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E-grāmata: Radio System Design for Telecommunications

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Freeman, a telecommunications consultant, explains essential design techniques for radio systems that operate at frequencies of 3 MHz to 100 GHz and which will be employed in telecommunication service. This third edition is revised to reflect the latest advances in the field, with new material on wireless LANs, wireless metropolitan area networks, WiFi and WiMax applications, offset frequency division multiplex, and the use of very small aperture satellite terminal systems as an economical alternative to public switched telecommunication networks. Readers should have a working knowledge of electrical communication, algebra, trigonometry, logarithms, and time distributions. Most key formulae are followed by at least one worked example. Chapter review questions and problems are included. Annotation ©2007 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Step-by-step tutorial to master current design techniques for wireless communication systems

The Third Edition of Radio System Design for Telecommunications brings this highly acclaimed book fully up to date with the latest technological advances and new applications. At the same time, the hallmarks of the previous editions, including the text's popular tutorial presentation, have been retained. Readers therefore get all the tools and guidance they need to master an essential set of current design techniques for radio systems that operate at frequencies of 3 MHz to 100 GHz.

Using simple mathematics, the author illustrates design concepts and applications. The book's logical organization, beginning with a discussion of radio propagation problems, enables readers to progressively develop the skills and knowledge needed to advance in the text. Topics that are new to the Third Edition include:

  • Chapter devoted to wireless LANs (WLANs) as detailed in IEEE 802.11
  • Subsections covering IEEE 802.15, 802.16, 802.20, and the wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN)
  • WiFi, WiMax, and UWB applications that have recently experienced explosive growth
  • Broadband radio in telecommunications, as well as offset frequency division multiplex (OFDM), a new technique for transmitting information in an interference environment
  • The use of very small aperture satellite terminal (VSAT) systems as an economical alternative to public switched telecommunication networks (PSTN)

Review questions and problems at the end of each chapter engage readers' newfound skills and knowledge and help them assess whether they are ready to progress to the next chapter. References are provided for readers who want to investigate particular topics in greater depth.

Students in wireless telecommunications will find the book's tutorial style ideal for learning all the ins and outs of radio system design, whereas professionals in the industry will want to refer to the Third Edition for its clear explanations of the latest technology and applications.

Preface xxi
Chapter 1 Radio Propagation 1
1.1 Introduction,
1
1.2 Loss in Free Space,
2
1.3 Atmospheric Effects on Propagation,
4
1.3.1 Introduction,
4
1.3.2 Refractive Effects on Curvature of Ray Beam,
4
1.3.3 Refractivity Gradients,
8
1.4 Diffraction Effects—The Fresnel Zone Problem,
