About the Author |
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xi | |
Preface |
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xiii | |
Acknowledgements |
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xv | |
I Functional Principle of Radio Receivers |
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1 | (48) |
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I.1 Some History to Start |
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1 | (3) |
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I.1.1 Resonance Receivers, Fritters, Coherers, and Square-Law Detectors (Detector Receivers) |
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1 | (1) |
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I.1.2 Development of the Audion |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (19) |
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I.2.1 Single-Conversion Superhet |
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4 | (4) |
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I.2.2 Multiple-Conversion Superhet |
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8 | (6) |
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14 | (3) |
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17 | (6) |
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I.3 Practical Example of an (A11-)Digital Radio Receiver |
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23 | (16) |
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I.3.1 Functional Blocks for Digital Signal Processing |
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25 | (1) |
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I.3.2 The A/D Converter as a Key Component |
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26 | (4) |
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I.3.3 Conversion to Zero Frequency |
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30 | (3) |
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I.3.4 Accuracy and Reproducibility |
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33 | (1) |
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I.3.5 VFO for Frequency Tuning |
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34 | (2) |
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I.3.6 Other Required Hardware |
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36 | (1) |
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I.3.7 Receive Frequency Expansion by Subsampling |
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37 | (2) |
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I.4 Practical Example of a Portable Wideband Radio Receiver |
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39 | (7) |
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I.4.1 Analog RF Frontend for a Wide Receive Frequency Range |
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40 | (2) |
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I.4.2 Subsequent Digital Signal Processing |
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42 | (1) |
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I.4.3 Demodulation with Received Signal Level Measurement |
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43 | (2) |
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I.4.4 Spectral Resolution of the Frequency Occupancy |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (1) |
II Fields of Use and Applications of Radio Receivers |
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49 | (64) |
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49 | (1) |
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II.2 Wireless Telecontrol |
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50 | (4) |
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II.2.1 Radio Ripple Control |
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52 | (2) |
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II.3 Non-Public Radio Services |
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54 | (10) |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (3) |
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63 | (1) |
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II.4 Radio Intelligence, Radio Surveillance |
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64 | (19) |
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II.4.1 Numerous Signal Types |
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64 | (5) |
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II.4.2 Searching and Detecting |
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69 | (6) |
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II.4.3 Monitoring Emissions |
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75 | (3) |
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II.4.4 Classifying and Analyzing Radio Scenarios |
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78 | (3) |
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II.4.5 Receiver Versus Spectrum Analyzer |
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81 | (2) |
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II.5 Direction Finding and Radio Localization |
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83 | (18) |
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II.5.1 Basic Principles of Radio Direction Finding |
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83 | (11) |
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II.5.2 Radio Reconnaissance and Radio Surveillance |
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94 | (4) |
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II.5.3 Aeronautical Navigation and Air Traffic Control |
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98 | (2) |
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II.5.4 Marine Navigation and Maritime Traffic |
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100 | (1) |
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II.6 Terrestrial Radio Broadcast Reception |
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101 | (3) |
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II.7 Time Signal Reception |
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104 | |
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II.8 Modern Radio Frequency Usage and Frequency Economy |
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101 | (8) |
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II.8.1 Trunked Radio Networks |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (3) |
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112 | (1) |
III Receiver Characteristics and their Measurement |
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113 | (132) |
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III.1 Objectives and Benefits |
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113 | (1) |
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III.2 Preparations for Metrological Investigations |
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114 | (4) |
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III.2.1 The Special Case of Correlative Noise Suppression |
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115 | (1) |
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III.2.2 The Special Case of Digital Radio Standards |
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116 | (2) |
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III.3 Receiver Input Matching and Input Impedance |
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118 | (3) |
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III.3.1 Measuring Impedance and Matching |
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120 | (1) |
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III.3.2 Measuring Problems |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (26) |
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III.4.1 Limitations Set by Physics |
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122 | (1) |
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III.4.2 Noise Factor and Noise Figure |
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123 | (2) |
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III.4.3 Measuring the Noise Figure |
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125 | (2) |
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III.4.4 Equivalent Noise Bandwidth |
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127 | (2) |
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III.4.5 Minimum Discernible Signal |
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129 | (1) |
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III.4.6 Measuring the Minimum Discernible Signal |
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130 | (1) |
