| Preface |
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xv | |
| Acknowledgements |
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xvi | |
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Section 1 General principles |
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1 | (5) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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Pharmacology in the 20th and 21st centuries |
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2 | (4) |
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Alternative therapeutic principles |
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2 | (1) |
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The emergence of biotechnology |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (2) |
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2 How drugs act: general principles |
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6 | (17) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Protein targets for drug binding |
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6 | (12) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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Drug--receptor interactions |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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Partial agonists and the concept of efficacy |
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11 | (2) |
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Partial agonists as antagonists |
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13 | (3) |
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Other forms of drug antagonism |
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16 | (2) |
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Desensitisation and tolerance |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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Translocation of receptors |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Quantitative aspects of drug--receptor interactions |
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19 | (2) |
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19 | (1) |
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Binding when more than one drug is present |
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20 | (1) |
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The nature of drug effects |
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21 | (2) |
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3 How drugs act: molecular aspects |
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23 | (29) |
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23 | (1) |
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Protein targets for drug action |
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23 | (2) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (21) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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Molecular structure of receptors |
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26 | (1) |
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Type 1 Ligand-gated ion channels |
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27 | (2) |
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Type 2 G protein--coupled receptors |
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29 | (11) |
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Type 3 Kinase-linked and related receptors |
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40 | (4) |
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44 | (2) |
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Ion channels as drug targets |
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46 | (3) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Molecular architecture of ion channels |
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48 | (1) |
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Pharmacology of ion channels |
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49 | (1) |
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Control of receptor expression |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (3) |
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4 How drugs act: cellular aspects --- excitation, contraction and secretion |
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52 | (17) |
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52 | (1) |
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Regulation of intracellular calcium |
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52 | (4) |
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52 | (3) |
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Calcium extrusion mechanisms |
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55 | (1) |
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Calcium release mechanisms |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (5) |
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57 | (1) |
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Electrical and ionic events underlying the action potential |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (3) |
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61 | (3) |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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Release of chemical mediators |
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64 | (3) |
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65 | (1) |
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Non-vesicular release mechanisms |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (2) |
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5 How drugs act: biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy |
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69 | (13) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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Protein and oligonucleotide biopharmaceuticals |
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69 | (1) |
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Proteins and polypeptides |
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70 | (2) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (2) |
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Pharmacology of protein and oligonucleotide pharmaceuticals |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (3) |
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75 | (2) |
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Controlling gene expression |
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77 | (1) |
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Safety and societal issues |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (3) |
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6 Cell proliferation, apoptosis, repair and regeneration |
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82 | (11) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (4) |
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82 | (3) |
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Interactions between cells, growth factors and the extracellular matrix |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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Apoptosis and cell removal |
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86 | (3) |
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Morphological changes in apoptosis |
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87 | (1) |
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The major players in apoptosis |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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Pathophysiological implications |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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The growth, invasion and metastasis of tumours |
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89 | (1) |
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Stem cells and regeneration |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (3) |
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90 | (1) |
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Angiogenesis and metalloproteinases |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (2) |
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7 Cellular mechanisms: host defence |
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93 | (13) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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The innate immune response |
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93 | (5) |
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93 | (5) |
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The adaptive immune response |