14
1.5 Ground Reflection,
18
1.6 Fading,
19
1.6.1 Introduction,
19
1.6.2 Multipath Fading,
19
1.6.3 Power Fading,
20
1.6.4 K-Factor Fading,
22
1.6.5 Surface Duct Fading on Over-Water Paths,
23
1.7 From Another Perspective—A Discussion of Fading,
25
1.7.1 Comparison of Some Common Fading Types,
25
1.7.2 Blackout Fading,
28
1.8 Fade Depth and Fade Duration,
31
1.9 Penalty for Not Meeting Obstacle Clearance Criteria,
32
1.10 Attenuation Through Vegetation,
33
Chapter 2 Line-of-Sight Microwave Radiolinks 37
2.1 Objective and Scope,
37
2.2 Initial Planning and Site Selection,
38
2.2.1 Requirements and Requirements Analyses,
38
2.2.2 Route Layout and Site Selection,
40
2.3 Path Profiles,
43
2.3.1 Determiniation of Median Value for K-Factor,
46
2.4 Reflection Point,
48
2.5 Site Survey,
51
2.5.1 Introduction,
51
2.5.2 Information Listing,
51
2.5.3 Notes on Site Visit,
53
2.6 Path Analysis,
54
2.6.1 Objective and Scope,
54
2.6.2 Unfaded Signal Level at the Receiver,
55
2.6.3 Receiver Thermal Noise Threshold,
58
2.6.4 Calculation of IF Bandwidth and Peak Frequency Deviation,
61
2.6.5 Pre-emphasis/De-emphasis,
64
2.6.6 Calculation of Median Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (Unfaded),
67
2.6.7 Calculation of Antenna Gain,
69
2.7 Fading, Estimation of Fade Margin, and Mitigation of Fading Effects,
70
2.7.1 Discussion of LOS Microwave Fading,
70
2.7.2 Calculating Fade Margin,
71
2.7.3 Notes on Path Fading Range Estimates,
81
2.7.4 Diversity as a Means to Mitigate Fading,
82
2.8 Analysis of Noise on a FM Radiolink,
87
2.8.1 Introduction,
87
2.8.2 Sources of Noise in a Radiolink,
89
2.8.3 FM Improvement Threshold,
90
2.8.4 Noise in a Derived Voice Channel,
91
2.8.5 Noise Power Ratio (NPR),
95
2.8.6 Antenna Feeder Distortion,
103
2.8.7 Total Noise in the Voice Channel,
107
2.8.8 Signal-to-Noise Ratio for TV Video,
107
2.9 Path Analysis Worksheet and Example,
108
2.9.1 Introduction,
108
2.9.2 Sample Worksheet,
108
2.10 Frequency Assignment, Compatibility, and Frequency Plan,
113
2.10.1 Introduction,
113
2.10.2 Frequency Planning-Channel Arrangement,
113
2.10.3 Some Typical ITU-R Channel Arrangements,
119
Chapter 3 Digital Line-of-Sight Microwave Radiolinks 133
3.1 Introduction,
133
3.1.1 Energy per Bit per Noise Density Ratio, Eb/No,
134
3.2 Regulatory Issues,
135
3.3 Modulation Techniques, Spectral Efficiency, and Bandwidth,
138
3.3.1 Introduction,
138
3.3.2 Bit Packing,
138
3.3.3 Spectral Efficiency,
141
3.3.4 Power Amplifier Distortion,
143
3.4 Comparison of Several Types of Modulation,
144
3.4.1 Objective,
144
3.4.2 Definitions and Notation,
144
3.4.3 Modulation Format Comparison,
145
3.4.4 Notes on Implementation and BER Performance,
146
3.5 Some System Impairments Peculiar to Digital Operation,
150
3.5.1 Mitigation Techniques for Multipath Fading,
151
3.5.2 ITU-R Guidelines on Combating Propagation Effects,
153
3.6 Performance Requirements and Objectives for Digital Radiolinks,
155
3.6.1 Introduction,
155
3.6.2 Five Definitions,
155
3.6.3 Hypothetical Reference Digital Path (HRDP) for Radio-Relay Systems with a Capacity Above the Second Hierarchical Level,
155
3.6.4 Error Performance Objectives for Real Digital Radiolinks Forming Part of a High-Grade Circuit in an ISDN Network,
156
3.6.5 Error Performance Objectives of a 27,500-km Hypothetical Reference Path,
159
3.6.6 Jitter and Wander,
160