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III.4.7 Input Noise Voltage |
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131 | (1) |
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III.4.8 Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) and Operational Sensitivity (S+N)/N, SINAD |
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132 | (4) |
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136 | (2) |
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III.4.10 Usable and Suitable Sensitivity |
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138 | (6) |
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III.4.11 Maximum Signal-to-Interference Ratio |
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144 | (1) |
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III.4.12 Measuring the Operational Sensitivity and Maximum SIR |
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145 | (2) |
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III.4.13 Measuring Problems |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (9) |
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III.5.1 Origin of Inherent Spurious Response |
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147 | (1) |
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III.5.2 Measuring Inherent Spurious Response |
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148 | (1) |
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III.5.3 Reception and Suppression of Image Frequencies |
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149 | (2) |
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III.5.4 IF Interference and IF Interference Ratio |
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151 | (1) |
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III.5.5 Reception of Other Interfering Signals |
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152 | (1) |
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III.5.6 Measuring the Spurious Signal Reception |
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153 | (1) |
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III.5.7 The Special Case of Linear Crosstalk |
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153 | (1) |
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III.5.8 Measuring the Linear Crosstalk Suppression |
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154 | (1) |
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III.5.9 Measuring Problems |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (6) |
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III.6.1 Receive Bandwidth and Shape Factor |
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157 | (1) |
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III.6.2 Measuring the Receive Bandwidth |
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158 | (2) |
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III.6.3 Adjacent Channel Suppression |
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160 | (1) |
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III.6.4 Measuring the Adjacent Channel Suppression |
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160 | (1) |
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III.6.5 Measuring Problems |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (9) |
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III.7.1 Single Sideband Noise |
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162 | (4) |
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III.7.2 Non-Harmonic (Close to Carrier) Distortions |
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166 | (1) |
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III.7.3 Sensitivity Reduction by Reciprocal Mixing |
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166 | (3) |
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III.7.4 Measuring Reciprocal Mixing |
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169 | (2) |
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III.7.5 Measuring Problems |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (3) |
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III.8.1 Compression in the RF Frontend or the IF Section |
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171 | (1) |
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III.8.2 AGC Response to Interfering Signals |
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172 | (1) |
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III.8.3 Reduction of Signal-to-Interference Ratio by Blocking |
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172 | (1) |
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III.8.4 Measuring the Blocking Effect |
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173 | (1) |
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III.8.5 Measuring Problems |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (25) |
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III.9.1 Origin of Intermodulation |
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174 | (1) |
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III.9.2 Second-and Third-Order Intermodulation |
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175 | (6) |
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III.9.3 Higher Order Intermodulation |
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181 | (1) |
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III.9.4 The Special Case of Electromechanical, Ceramic and Quartz Filters |
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182 | (1) |
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III.9.5 The Special Case of A/D Converted and Digitally Processed Signals |
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183 | (2) |
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III.9.6 Intermodulation Immunity |
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185 | (1) |
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III.9.7 Maximum Intermodulation-Limited Dynamic Range |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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III.9.9 Effective Intercept Point (Receiver Factor or...) |
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187 | (1) |
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III.9.10 Measuring the Intermodulation Immunity |
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188 | (2) |
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III.9.11 Measuring Problems |
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190 | (5) |
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III.9.12 In-band Intermodulation and Non-Linear Crosstalk |
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195 | (3) |
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III.9.13 Measurement of the In-band Intermodulation |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (5) |
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199 | (2) |
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III.10.2 Ionospheric Cross-Modulation |
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201 | (2) |
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III.10.3 Measuring the Cross-Modulation Immunity |
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203 | (1) |
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III.10.4 Measuring Problems |
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204 | (1) |
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III.11 Quality Factor of Selective RF Preselectors under Operating Conditions |
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204 | (5) |
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III.11.1 Increasing the Dynamic Range by High-Quality Preselection |
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205 | (2) |
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III.11.2 Measuring the Frequency Response |
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207 | (2) |
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III.12 Large-Signal Behaviour in General |
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209 | (4) |
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III.12.1 Concrete Example |
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209 | (3) |
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III.12.2 The IP3 Interpretation Fallacy |
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212 | (1) |
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III.13 Audio Reproduction Properties |
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213 | (5) |
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III.13.1 AF Frequency Response |
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213 | (1) |