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98 | (5) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (3) |
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Systemic responses in inflammation |
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103 | (3) |
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The role of the nervous system in inflammation |
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103 | (1) |
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Unwanted inflammatory and immune responses |
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103 | (1) |
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The outcome of the inflammatory response |
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104 | (2) |
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8 Method and measurement in pharmacology |
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106 | (11) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (4) |
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106 | (1) |
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General principles of bioassay |
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107 | (3) |
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110 | (1) |
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Genetic and transgenic animal models |
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110 | (1) |
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Pharmacological studies in humans |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (6) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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Clinical outcome measures |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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Balancing benefit and risk |
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114 | (3) |
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9 Absorption and distribution of drugs |
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117 | (16) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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Physical processes underlying drug disposition |
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117 | (7) |
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The movement of drug molecules across cell barriers |
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117 | (4) |
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Binding of drugs to plasma proteins |
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121 | (3) |
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Partition into body fat and other tissues |
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124 | (1) |
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Drug absorption and routes of administration |
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124 | (4) |
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124 | (2) |
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Oromucosal (sublingual or buccal) administration |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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Application to epithelial surfaces |
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127 | (1) |
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Distribution of drugs in the body |
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128 | (3) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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Special drug delivery systems |
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131 | (2) |
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10 Drug metabolism and elimination |
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133 | (10) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (6) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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Induction of microsomal enzymes |
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136 | (1) |
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Presystemic (`first-pass') metabolism |
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136 | (1) |
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Pharmacologically active drug metabolites |
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137 | (1) |
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Drug interactions due to enzyme induction or inhibition |
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137 | (2) |
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Drug and metabolite excretion |
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139 | (4) |
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Biliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation |
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139 | (1) |
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Renal excretion of drugs and metabolites |
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139 | (1) |
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Drug interactions due to altered drug excretion |
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140 | (3) |
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143 | (9) |
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143 | (1) |
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Introduction: definition and uses of pharmacokinetics |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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Drug elimination expressed as clearance |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (2) |
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Effect of repeated dosing |
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146 | (1) |
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Effect of variation in rate of absorption |
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146 | (1) |
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More complicated kinetic models |
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147 | (2) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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Population pharmacokinetics |
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149 | (1) |
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Limitations of pharmacokinetics |
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150 | (2) |
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12 Individual variation, pharmacogenomics and personalised medicine |
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152 | (11) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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Epidemiological factors and inter-individual variation of drug response |
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153 | (3) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (2) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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Genetic variation in drug responsiveness |
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156 | (3) |
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Single-gene pharmacokinetic disorders |
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157 | (2) |
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Therapeutic drugs and clinically available pharmacogenomic tests |
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159 | (2) |
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159 | (1) |
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Drug metabolism-related gene tests |
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160 | (1) |
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Drug target-related gene tests (`companion diagnostics') |
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161 | (1) |
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Combined (metabolism and target) gene tests |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (2) |
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Section 2 Chemical mediators |
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13 Chemical mediators and the autonomic nervous system |
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163 | (12) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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The autonomic nervous system |
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164 | (3) |
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Basic anatomy and physiology |
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164 | (1) |
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Transmitters in the autonomic nervous system |
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165 | (2) |
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Some general principles of chemical transmission |
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167 | (6) |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (1) |
