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E-grāmata: Radiation Safety: Protection and Management for Homeland Security and Emergency Response

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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 15-Jun-2009
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780470495773
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Radiation Safety: Protection and Management for Homeland Security and Emergency ResponsePalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 15-Jun-2009
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780470495773
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  • Pertaining to homeland security, this title is a comprehensive guide to radiation protection caused by accidents or terrorism
  • Provides essential strategies and guidance for protecting ports and examines the latest nuclear detection devices that can be deployed
  • Explains the procedures in FEMA's "National Incident Management System"
  • Gives specific details for first responders and emergency workers on how to prepare for and handle radiological incidents
PREFACE xv
FOREWORD xvii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xix
1 NUCLEAR FEAR—THE GODZILLA OF ALL FEARS
1
1.1 The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2
1.2 Nuclear Fallout in America
2
1.3 WMDs: Witnesses of Mass Destruction
3
1.4 Fear and the Film Industry
4
1.5 Celluloid Spies
5
1.6 Atomic Nature Run Amok
6
1.7 Post-War Nuclear Reactions
7
1.8 The Specter of Cold War
8
1.9 The Fearful Fifties
9
1.10 Dr. Strangelove and Learning to Love the Bomb
10
1.11 Nuclear Terror Revisited
12
1.12 Chernobyl's Impact on Contemporary Views of Nuclear Energy
13
1.13 The Myth of the Lone Madman
15
1.14 Fear of an Unknown Atom
15
2 TERRORISM AND NUCLEAR FIRE
17
2.1 A Prophetic Warning
17
2.2 History of Terrorism
18
2.3 Terrorism (Un)Defined
20
2.4 Legal Taxonomy of Terrorism
23
2.5 The Defining Principles of Terrorism
27
2.6 Nation States: Fuel for Nuclear Fire
28
2.7 Global Mass Media: The Oxygen of Terrorism
30
2.8 Extremists Groups: The Spark that Ignites Terrorism
31
2.9 Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Nightmare
35
3 RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVITY CONCEPTS
37
3.1 What, Exactly, Is Radiation?
38
3.2 Units of Radioactivity
40
3.3 The Different Types of Radioactive Decay
40
3.4 Measuring Radioactivity
41
3.5 Environmental Radiation
43
3.6 Radiation from Nuclear Power Plants
44
3.7 The Benefits of Radiation on Health and Medicine
45
3.8 The Benefits of Radiation on Agriculture
47
3.9 The Benefits of Radiation on Industry
48
3.10 The Benefits of Radiation on National Security
49
3.11 The Benefits of Radiological and Nuclear Material on International Security
50
4 NUCLEAR COUNTERMEASURES AND NUCLEAR SECURITY
53
4.1 Security of Radiation Sources
54
4.2 Atomic Authorization
55
4.3 Safety of Radiation Sources
56
4.4 Enforcing International Standards of Safety
57
4.5 Meeting Global Needs for Energy
58
4.6 Difficulties of Radioactive Disposal
59
4.7 A Radiation Role Model
61
4.8 Nuclear Applications to Increase Public Safety and National Security
62
4.9 Current Nuclear and Radiation Countermeasures
64
5 NUCLEAR EVENTS AND INCIDENTS
65
5.1 The Search for Nuclear Substances
66
5.2 Diplomatic Reasoning
67
5.3 Inferring Nuclear Intent
69
5.4 Nuclear Arms in the Wrong Hands
70
5.5 A More Active Defense
72
5.6 Should Diplomacy Fail
73
5.7 A Closer Look at Nuclear Weapons
73
5.8 Nuclear Blast Force
75
5.9 Nuclear Thermal Force
75
5.10 Radioactive Force
75
5.11 Radiological Dispersion Devices
77
6 RADIOLOGICAL INCIDENTS MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
79
6.1 Threat Assessment
80
6.2 Medical Stockpiling
81
6.3 Medical Development
83
6.4 Readying the Response Infrastructure
85
6.5 Evaluating the Medical Countermeasure Enterprise
86
6.6 The Good News: Areas of Improvement
88
6.7 Protective Action Guidelines
90
6.8 The Role of the Military in a Radiological Emergency
91
7 ROLE OF THE FIRST RESPONDER
97
7.1 Structure of the First Response Team's Patterns of Action
98
7.2 Role of the First Response Team
98
7.3 Protection of Responders and the Public
99
7.3.1 Basic Precautions
99
7.3.2 Registration of Emergency Response Personnel
100
7.4 Lessons Learned from First Response to Past Emergencies
100
7.5 Manage the Medical Response
102
7.6 Manage Criminal and Terrorist Threats After a Radiological Event
103
7.7 Launching the First Response
104
7.8 Incident Command
104
7.9 Members of the First Response Team
105
7.10 Preliminary Assessment and Response
107
7.11 Emergency Response Team
108
7.12 Incident Commander Action Guide
109
7.12.1 Observe and Assess
110
7.12.2 Save Lives and Prevent Escalation
110
7.12.3 Extend the Response
