Preface |
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xiii | |
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Introduction: Quaternary Reefs in Time and Space |
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1 | (22) |
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The Reef Phenomenon: Definitions and History of Discovery and Research |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (3) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Geographical Distribution of Corals and Coral Reefs |
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6 | (3) |
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Modern Tropical Climate Modes |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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Trends in the Quaternary Climate Dynamics |
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12 | (2) |
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Establishing the Chronology of Quaternary Coral Reefs |
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14 | (6) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Methods of Obtaining Data |
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20 | (3) |
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20 | (1) |
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Pleistocene and Recent Reef Structures |
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20 | (3) |
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Palaeobiogeography: Evaluation of the Inheritance from the Tertiary |
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23 | (44) |
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23 | (1) |
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Development Patterns of Tertiary Coral Reefs |
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24 | (18) |
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From the End-Cretaceous Extinction to the Cenozoic Recovery |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (1) |
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Coral and Reef Diversification in Time and Space |
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28 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of diversification |
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28 | (5) |
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History of coral reef evolution |
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33 | (9) |
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Temporal and Spatial Variations in Coral and Calcareous Algal Diversity |
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42 | (21) |
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42 | (1) |
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The western Atlantic-Caribbean province |
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42 | (5) |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (1) |
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The Indo-West Pacific province |
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49 | (4) |
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Inter-regional comparison |
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53 | (1) |
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Case Study: The Historical Biogeography of the Genus Acropora |
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53 | (4) |
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57 | (4) |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (4) |
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Structure, Zonation and Dynamic Patterns of Coral Reef Communities |
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67 | (56) |
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67 | (1) |
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Structure and Zonation of Modern Reef Communities |
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68 | (10) |
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The Western Atlantic-Caribbean Province |
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68 | (4) |
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The Indo-Pacific Province |
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72 | (6) |
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Structure and Zonation of Quaternary Reef Communities |
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78 | (34) |
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The Western Atlantic-Caribbean Province |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (6) |
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The latest Pleistocene to Holocene |
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84 | (4) |
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88 | (1) |
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The Indo-Pacific Province |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (12) |
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The latest Pleistocene to Holocene |
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101 | (8) |
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109 | (3) |
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Dynamic Patterns of Reef Communities |
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112 | (7) |
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112 | (3) |
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Reef-Community Variability |
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115 | (3) |
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Reef-Community Stability Versus Variability: The Time-Scale Question |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (4) |
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Controls on the Development, Distribution and Preservation of Reefs |
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123 | (48) |
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123 | (2) |
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Controls on Reef Development and Distribution |
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125 | (13) |
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Biotic Controls: The Role of Recruitment, Species Saturation, Competition, Predation, Symbiosis and Disease |
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125 | (4) |
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Abiotic Controls: The Role of Physical and Chemical Disturbances |
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129 | (1) |
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Substrate availability and refuges |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (2) |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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Atmospheric CO2 and aragonite saturation |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (2) |
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Controls on Reef Community Preservation: The Taphonomic Approach |
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138 | (29) |
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The Distribution of Taphonomic Signatures |
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139 | (1) |
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The modern and Holocene record |
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139 | (5) |
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144 | (2) |
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Taphonomic Features as Criteria for Identifying Reef Sub-Environments and Depositional Events |
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146 | (1) |
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Identification of reef sub-environments |
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146 | (1) |
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Identification of short-term depositional events |
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147 | (3) |
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Taphonomic Controls on Modern and Fossil Reef Communities |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (11) |
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161 | (2) |
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Foraminiferal assemblages |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (3) |
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167 | (4) |
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Patterns of Carbonate Production and Deposition on Reefs |
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171 | (52) |
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171 | (1) |
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Patterns of Reef Carbonate Production |
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172 | (11) |
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Growth and Production Rates of Reef Dwellers |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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Carbonate Production at the Scale of Single Reef Systems |
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181 | (2) |
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Reef Carbonate Production at Global and Provincial Scales |
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183 | (1) |
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Patterns of Reef Carbonate Deposition |
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183 | (38) |
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The Nature and Distribution of Components in Superficial Sediments |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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Other skeletal components |