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Transmitters other than acetylcholine and noradrenaline |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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Termination of transmitter action |
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170 | (1) |
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Denervation supersensitivity |
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171 | (2) |
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Basic steps in neurochemical transmission: sites of drug action |
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173 | (2) |
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14 Cholinergic transmission |
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175 | (22) |
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175 | (1) |
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Muscarinic and nicotinic actions of acetylcholine |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (3) |
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177 | (1) |
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Physiology of cholinergic transmission |
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178 | (3) |
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Acetylcholine synthesis and release |
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178 | (2) |
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Electrical events in transmission at fast cholinergic synapses |
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180 | (1) |
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Effects of drugs on cholinergic transmission |
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181 | (16) |
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Drugs affecting muscarinic receptors |
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181 | (4) |
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Drugs affecting autonomic ganglia |
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185 | (5) |
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Drugs that act presynaptically |
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190 | (2) |
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Drugs that enhance cholinergic transmission |
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192 | (4) |
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Other drugs that enhance cholinergic transmission |
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196 | (1) |
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15 Noradrenergic transmission |
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197 | (20) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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Classification of adrenoceptors |
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197 | (1) |
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Physiology of noradrenergic transmission |
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198 | (4) |
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198 | (3) |
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Uptake and degradation of catecholamines |
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201 | (1) |
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Drugs acting on noradrenergic transmission |
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202 | (15) |
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Drugs acting on adrenoceptors |
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202 | (11) |
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Drugs that affect noradrenergic neurons |
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213 | (4) |
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16 5-Hydroxytryptamine and the pharmacology of migraine |
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217 | (11) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (6) |
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Distribution, biosynthesis and degradation |
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217 | (4) |
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221 | (1) |
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Drugs acting at 5-HT receptors |
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221 | (2) |
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Migraine and other clinical conditions in which 5-HT plays a role |
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223 | (5) |
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Migraine and antimigraine drugs |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (3) |
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228 | (5) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (3) |
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Adenosine and the cardiovascular system |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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Adenosine in inflammation |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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ATP as a neurotransmitter |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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18 Local hormones 1: histamine and the biologically active lipids |
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233 | (11) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (2) |
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Synthesis and storage of histamine |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (5) |
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235 | (1) |
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Structure and biosynthesis |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (5) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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Other important fatty acid derivatives |
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241 | (1) |
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Platelet-activating factor |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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Actions and role in inflammation |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (2) |
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19 Local hormones 2: peptides and proteins |
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244 | (9) |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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General principles of protein and peptide pharmacology |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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Types of protein and peptide mediator |
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244 | (1) |
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Biosynthesis and regulation of peptides |
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245 | (2) |
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246 | (1) |
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Diversity within peptide families |
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246 | (1) |
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Peptide trafficking and secretion |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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Source and formation of bradykinin |
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247 | (1) |
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Metabolism and inactivation of bradykinin |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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Actions and role in inflammation |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (3) |
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Interleukins and related compounds |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (1) |
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Proteins and peptides that down-regulate inflammation |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (7) |
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253 | (1) |
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Plant-derived cannabinoids and their pharmacological effects |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (3) |
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Biosynthesis of endocannabinoids |
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255 | (1) |
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Termination of the endocannabinoid signal |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (2) |
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21 Nitric oxide and related mediators |
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260 | (11) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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Biosynthesis of nitric oxide and its control |