110
7.13 Resource Coordinator Action Guide
111
7.14 Fire Departments Action Guide
111
7.15 Emergency Medical Service Action Guide
112
7.16 Law EnforcementSecurity Team Action Guide
113
7.17 Forensic Evidence Management Team Action Guide
113
7.18 Public Information Officer Action Guide
114
7.19 Crisis Communication Tips
115
7.20 Local Hospital Action Guide
115
7.21 National EOC Action Guide
116
7.22 First Responder Monitor Action Guide
117
8 ACTION PLANS
119
8.1 Assess Hazard and Establish Security Area
119
8.2 Personnel Protection Guidelines
120
8.3 Public Protection Guidelines
121
8.4 Public Registration
122
8.5 Monitor the Public and Responders
123
8.6 Public Decontamination
124
8.7 Response Contamination Control
125
8.8 Monitoring and Decontamination of Vehicles and Equipment
126
8.9 Field Triage for Mass Casualties
127
9 MEDICAL TREATMENT OF RADIOLOGICAL INJURIES
129
9.1 The Radiological Effects of RDDs
129
9.2 Radioactivity and Its Impact on the Body
130
9.3 Symptoms and Syndromes
132
9.4 Emergency Assessment
133
9.5 Signs of Dangerous Radiation Dosages
134
9.6 Treatments for Radiation Exposure
136
9.7 Post-Radiation Procedures
137
9.8 Psychological Side Effects
138
9.9 Psychological First Aid
139
9.10 Treating Terror
140
10 CLEANUP AND DECONTAMINATION AFTER A RADIOLOGICAL INCIDENT 141
10.1 Differences between Chemical, Biological, and Radiological
141
10.2 Decontamination Differences for Fallout and a RDD
142
10.3 Who will be in Charge of Cleanup and Decontamination?
143
10.4 Radiological Cleanup Overview and Objectives
144
10.5 Radiological Cleanup Decision Making
145
10.6 Initial Cleanup Scoping
146
10.7 Stakeholder Outreach and Stakeholder Working Group
147
10.8 Evaluation of Cleanup Options
147
10.9 Specific Guidelines for Cleanup and Decontamination
148
10.10 The "Do Nothing" Strategy
148
10.11 Physical Removal Strategy
149
10.12 Physical Entrapment Strategy
149
10.13 Chemical Decontamination Strategy
150
10.14 Use of Isotope Dilution for Decontamination
151
10.15 Priorities for Decontamination
152
11 CONCLUSIONS 155
11.1 Nuclear Terror: Are We Prepared Internationally?
155
11.2 Who is Internationally Responsible for Nuclear Countermeasures?
156
11.3 Nuclear Terror: Are We Prepared Nationally?
158
11.4 What We Know About the Inevitable
159
APPENDIX A RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION MONITORING 161
A.1 Introduction
162
A.2 Types of Nuclear Detection Equipment
163
A.3 Dose Rate Meters
164
A.4 Dosimeters
164
A.5 Surface Contamination Meters
166
A.6 Airborne Contamination Meters and Gas Monitors
166
A.7 Basic Radiation Instrument Components
168
A.8 Ionization Chambers as Gas-Filled Detectors
168
A.9 Proportional Counters and Gas Amplification
169
A.10 Geiger-Muller Counters and Detector Output
170
A.11 Practical Ionization Chamber Instruments
171
A.12 Practical Proportional Counters
172
A.13 Practical Geiger-Muller Counters
173
A.14 Scintillation Counters
173
A.15 Practical Bulk Scintillation Counters
174
A.16 Practical Scintillation Counter Contamination Monitors
175
A.17 Solid State Detectors
175
A.18 Practical Solid State Detectors
176
A.19 Testing Dose Rate Meters
177
A.20 Procedures for Using a Dose Rate Meter
178
A.21 Testing and Calibration of Surface Contamination Meters
179
A.22 Use of a Surface Contamination Meter
179
A.23 Procedures for Using a Surface Contamination Meter
180
A.24 Special Surface Contamination Monitoring Techniques
181
A.25 The Measurement of Airborne Contamination
182
A.26 Criteria for the Selection of Monitoring Instruments
182
APPENDIX B LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 185
APPENDIX C RADIOLOGICAL TERMS 195
APPENDIX D RADIOLOGICAL ATTACK—RADIOLOGICAL DISPERSAL DEVICES—INCIDENT PLANNING GUIDE 217
APPENDIX E FEDERAL AGENCIES GOVERNING THE IMMEDIATE RESPONSE TO A RADIOLOGICAL EVENT 231
E.1 Introduction
231
E.1.1 Purpose
231
E.1.2 Scope
232
E.1.3 Policies
233
E.1.4 Headquarters Planning and Preparedness
236
E.2 Situation
237
E.3 Planning Assumptions
238
E.4 Responsibilities
239
E.4.1 General
239
E.4.2 Coordinating Agencies
242
E.5 Key Federal Radiological ResourcesAssets
248
E.6 Concept of Operations
252
E.6.1 General
252
E.6.2 Notification
252
E.6.3 Activation
253
E.6.4 ICS Implementation
255
E.7 Response Activities
255
E.8 Recovery
261
E.9 Federal Capabilities and Assets
273
APPENDIX F POTENTIAL ISOTOPES LIKELY TO BE USED IN A RADIOLOGICAL DISPERSION DEVICE 275
BIBLIOGRAPHY 281
INDEX 285
LARRY A. BURCHFIELD is the cofounder, President, and Chief Executive Officer of the Radiochemistry Society, as well as an Adjunct Professor at Washington State University. He has over twenty years of research and laboratory experience and authored several publications.
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