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III.13.2 Measuring the AF Frequency Response |
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214 | (1) |
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III.13.3 Reproduction Quality and Distortions |
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214 | (3) |
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III.13.4 Measuring the Demodulation Harmonic Distortion |
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217 | (1) |
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III.13.5 Measuring Problems |
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218 | (1) |
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III.14 Behaviour of the Automatic Gain Control (AGC) |
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218 | (5) |
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III.14.1 Static Control Behaviour |
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218 | (1) |
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III.14.2 Measuring the Static Control Behaviour |
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219 | (1) |
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III.14.3 Time-Dynamic Control Behaviour |
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219 | (2) |
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III.14.4 Measuring the Time-Dynamic Control Behaviour |
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221 | (2) |
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III.15 Long-Term Frequency Stability |
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223 | (3) |
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III.15.1 Measuring the Long-Term Frequency Stability |
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224 | (1) |
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III.15.2 Measuring Problems |
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225 | (1) |
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III.16 Characteristics of the Noise Squelch |
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226 | (1) |
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III.16.1 Measuring the Squelch Threshold |
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227 | (1) |
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III.17 Receiver Stray Radiation |
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227 | (3) |
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III.17.1 Measuring the Receiver Stray Radiation |
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229 | (1) |
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III.17.2 Measuring Problems |
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230 | (1) |
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III.18 (Relative) Receive Signal Strength and S Units |
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230 | (6) |
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III.18.1 Definitions and Predetermined Levels of S Units |
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233 | (1) |
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III.18.2 Measuring the Accuracy of the Relative Signal Strength Indication |
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234 | (1) |
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III.18.3 Measuring Problems |
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234 | (2) |
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III.19 AM Suppression in the F3E Receiving Path |
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236 | (2) |
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III.19.1 Measuring the AM Suppression |
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237 | (1) |
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III.20 Scanning Speed in Search Mode |
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238 | (2) |
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III.20.1 Measuring the Scanning Speed |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (2) |
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242 | (3) |
IV Practical Evaluation of Radio Receivers (A Model) |
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245 | (12) |
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245 | (1) |
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IV.2 Objective Evaluation of Characteristics in Practical Operation |
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245 | (4) |
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IV.2.1 Hardly Equal Conditions |
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247 | (1) |
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IV.2.2 No Approximation Possible |
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247 | (2) |
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IV.3 Information Gained in Practical Operation |
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249 | (4) |
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IV.3.1 Help of a Reference Unit |
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252 | (1) |
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IV.3.2 A Fine Distinction is Hardly Possible or Necessary |
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253 | (1) |
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IV.4 Interpretation (and Contents of the 'Table of operational PRACTICE') |
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253 | (2) |
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IV.4.1 The Gain in Information |
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254 | (1) |
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IV.5 Specific Equipment Details |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (2) |
V Concluding Information |
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257 | (24) |
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V.1 Cascade of Noisy Two-Ports (Overall Noise Performance) |
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257 | (3) |
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V.2 Cascade of Intermodulating Two-Ports (Overall Intermodulation Performance) |
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260 | (4) |
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V.2.1 Overall Third-Order Intercept Point |
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261 | (1) |
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V.2.2 Overall Second-Order Intercept Point |
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262 | (1) |
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V.2.3 Computer-Aided Calculations |
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263 | (1) |
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V.3 Mathematical Description of the Intermodulation Formation |
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264 | (5) |
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V.3.1 Second-Order Intermodulation |
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265 | (1) |
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V.3.2 Third-Order Intermodulation |
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266 | (1) |
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V.3.3 Other Terms in the Transfer Characteristic Polynomial |
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267 | (2) |
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V.4 Mixing and Derivation of Spurious Reception |
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269 | (3) |
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V.4.1 Mixing = Multiplication |
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269 | (2) |
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V.4.2 Ambiguous Mixing Process |
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271 | (1) |
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V.5 Characteristics of Emission Classes According to the ITU RR |
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272 | (1) |
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V.6 Geographic Division of the Earth by Region According to ITU RR |
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272 | (1) |
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V.7 Conversion of dB...Levels |
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272 | (6) |
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V.7.1 Voltage, Current and Power Levels |
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276 | (2) |
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V.7.2 Electric and Magnetic Field Strength, (Power) Flux Density Levels |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (2) |
List of Tables |
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281 | (2) |
Index |
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283 | |