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E-grāmata: Rainwater Harvesting for Agriculture in the Dry Areas [Taylor & Francis e-book]

(Water Management and Irrigation Engineering, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq), (Professor Emeritus for Rural Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany),
  • Formāts: 284 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 21-May-2012
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780429185168
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Rainwater Harvesting for Agriculture in the Dry AreasPalielināt
  • Formāts: 284 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 21-May-2012
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780429185168
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Taylor & Francis e-booksMore info about Taylor & Francis e-books
Dry areas suffer not only from limited rainfall but also ‘natural leakage’ - 90% of rainwater is lost directly or indirectly, and is unavailable for agriculture or domestic use. Water harvesting is a low-cost, easy-to-use, environmentally-friendly way to recover a large part of this lost water.

How does water harvesting work? Which sites or areas are best suited and how can these areas be identified? How to design, build and maintain a water harvesting system tailored to local needs? How can water harvesting contribute to combating land degradation, enhancing food security and adapting to climate change? This book provides the answers.

The book is based on many years of research, training and development by three of the world’s leading experts in water management and agriculture. It is authoritative, comprehensive, and easy to read, containing practical examples, many illustrations and little jargon. This volume will be of great interest to researchers, development workers, farmers, policymakers, students of the natural sciences - in fact, anyone interested in efficient, sustainable management of water resources and agriculture.
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xv
About the authors xvii
Symbols xix
Abbreviations xxi
1 Principles and practices of water harvesting
1(10)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Concept and definition of water harvesting
2(1)
1.3 History
3(3)
1.4 Components of water harvesting systems
6(1)
1.5 Importance and benefits of water harvesting
7(1)
1.6 Impact of global climate change and adaptation measures
8(3)
2 Hydrological aspects of water harvesting
11(20)
2.1 Introduction
11(1)
2.2 The hydrological cycle
11(2)
2.3 Small hydrological watershed model
13(1)
2.4 Hydrological characteristics
13(3)
2.4.1 Evapotranspiration
14(1)
2.4.2 Precipitation
14(2)
2.5 Frequency analysis and design rainfall
16(2)
2.6 Rainfall-runoff relationship
18(13)
2.6.1 Factors affecting runoff
18(1)
2.6.1.1 Soil type
18(1)
2.6.1.2 Rainfall characteristics
18(1)
2.6.1.3 Land cover
18(1)
2.6.1 A Slope of the micro-catchment
19(1)
2.6.1.5 Size and shape of the micro-catchment
19(1)
2.6.2 Runoff models suitable for water harvesting
20(1)
2.6.2.1 Runoff models for micro-catchment water harvesting
21(5)
2.6.2.2 Runoff models for macro-catchment water harvesting
26(5)
3 Methods and techniques in water harvesting
31(42)
3.1 Introduction
31(1)
3.2 Classifications of water harvesting methods
32(1)
3.3 Micro-catchment water harvesting methods
33(24)
3.3.1 Rooftop and courtyard systems
36(1)
3.3.1.1 Suitable surfaces
36(4)
3.3.1.2 Issues to be addressed
40(1)
3.3.2 On-farm systems
41(1)
