a peer reviewer for the National Endowment for the Humanities.  From 1997 to 2001 he was on the National Advisory Council and the Steering Committee for the Center for Presidential Studies in the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University.