3.6.7 Error Performance from a Telecordia Perspective,
161
3.7 Application of High-Level M-QAM to High-Capacity SDH/SONET Formats,
161
3.8 Considerations of Fading on LOS Digital Microwave Systems,
162
3.8.1 Introduction,
162
3.8.2 Other Views of Calculations of Fade Margins on Digital LOS Microwave,
163
3.8.3 Multipath Fading Calculations Based on TIA TSB 10-F,
164
3.8.4 Simple Calculations of Path Dispersiveness,
169
3.9 Path Analyses or Link Budgets on Digital LOS Microwave Paths,
170
Chapter 4 Forward Error Correction and Advanced Digital Waveforms 175
4.1 Objective,
175
4.2 Forward Error Correction,
175
4.2.1 Background and Objective,
175
4.2.2 Basic Forward Error Correction,
177
4.2.3 FEC Codes,
180
4.2.4 Binary Convolutional Codes,
187
4.2.5 Channel Performance of Uncoded and Coded Systems,
196
4.2.6 Coding with Bursty Errors,
201
4.3 Advanced Signal Waveforms,
207
4.3.1 Block-Coded Modulation (BCM),
207
4.3.2 Trellis-Coded Modulation (TCM),
210
4.3.3 Multilevel-Coded Modulation (MCLM),
211
4.3.4 Partial Response with a Soft Decoder,
213
Chapter 5 Over-the-Horizon Radiolinks 219
5.1 Objectives and Scope,
219
5.2 Application,
219
5.3 Introduction to Tropospheric Scatter Propagation,
220
5.4 Tropospheric Scatter Link Design,
223
5.4.1 Site Selection, Route Selection, Path Profile, and Field Survey,
223
5.4.2 Link Performance Calculations,
224
5.5 Path Calculation/Link Analysis,
288
5.5.1 Introduction,
284
5.5.2 Path Intermodulation Noise—Analog Systems,
284
5.5.3 Sample Link Analysis,
289
5.6 Threshold Extension,
291
5.7 Digital Transhorizon Radiolinks,
292
5.7.1 Introduction,
292
5.7.2 Digital Link Analysis,
292
5.7.3 Dispersion,
294
5.7.4 Some Methods of Overcoming the Effects of Dispersion,
295
5.7.5 Some ITU-R Perspectives on Transhorizon Radio Systems,
297
5.8 Troposcatter Frequency Bands and the Sharing with Space Radio-Communication Systems,
300
5.8.1 Frequency Bands Shared with Space Services (Space-to-Earth),
300
Chapter 6 Basic Principles of Satellite Communications 305
6.1 Introduction, Scope, and Applications,
305
6.2 Satellite Systems—An Introduction,
306
6.2.1 Satellite Orbits,
306
6.2.2 Elevation Angle,
308
6.2.3 Determination of Range and Elevation Angle of a Geostationary Satellite,
309
6.3 Introduction to Link Analysis or Link Budget,
311
6.3.1 Rationale,
311
6.3.2 Frequency Bands Available for Satellite Communications,
311
6.3.3 Free-Space Loss or Spreading Loss,
315
6.3.4 Isotropic Receive Level—Simplified Model,
315
6.3.5 Limitation of Flux Density on Earth's Surface,
316
6.3.6 Thermal Noise Aspects of Low-Noise Systems,
318
6.3.7 Calculation of C/No,
321
6.3.8 Gain-to-Noise Temperature Ratio, G/T,
323
6.3.9 Calculation of C/No Using the Link Budget,
332
6.3.10 Calculation S/N,
337
6.4 Access Techniques,
343
6.4.1 Introduction,
343
6.4.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FMDA),
345
6.4.3 Brief Overview of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA),
352
6.5 INTELSAT Systems,
354
6.5.1 Introduction,
354
6.5.2 INTELSAT Type A Standard Earth Stations,
354
6.5.3 INTELSAT Standard B Earth Stations,
360
6.5.4 INTELSAT Standard C Earth Stations,
361
6.5.5 INTELSAT Standard D Earth Stations,
361
6.5.6 INTELSAT Standard E Earth Stations,
363
6.5.7 INTELSAT Standard F Earth Stations,
364
6.5.8 Basic INTELSAT Space Segment Data Common to All Families of Standard Earth Stations,
364