3.3.2.1 Inter-row water harvesting
41(2)
3.3.2.2 Negarim
43(3)
3.3.2.3 Meskat
46(1)
3.3.2.4 Contour bench terraces
46(1)
3.3.2.5 Small pits
47(1)
3.3.2.6 Contour bunds and ridges
48(3)
3.3.2.7 Semicircular and trapezoidal bunds
51(2)
3.3.2.8 Eyebrow terraces
53(1)
3.3.2.9 Rectangular bunds
53(2)
3.3.2.10 Vallerani-type micro-catchments
55(2)
3.4 Macro-catchment water harvesting techniques
57(13)
3.4.1 Introduction
57(1)
3.4.2 Long-slope water harvesting
58(1)
3.4.2.1 Hillside conduit systems
58(5)
3.4.2.2 Limans
63(1)
3.4.2.3 Large semicircular or trapezoidal bunds
64(1)
3.4.2.4 Cultivated tanks/reservoirs and hafairs
64(1)
3.4.3 Floodwater harvesting systems
65(1)
3.4.3.1 Wadi-bed water harvesting systems
66(3)
3.4.3.2 Off-wadi systems
69(1)
3.5 Harvesting water for animal consumption
70(1)
3.5.1 Traditional techniques
70(1)
3.5.2 Modern techniques
71(1)
3.6 Contamination concerns
71(2)
4 Runoff inducement methods
73(14)
4.1 Introduction
73(1)
4.2 Methods of improving runoff
73(10)
4.2.1 Creating shallow channels
74(1)
4.2.2 Clearing the catchment
74(1)
4.2.3 Smoothing the soil surface
74(1)
4.2.4 Compacting the soil surface
75(2)
4.2.5 Surface sealing
77(1)
4.2.6 Impermeable coverings
78(5)
4.3 Advantages and disadvantages of runoff-inducement methods
83(1)
4.4 Further considerations
84(3)
5 Identification of areas suitable for water harvesting
87(18)
5.1 Introduction
87(1)
5.2 Parameters for identifying suitable areas
87(6)
5.2.1 Rainfall characteristics
87(2)
5.2.2 Hydrology and water resources
89(1)
5.2.3 Vegetation and land use
90(1)
5.2.4 Topography, soil type and soil depth
90(2)
5.2.5 Socioeconomics and infrastructure
92(1)
5.3 Methods of data acquisition
93(5)
5.3.1 Overview
93(1)
5.3.2 Ground truthing
93(1)
5.3.3 Aerial photography
94(1)
5.3.4 Satellite and remote-sensing technology
94(4)
5.4 Tools
98(5)
5.4.1 Maps
98(1)
5.4.1.1 Topographic maps
98(1)
5.4.1.2 Thematic maps
98(1)
5.4.2 Aerial photographs
98(1)
5.4.3 Geographic information systems
98(5)
5.5 Decision trees
103(2)
6 Planning and design of water harvesting systems
105(32)
6.1 Introduction
105(1)
6.2 Soil-water-plant-climate relations
105(12)
6.2.1 Soil
105(1)
6.2.1.1 Texture and structure
106(1)
6.2.1.2 Water-holding capacity and soil depth
106(2)
6.2.1.3 Infiltration rate
108(1)
6.2.2 Crop water requirements
108(1)
6.2.2.1 Plant and drought
109(1)
6.2.2.2 Estimating crop water needs
110(2)
6.2.2.3 Field water budget
112(5)
6.3 Rainfall
117(11)
6.3.1 Inter-seasonal distribution of rainfall
117(1)
6.3.2 Design rainfall
117(2)
6.3.3 Need for storage
119(1)
6.3.4 Basic design procedure
119(2)
6.3.5 Selection of site and method
121(2)
6.3.6 Selection of crops
123(1)
6.3.7 Runoff estimation
124(1)
6.3.8 Catchment: Cropping area ratio (CCR)
124(1)
6.3.9 Design examples
125(1)
6.3.10 Optimization of system design
126(1)
6.3.11 Further considerations in area ratio selection
126(2)
6.4 Design considerations for trees
128(1)
6.4.1 Design for trees
128(1)
6.4.2 Life-saving harvested water
129(1)
6.5 Dimensioning, materials and estimation of quantities
129(8)
6.5.1 Dimensioning and system layout
129(4)
6.5.2 Bund earthwork
133(2)
6.5.3 Earthwork balance
135(2)
7 Storage of harvested water
137(26)
7.1 Introduction
137(1)
7.2 Soil profile
138(2)
7.3 Above ground storage
140(3)
7.4 Surface/ground storage
143(6)
7.4.1 Small storage ponds
144(1)
7.4.2 Small farm reservoirs
144(1)
7.4.3 Tanks
145(3)
7.4.4 Hafairs
148(1)
7.4.5 Large reservoirs
149(1)
7.5 Subsurface/underground storage
149(11)
7.5.1 Cisterns
149(6)