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260 | (2) |
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Degradation and carriage of nitric oxide |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (2) |
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Biochemical and cellular aspects |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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Nitric oxide donors/precursors |
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265 | (1) |
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Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis |
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265 | (1) |
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Nitric oxide replacement or potentiation |
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266 | (1) |
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Clinical conditions in which nitric oxide may play a part |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (4) |
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Section 3 Drugs affecting major organ systems |
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271 | (19) |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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Physiology of cardiac function |
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271 | (5) |
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271 | (3) |
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274 | (1) |
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Myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow |
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275 | (1) |
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Autonomic control of the heart |
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276 | (2) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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Cardiac natriuretic peptides |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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Drugs that affect cardiac function |
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279 | (11) |
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279 | (4) |
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Drugs that increase myocardial contraction |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (6) |
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290 | (20) |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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Vascular structure and function |
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290 | (1) |
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Control of vascular smooth muscle tone |
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291 | (5) |
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291 | (4) |
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The renin--angiotensin system |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (5) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (4) |
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Clinical uses of vasoactive drugs |
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301 | (9) |
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301 | (3) |
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304 | (2) |
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Vasodilatory shock and hypotensive states |
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306 | (1) |
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Peripheral vascular disease |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (3) |
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24 Atherosclerosis and lipoprotein metabolism |
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310 | (9) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (2) |
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312 | (1) |
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Prevention of atheromatous disease |
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313 | (1) |
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|
314 | (5) |
|
Statins: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9) inhibitors |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Drugs that inhibit cholesterol absorption |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
|
317 | (2) |
|
25 Haemostasis and thrombosis |
|
|
319 | (15) |
|
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
|
319 | (3) |
|
|
|
319 | (2) |
|
Vascular endothelium in haemostasis and thrombosis |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Drugs that act on the coagulation cascade |
|
|
322 | (5) |
|
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
|
323 | (4) |
|
Platelet adhesion and activation |
|
|
327 | (3) |
|
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Fibrinolysis (thrombolysis) |
|
|
330 | (4) |
|
|
|
331 | (3) |
|
26 Haematopoietic system and treatment of anaemia |
|
|
334 | (9) |
|
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
The haematopoietic system |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
|
335 | (3) |
|
|
|
335 | (2) |
|
Folic acid and vitamin B12 |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
Haematopoietic growth factors |
|
|
338 | (3) |
|
|
|
341 | (2) |
|
Drugs used to treat haemolytic anaemias |
|
|
341 | (2) |
|
27 Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant drugs |
|
|
343 | (19) |
|
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors |
|
|
343 | (8) |
|
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (2) |
|
Some important NSAIDs and coxibs |
|
|
348 | (3) |
|
|
|
351 | (4) |
|
Anticytokine drugs and other biopharmaceuticals |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
|
|
356 | (2) |
|
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Possible future developments in antiinflammatory therapy |
|
|
359 | (3) |
|
|
|
362 | (9) |
|
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
|
362 | (2) |
|
Common diseases of the skin |
|
|
364 | (2) |
|
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Principal drugs used in skin disorders |
|
|
366 | (3) |
|
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Glucocorticoids and other anti-inflammatory agents |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Drugs used to control hair growth |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Agents acting by other mechanisms |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
|
369 | (2) |
|
|
|
371 | (11) |
|
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
The physiology of respiration |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Regulation of musculature, blood vessels and glands of the airways |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Pulmonary disease and its treatment |
|
|
372 | (10) |
|
|
|
372 | (3) |
|
Drugs used to treat and prevent asthma |
|
|
375 | (4) |
|
Severe acute asthma (status asthmaticus) |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
30 The kidney and urinary system |
|
|
382 | (13) |
|
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Outline of renal function |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
The structure and function of the nephron |
|
|
382 | (6) |
|
|
|
384 | (3) |
|
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Excretion of organic molecules |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Prostaglandins and renal function |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Drugs acting on the kidney |
|
|
388 | (4) |
|
|
|
388 | (4) |
|
Drugs that alter the pH of the urine |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
Drugs that alter the excretion of organic molecules |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
Drugs used in renal failure |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Drugs used in urinary tract disorders |
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
31 The gastrointestinal tract |
|
|
395 | (13) |
|
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
The innervation and hormones of the gastrointestinal tract |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
|
395 | (5) |
|
The regulation of acid seceretion by parietal cells |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
The coordination of factors regulating acid secretion |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Drugs used to inhibit or neutralise gastric acid secretion |
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Drugs that protect the mucosa |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
|
400 | (3) |
|
The reflex mechanism of vomiting |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
The motility of the GI tract |
|
|
403 | (3) |
|