6.5.9 Television Operation Over INTELSAT,
364
6.6 Domestic and Regional Satellite Systems,
372
6.6.1 Introduction,
372
6.6.2 Rationale,
373
6.6.3 Approaches to Cost Reduction,
373
6.6.4 A Typical Satellite Series that Can Provide Transponder Space for Enterprise Networks,
374
Chapter 7 Digital Communications by Satellite 381
7.1 Introduction,
381
7.2 Digital Operations of a Bent-Pipe Satellite System,
382
7.2.1 General,
382
7.2.2 Digital FMDA Operation,
382
7.2.3 TDMA Operation on a Bent-Pipe Satellite,
394
7.3 Digital Speech Interpolation,
403
7.3.1 Freeze-Out and Clipping,
404
7.3.2 TASI-Based DSI,
405
7.3.3 Speech Predictive Encoding DSI,
406
7.4 INTELSAT TDMA/DSI System,
407
7.4.1 Overview,
407
7.4.2 Frame, Multiframe, and Burst Format,
409
7.4.3 Acquisition and Synchronization,
415
7.4.4 Transponder Hopping,
415
7.4.5 Digital Speech Interpolation Interface,
415
7.5 Processing Satellites,
416
7.5.1 Primitive Processing Satellite,
417
7.5.2 Switched-Satellite TDMA (SS/TDMA),
418
7.5.3 IF Switching,
421
7.5.4 Intersatellite Links,
422
7.6 Performance Considerations for Digital Satellite Communications,
425
7.6.1 Hypothetical Reference Digital Path for Systems Using Digital Transmissio5 in the Fixed-Satellite Service,
425
7.6.2 BERs at the Output of a HRDP for Systems Using PCM Telephony,
426
7.6.3 Allowable Error Performance for a HRDP in the Fixed-Satellite Service Operating Below 15 GHz When Forming Part of an International Connection in an ISDN,
426
7.6.4 Allowable Error Performance for a HRDP Operating at or Above the Primary Rate (The Impact of ITU-T Rec. 5.826),
428
7.7 Link Budgets for Digital Satellites,
431
7.7.1 Commentary,
431
Chapter 8 Very Small Aperture Terminals 439
8.1 Definitions of VSAT,
439
8.2 VSAT Network Applications,
439
8.2.1 One-Way Applications,
440
8.2.2 Two-Way Applications,
441
8.3 Technical Description of VSAT Networks and Their Operations,
442
8.3.1 Introduction,
442
8.3.2 A Link Budget for a Typical VSAT Operation at Ku-Band,
442
8.3.3 Summary of VSAT RF Characteristics,
447
8.4 Access Techniques,
447
8.4.1 Random Access,
449
8.4.2 Demand-Assigned Multiple Access,
450
8.4.3 Fixed-Assigned FDMA,
451
8.4.4 Summary,
452
8.4.5 Outbound TDM Channel,
452
8.5 A Modest VSAT Network in Support of Short Transaction Communications,
453
8.6 Interference Issues with VSATs,
457
8.7 Excess Attenuation Due to Rainfall,
460
Chapter 9 Radio System Design Above 10 GHz 463
9.1 The Problem An Introduction,
463
9.2 The General Propagation Problem Above 10 GHz,
464
9.3 Excess Attenuation Due to Rainfall,
467
9.3.1 Calculation of Excess Attenuation Due to Rainfall for LOS Microwave Paths,
469
9.4 Calculation of Excess Attenuation Due to Rainfall for Satellite Paths,
479
9.4.1 Calculation Method,
479
9.4.2 Rainfall Fade Rates, Depths, and Durations,
482
9.4.3 Site or Path Diversity,
483
9.5 Excess Attenuation Due to Atmospheric Gases on Satellite Links,
484
9.5.1 Example Calculation of Clear Air Attenuation Hypothetical Location,
487
9.5.2 Conversion of Relative Humidity to Water Vapor Density,
488
9.6 Attenuation Due to Clouds and Fog,
490
9.7 Calculation of Sky Noise Temperature as a Function of Attenuation,
492
9.8 The Sun as a Noise Generator,
493
9.9 Propagation Effects with a Low Elevation Angle,
495
9.10 Depolarization on Satellite Links,
495
9.11 Scintillation Fading on Satellite Links,
495
9.12 Trade-off Between Free-Space Loss and Antenna Gain,