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191 | (2) |
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Non-skeletal and compound carbonate grains |
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193 | (1) |
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Unlithified carbonate mud |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (2) |
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195 | (2) |
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Mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sediments |
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197 | (1) |
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Classification of Sediment Types |
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198 | (1) |
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Carbonate rudstone-dominated types |
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198 | (4) |
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Carbonate grainstone/packstone-dominated types |
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202 | (7) |
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Carbonate wackestone/mudstone-dominated sediments |
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209 | (1) |
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Temporal and Spatial Shifts in Skeletal Sediment Composition |
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210 | (2) |
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Depositional Rates of Reef Carbonates |
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212 | (2) |
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Reef-edge, framework-dominated aggregations |
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214 | (3) |
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Reef-edge, detritus-dominated accumulations |
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217 | (1) |
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Lagoonal sediment accumulations |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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Control of Reef Growth Styles on Rates of Deposition |
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218 | (2) |
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Control of Latitude on Rates of Deposition |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (2) |
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Reef Anatomy and Stratigraphy |
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223 | (48) |
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223 | (1) |
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Morphology and Anatomy of Holocene Reefs |
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224 | (13) |
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Nature and Compositions of Reefs |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (3) |
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Reef-edge, framework-dominated sequences |
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228 | (1) |
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Reef-edge, detritus-dominated sequences |
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229 | (1) |
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Back-reef/lagoonal sediment sequences |
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230 | (3) |
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The Thickness of Holocene Reef Sequences |
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233 | (1) |
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Conceptual Models of Reef Deposition |
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233 | (4) |
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Structure and Pleistocene Stratigraphy of Barrier Reefs and Atolls |
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237 | (10) |
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237 | (1) |
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Case studies from the Caribbean |
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238 | (2) |
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Case studies from the Indian Ocean |
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240 | (1) |
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Case studies from the Pacific Ocean |
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241 | (3) |
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244 | (3) |
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Stratigraphy of Emerged Reef Terraces |
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247 | (8) |
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The Huon Peninsula and Barbados Models |
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247 | (2) |
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Other Reef Terraces Sequences |
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249 | (3) |
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252 | (1) |
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The Question of Multistage Terrace Development |
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253 | (2) |
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Stratigraphy of Submerged Reef Terraces and Banks |
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255 | (7) |
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Case Studies from Stable Areas |
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256 | (3) |
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Case Studies from Subsiding Areas |
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259 | (3) |
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Case Studies from Uplifting Areas |
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262 | (1) |
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Reef Stratigraphy and Numerical Modelling |
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262 | (6) |
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268 | (3) |
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271 | (52) |
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271 | (1) |
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External Hydrology: Water Characteristics and Reef Responses to Waves and Currents |
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272 | (31) |
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272 | (1) |
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Temperatures and global limits to reef growth |
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272 | (1) |
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Intratropical temperature variations |
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273 | (1) |
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Historical changes in temperature limits |
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274 | (3) |
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Water Quality and Nutrients |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (3) |
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The Holocene-Pleistocene record |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (3) |
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The Holocene-Pleistocene record |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (3) |
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The Holocene-Pleistocene record |
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286 | (1) |
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Hydrodynamics: The Effects of Tides, Currents, Waves, Tropical Storms and Tsunamis |
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286 | (1) |
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Tides and regional currents |
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286 | (4) |
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290 | (4) |
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Hydrodynamics and coral morphology |
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294 | (1) |
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Storms, cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons |
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295 | (6) |
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301 | (2) |
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303 | (17) |
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Characteristics of the Reef Hydrological System |
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303 | (3) |
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306 | (1) |
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The influence of permeability and conductivity |
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306 | (1) |
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Chemical and nutrient gradients |
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307 | (2) |
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Geothermal gradient and convective circulation |
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309 | (3) |
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Flow in Pleistocene Reefs |
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312 | (1) |
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Case studies from the Caribbean |
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313 | (4) |
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Case studies from the Pacific |
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317 | (3) |
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320 | (3) |
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323 | (50) |