7.5.2 Lining water storage structures
155(1)
7.5.3 Groundwater dams
156(1)
7.5.3.1 Sand-storage dams
156(1)
7.5.3.2 Percolation darns
157(1)
7.5.3.3 Subsurface dams
158(2)
7.6 Selection of storage system
160(3)
8 Implementation, operation, and maintenance of water harvesting systems
163(20)
8.1 Introduction
163(1)
8.2 Implementing water harvesting systems
163(4)
8.3 Considerations in implementation
167(3)
8.3.1 Over-design and under-design issues
168(1)
8.3.2 Appropriate technology
169(1)
8.4 Operating water harvesting systems
170(2)
8.5 Maintaining water harvesting systems
172(1)
8.6 Monitoring and evaluation
173(4)
8.7 Extension and training
177(6)
9 Socioeconomic issues
183(20)
9.1 Introduction
183(1)
9.2 Social feasibility studies
183(1)
9.3 Land-tenure issues
184(1)
9.4 Analyzing costs and benefits of water harvesting
184(7)
9.4.1 Costs in water harvesting
185(1)
9.4.2 Benefits of water harvesting
186(1)
9.4.3 Economic feasibility analysis
187(1)
9.4.3.1 Micro-catchments for field crops
188(1)
9.4.3.2 Macro-catchments in sub-Saharan Africa
189(1)
9.4.3.3 Examples from China and India
190(1)
9.4.3.4 Some general recommendations
191(1)
9.5 Integrated approach to planning and management
191(7)
9.5.1 The role of government agencies
193(1)
9.5.2 Community participation
193(2)
9.5.3 Gender representation
195(1)
9.5.4 Farmers as managers
195(1)
9.5.5 The role of experts and donor agencies
196(1)
9.5.6 Adoption or non-adoption of interventions
197(1)
9.6 Water harvesting and sustainability in agriculture
198(5)
9.6.1 Resource sustainability
199(1)
9.6.2 Ecological sustainability
200(1)
9.6.3 Social sustainability
200(1)
9.6.4 Other sustainability aspects
201(1)
9.6.4.1 Economic sustainability
201(1)
9.6.4.2 Technological sustainability
201(1)
9.6.4.3 Political sustainability
201(2)
10 Water quality and environmental considerations
203(14)
10.1 Introduction
203(1)
10.2 Water harvested for human consumption
203(1)
10.3 Water harvested for animal consumption
204(2)
10.4 Water harvested for crop production
206(1)
10.5 Water quality considerations
207(7)
10.5.1 Rooftop and courtyard systems
207(4)
10.5.2 Runoff water from on-farm micro-catchment systems
211(1)
10.5.3 Long-slope water harvesting
211(1)
10.5.4 Floodwater harvesting
212(2)
10.6 Impacts on downstream ecosystems and biodiversity
214(1)
10.7 Water-borne diseases
215(2)
References 217(10)
Index 227(10)
Color plates 237
T. Oweis is the director of the Integrated Water and Land Management Program (IWLMP) at the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) (CGIAR Future Harvest Center). He has carried out research into and published extensively on irrigation and water management since the 1980s, fulfilling numerous academic and institutional roles over time.



D. Prinz is an independent consultant in matters concerning irrigation, water management and harvesting, and water & soil conservation. During the course of his career, he has published and lectured extensively on many aspects of rural engineering, with a particular focus on water and land resources development; irrigation, water and soil conservation and water harvesting in agriculture.



A. Hachum is Professor in the Department of Water Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Mosul University, Iraq and consultant for the Integrated Water and Land Management Program, ICARDA. He has published many articles as well as a number of monographs on the topics of irrigation and water harvesting.
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