496
Chapter 10 Mobile Communications: Cellular Radio and Personal Communication Services 503
10.1 Introduction,
503
10.1.1 Background,
503
10.1.2 Scope and Objective,
504
10.2 Some Basic Concepts of Cellular Radio,
504
10.2.1 N-AMPS Increases Channel Capacity Threefold,
508
10.3 Radio Propagation in the Mobile Environment,
509
10.3.1 The Propagation Problem,
509
10.3.2 Several Propagation Models,
509
10.3.3 Microcell Prediction Model According to Lee,
512
10.4 Impairments—Fading in the Mobile Environment,
515
10.4.1 Introduction,
515
10.4.2 Classification of Fading,
516
10.4.3 Diversity—A Technique to Mitigate the Effects of Fading and Dispersion,
518
10.4.4 Cellular Radio Path Calculations,
521
10.5 The Cellular Radio Bandwidth Dilemma,
521
10.5.1 Background and Objectives,
521
10.5.2 Bit Rate Reduction of the Digital Voice Channel,
522
10.6 Network Access Techniques,
522
10.6.1 Introduction,
522
10.6.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA),
523
10.6.3 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA),
524
10.6.4 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA),
527
10.7 Frequency Reuse,
535
10.8 Paging Systems,
538
10.8.1 What Are Paging Systems?,
538
10.8.2 Radio-Frequency Bands for Pagers,
538
10.8.3 Radio Propagation into Buildings,
538
10.8.4 Techniques Available for Multiple Transmitter Zones,
538
10.8.5 Paging Receivers,
539
10.8.6 System Capacity,
540
10.8.7 Codes and Formats for Paging Systems,
540
10.8.8 Considerations for Selecting Codes and Formats,
540
10.9 Personal Communication Systems,
541
10.9.1 Defining Personal Communications,
541
10.9.2 Narrowband Microcell Propagation at PCS Distances,
541
10.10 Cordless Telephone Technology,
546
10.10.1 Background,
546
10.10.2 North American Cordless Telephones,
546
10.10.3 European Cordless Telephones,
546
10.11 Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication System (FPLMTS),
549
10.11.1 Introduction,
549
10.11.2 Traffic Estimates,
549
10.11.2.1 Nonvoice Traffic,
551
10.11.2.2 PCS Outdoors,
551
10.11.2.3 PCS Indoors,
551
10.11.3 Estimates of Spectrum Requirements,
552
10.11.4 Sharing Considerations,
553
10.11.5 Sharing Between FPLMTS and Other Services,
554
10.12 Mobile Satellite Communications,
554
10.12.1 Background and Scope,
554
10.12.2 Overview of Satellite Mobile Services,
555
10.12.2.1 Existing Systems,
555
10.12.3 System Trends,
555
Chapter 11 Wireless LANs, 561
11.1 Definition,
561
11.2 IEEE802.11 and its Variants,
562
11.3 Wireless LANs and Other Wireless Technologies,
564
11.3.1 Benefits of a Centralized WLAN Architecture,
565
11.4 Wireless LAN Frequencies,
566
11.5 Wireless LAN Structures,
566
11.6 WLAN Capabilities,
567
11.6.1 Distance Capabilities,
567
11.6.2 The WLAN Signal,
567
11.6.2.1 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS),
567
11.6.2.2 Frequency Hop Spread-Spectrum (FHSS),
568
11.7 IEEE 802.11 Layers,
568
11.8 Software-Defined Radio and Cognitive Radio,
570
11.8.1 Software-Defined Radio Description,
570
11.8.2 Cognitive Radio,
570
Chapter 12 High-Frequency (HF) Transmission Links, 573
12.1 General,
573
12.2 Applications of HF Radio Communication,
573
12.3 Typical HF Link Operation, Conceptual Introduction,
575
12.4 Basic HF Propagation,
575
12.4.1 Introduction,
575
12.4.2 Skywave Transmission,
577
12.5 Choice of Optimum Operating Frequency,
580
12.5.1 Frequency Management,