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323 | (1) |
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Mineralogy of Sediment Components |
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324 | (1) |
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Cements in Quaternary Reef Limestones |
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325 | (19) |
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Controls on Cement Morphology |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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Growth rates and reactant supply |
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327 | (1) |
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Changes in water chemistry |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (3) |
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333 | (5) |
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Subaerial cements and associated deposits |
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338 | (3) |
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341 | (3) |
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Replacement and Dissolution |
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344 | (7) |
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Neomorphism and Early Diagenesis of corals |
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345 | (3) |
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Neomorphism of Magnesian Calcite |
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348 | (1) |
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Wholesale Dissolution of Carbonate Minerals |
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349 | (1) |
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The Effects of Compaction |
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350 | (1) |
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Hydrological Control of Flow Rates |
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351 | (2) |
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351 | (1) |
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Flow Rates in Meteoric Waters |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (2) |
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Rates of Diagenesis in Marine Environments |
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353 | (1) |
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Rates of Diagenesis in Freshwater Environments |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (3) |
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The Control of Sea Level and Climate |
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355 | (3) |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (9) |
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Penecontemporaneous Dolomite |
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359 | (1) |
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Conceptual Models of Reef Dolomitization |
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360 | (1) |
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Evaporation and mixing-zone dolomites |
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361 | (2) |
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Thermal convection and large-scale circulation of seawater |
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363 | (2) |
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365 | (2) |
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Dissolution and Alteration of Dolomites |
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367 | (1) |
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367 | (4) |
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368 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (2) |
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Corals and Coral Reefs as Records of Climatic Change |
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373 | (56) |
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373 | (1) |
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Individual Coral Colonies as Records of Climate |
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374 | (14) |
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Growth Mode of Banded Coral Skeletons and its Environmental Control |
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374 | (2) |
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Environmental Variables and their Proxies in Corals |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (4) |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (2) |
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Atmospheric and oceanic circulation |
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384 | (4) |
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Climate Reconstruction based on Individual Coral Colonies |
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388 | (17) |
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The Record of the Last Decades and Centuries |
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388 | (1) |
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388 | (3) |
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391 | (2) |
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393 | (2) |
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395 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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396 | (4) |
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The Last Glacial Maximum to Early Deglacial Record |
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400 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (2) |
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The penultimate deglaciation |
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404 | (1) |
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Older interglacial-glacial periods |
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404 | (1) |
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Coral Reefs as Records of Sea-Level Change |
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405 | (21) |
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Reef Evidence of Sea-Level Position |
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405 | (1) |
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Reef flats and associated growth frameworks |
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406 | (2) |
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408 | (1) |
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Compositions of coralgal communities |
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409 | (1) |
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409 | (1) |
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Geometry of subtidal to supratidal sedimentary deposits |
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410 | (1) |
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Fabrics and distributional patterns of cements |
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411 | (2) |
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Stratigraphy of stacked reef sequences in cores |
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413 | (1) |
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Numerical modelling of reef growth |
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413 | (1) |
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Reconstruction of Sea-Level Changes over Time |
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413 | (1) |
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The middle to late Holocene |
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413 | (4) |
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417 | (3) |
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The last interstadial period |
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420 | (4) |
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The last interglacial period |
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424 | (1) |
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Older glacial-interglacial cycles |
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425 | (1) |
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426 | (3) |
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Conclusions: Coral Reefs from the Past to the Future |
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429 | (8) |
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The Historical Perspective |
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429 | (1) |
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The Role of Controlling Factors in Reef Growth and Distribution |
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430 | (7) |
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430 | (1) |
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431 | (1) |
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Disturbances and Resilience of Reefs |
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431 | (1) |
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The Fossil Record as a Proxy for the Future of Reefs |
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431 | (2) |
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Global Warming and the Future of Reefs |
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433 | (1) |
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434 | (3) |
References |
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437 | (86) |
Subject Index |
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523 | |