587
12.6 Propagation Modes,
598
12.6.1 Basic Groundwave Propagation,
598
12.6.2 Skywave Propagation,
599
12.6.3 Near-Vertical Incidence (NVI) Propagation,
602
12.6.4 Reciprocal Reception,
604
12.7 HF Communication Impairments,
605
12.7.1 Introduction,
605
12.7.2 Fading,
605
12.7.3 Effects of Impairments at the HF Receiver,
608
12.8 Mitigation of Propagation-Related Impairments,
611
12.9 HF Impairments—Noise in the Receiving System,
613
12.9.1 Introduction,
613
12.9.2 Interference,
613
12.9.3 Atmospheric Noise,
616
12.9.4 Man-Made Noise,
622
12.9.5 Receiver Thermal Noise,
625
12.10 Notes on HF Link Transmission Loss Calculations,
625
12.10.1 Introduction,
625
12.10.2 Transmission Loss Components,
625
12.10.3 A Simplified Example of Transmission Loss Calculation,
634
12.10.4 Groundwave Transmission Loss,
635
12.11 Link Analysis for Equipment Dimensioning,
640
12.11.1 Introduction,
640
12.11.2 Methodology,
641
12.12 Some Advanced Modulation and Coding Schemes,
643
12.12.1 Two Approaches,
643
12.12.2 Parallel Tone Operation,
643
12.12.3 Serial Tone Operation,
645
12.13 Improved Lincompex for HF Radio Telephone Circuits,
650
Chapter 13 Meteor Burst Communication 657
13.1 Introduction,
657
13.2 Meteor Trails,
658
13.2.1 General,
658
13.2.2 Distribution of Meteors,
660
13.2.3 Underdense Trails,
660
13.2.4 Overdense Trails,
661
13.3 Typical Meteor Burst Terminals and Their Operation,
663
13.4 System Design Parameters,
665
13.4.1 Introduction,
665
13.4.2 Operating Frequency,
666
13.4.3 Data Rate,
666
13.4.4 Transmit Power,
666
13.4.5 Antenna Gain,
666
13.4.6 Receiver Threshold,
666
13.5 Prediction of MBC Link Performance,
667
13.5.1 Introduction,
667
13.5.2 Receiver Threshold,
667
13.5.3 Positions of Regions of Optimum Scatter,
668
13.5.4 Effective Length, Average Height, and Radius of Meteor Trails,
670
13.5.5 Ambipolar Diffusion Constant,
671
13.5.6 Received Power,
671
13.5.7 Meteor Rate,
674
13.5.8 Burst Time Duration,
675
13.5.9 Burst Rate Correction Factor,
678
13.5.10 Waiting Time Probability,
679
13.6 Design/Performance Prediction Procedure,
683
13.7 Notes on MBC Transmission Loss,
683
13.8 MBC Circuit Optimization,
685
13.9 Meteor Burst Networks,
686
13.10 Privacy and the Meteor Burst Footprint,
686
Chapter 14 Interference Issues in Radio Communications 691
14.1 Rationale,
691
14.2 Spurious Response Interference Windows at a Receiver,
692
14.3 Typical Interference Control for Line-of-Sight Microwave and Satellite Communication Facilities,
693
14.3.1 Introduction,
693
14.3.2 Conceptual Approach to Interference Determination,
694
14.3.3 Applicable FCC Rule for Minimum Antenna Radiation Suppression,
699
14.3.4 Coordination Contours,
702
14.4 Victim Digital Systems,
704
14.5 Definition of C/I Ratio,
706
14.5.1 Example C/I Calculations Based on Ref. 6,
706
14.5.2 Example of Digital Interferer into Victim Digital System,
710
14.6 Obstructed Interfering Paths,
712
14.7 ITU-R Approach to Digital Link Performance Under Interference Conditions,
714
14.7.1 Gaussian Interference Environment M-QAM Systems,
714
Chapter 15 Radio Terminal Design Considerations 721
15.1 Objective,
721
15.1.1 The Generic Terminal,
721
15.2 Analog Line-of-Sight Radiolink Terminals and Repeaters,
722
15.2.1 Basic Analog LOS Microwave Terminal,
722
15.3 Digital LOS Microwave Terminals,
725
15.3.1 Gray or Reflected Binary Codes,
728
15.3.2 The Antenna Subsystem for LOS Microwave Installations,
729
15.3.3 Analog Radiolink Repeaters,
740
15.3.4 Diversity Combiners,
741
15.3.5 Hot-Standby Operation,
749
15.3.6 Pilot Tones,
753
15.3.7 Service Channels,
755
15.3.8 Alarm and Supervisory Subsystems,
756
15.3.9 Antenna Towers—General,
760
15.3.10 Waveguide Pressurization,
765
15.4 Tropospheric Scatter and Diffraction Installations: Analog and Digital,
766
15.4.1 Antennas, Transmission Lines, Duplexer, and Related Transmission Line Devices,
768
15.4.2 Modulator–Exciter and Power Amplifier,
769
15.4.3 FM Receiver Group,
770
15.4.4 Diversity Operation,
770
15.4.5 Isolation,
771
15.5 Satellite Communications, Terminal Segment,
772
15.5.1 Functional Operation of a "Standard" Earth Station,
772
15.5.2 The Antenna Subsystem,
777
15.5.3 Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATs),
787
15.6 Cellular and PCS Installations: Analog and Digital,
788
15.6.1 Introduction,
788
15.6.2 Base Station or Cell Design Concepts,
789
15.6.3 The MTSO or MSC,
791
15.6.4 Personal Communication Services,
793
15.7 HF Terminals and Antennas,
794
15.7.1 Introduction,
794
15.7.2 Composition of Basic HF Equipment,
795
15.7.3 Basic Single-Sideband (SSB) Operation,
796
15.7.4 SSB System Considerations,
797
15.7.5 Linear Power Amplifiers,
798
15.7.6 HF Configuration Notes,
800
15.7.7 HF Antennas,
800
15.8 Meteor Burst Installations,
808
15.8.1 Yagi Antennas,
808
Appendix 1 Availability of a Line-of-Sight Microwave Link 815
A1.1 Introduction,
815
A1.2 Contributors to Unavailability,
816
A1.3 Availability Requirements,
817
A1.4 Calculation of Availability of LOS Radiolinks in Tandem,
817
A1.4.1 Discussion of Partition of Unavailability,
817
A1.4.2 Propagation Availability,
819
A1.5 Improving Availability,
819
A1.6 Application to Other Radio Media,
820
Appendix 2 Reference Fields and Theoretical References; Converting RF Field Strength to Power 821
A2.1 Reference Fields—Theoretical References,
821
A2.2 Conversion of Radio-Frequency (RF) Field Strength to Power,
823
Appendix 3 Glossary of Acronyms and Abbreviations 825
Index 837


Roger L. Freeman is founder and Principal of Roger Freeman Associates, independent consultants in telecommunications, specializing in systems engineering in the United States, Canada, and Hispanic America. In the course of over forty-five years' experience in telecommunications operations, maintenance, and engineering, he has served as principal engineer for advanced system planning at the Raytheon Company, technical manager for ITT Marine Europe, and regional planning expert for the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), among other positions. In addition to the previous edition of Radio System Design, Mr. Freeman has written six other popular books on various aspects of telecommunications engineering: Reference Manual for Telecommunications Engineering, Third Edition; Fiber-Optic Systems for Telecommunications; Telecommunication System Engineering, Fourth Edition; Fundamentals of Telecommunications, Second Edition; Practical Data Communications, Second Edition; and Telecommunications Transmission Handbook, Fourth Edition, all published by Wiley. A senior life member of the IEEE, Mr. Freeman has lectured at numerous professional conferences and published widely in international telecommunication journals.
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