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Drugs that increase gastrointestinal motility |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Drugs for chronic bowel disease |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Drugs affecting the biliary system |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
32 The control of blood glucose and drug treatment of diabetes mellitus |
|
|
408 | (14) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Pancreatic islet hormones |
|
|
409 | (4) |
|
|
|
410 | (2) |
|
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Amylin (islet amyloid polypeptide) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (9) |
|
Drugs used in the treatment of diabetes |
|
|
414 | (5) |
|
Treatment of diabetes mellitus |
|
|
419 | (3) |
|
|
|
422 | (10) |
|
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Obesity as a health problem |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Homeostatic mechanisms controlling energy balance |
|
|
423 | (3) |
|
The role of gut and other hormones in body weight regulation |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Neurological circuits that control body weight and eating behaviour |
|
|
423 | (3) |
|
The pathophysiology of human obesity |
|
|
426 | (2) |
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Physical exercise and obesity |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
Obesity as a disorder of the homeostatic control of energy balance |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
Genetic factors and obesity |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
Pharmacological approaches to the problem of obesity |
|
|
428 | (2) |
|
Centrally acting appetite suppressants |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
New approaches to obesity therapy |
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
34 The pituitary and the adrenal cortex |
|
|
432 | (16) |
|
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
|
432 | (6) |
|
The anterior pituitary gland |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
Anterior pituitary hormones |
|
|
433 | (4) |
|
Posterior pituitary gland |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
|
438 | (7) |
|
|
|
440 | (4) |
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
New directions in glucocorticoid therapy |
|
|
445 | (3) |
|
|
|
448 | (7) |
|
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Synthesis, storage and secretion of thyroid hormones |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Uptake of plasma iodide by the follicle cells |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Oxidation of iodide and iodination of tyrosine residues |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Secretion of thyroid hormone |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Regulation of thyroid function |
|
|
448 | (2) |
|
Actions of the thyroid hormones |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Effects on growth and development |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
Transport and metabolism of thyroid hormones |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
Abnormalities of thyroid function |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Drugs used in diseases of the thyroid |
|
|
452 | (3) |
|
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
|
453 | (2) |
|
36 The reproductive system |
|
|
455 | (15) |
|
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Endocrine control of reproduction |
|
|
455 | (3) |
|
Neurohormonal control of the female reproductive system |
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
Neurohormonal control of the male reproductive system |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Behavioural effects of sex hormones |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Drugs affecting reproductive function |
|
|
458 | (5) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone: agonists and antagonists |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
Gonadotrophins and analogues |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
Drugs used for contraception |
|
|
463 | (2) |
|
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
Other drug regimens used for contraception |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
|
465 | (2) |
|
The motility of the uterus |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Drugs that stimulate the uterus |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Drugs that inhibit uterine contraction |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
|
467 | (3) |
|
|
|
470 | (10) |
|
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
Bone structure and composition |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
|
470 | (4) |
|
The action of cells and cytokines |
|
|
470 | (2) |
|
The turnover of bone minerals |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
Hormones involved in bone metabolism and remodelling |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
Drugs used in bone disorders |
|
|
475 | (3) |
|
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Oestrogens and related compounds |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
Parathyroid hormone and teriparatide |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
38 Chemical transmission and drug action in the central nervous system |
|
|
480 | (6) |
|
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
Chemical signalling in the nervous system |
|
|
480 | (2) |
|
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Drug action in the central nervous system |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
The classification of psychotropic drugs |
|
|
484 | (2) |
|
39 Amino acid transmitters |
|
|
486 | (13) |
|
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
Excitatory amino acids as CNS transmitters |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
Metabolism and release of excitatory amino acids |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
|
487 | (6) |
|
Glutamate receptor subtypes |
|
|
487 | (4) |
|
Synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
Drugs acting on glutamate receptors |
|
|
491 | (2) |
|
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
|
|
493 | (4) |
|
Synthesis, storage and function |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
GABA receptors: structure and pharmacology |
|
|
494 | (2) |
|
Drugs acting on GABA receptors |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
|
497 | (2) |
|
40 Other transmitters and modulators |
|
|
499 | (15) |
|
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
Noradrenergic pathways in the CNS |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
|
500 | (4) |
|
Dopaminergic pathways in the CNS |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
|
502 | (2) |
|
|
|
504 | (2) |
|
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
5-HT receptors in the CNS |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
|
506 | (2) |
|
Cholinergic pathways in the CNS |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
|
509 | (3) |
|
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
|
510 | (2) |
|
|
|
512 | (2) |
|
41 Neurodegenerative diseases |
|
|
514 | (17) |
|
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
Protein misfolding and aggregation in chronic neurodegenerative diseases |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of neuronal death |
|
|
514 | (4) |
|
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
|
|
516 | (2) |
|
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
|
|
519 | (3) |
|
Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease |
|
|
519 | (2) |
|
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
|
|
522 | (5) |
|
Features of Parkinson's disease |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
Pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
Drug treatment of Parkinson's disease |
|
|
524 | (3) |
|
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
|
|
528 | (3) |
|
42 General anaesthetic agents |
|
|
531 | (11) |
|
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
Mechanism of action of anaesthetic drugs |
|
|
531 | (3) |
|
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
Effects on the nervous system |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
Effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
Intravenous anaesthetic agents |
|
|
534 | (2) |
|
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
|
536 | (3) |
|
|
|
536 | (3) |
|
Individual inhalation anaesthetics |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
Isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane, enflurane and halothane |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
|
|
540 | (2) |
|
|
|
542 | (21) |
|
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
Neural mechanisms of pain |
|
|
542 | (6) |
|
Nociceptive afferent neurons |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
Modulation in the nociceptive pathway |
|
|
543 | (3) |
|
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
Chemical signalling in the nociceptive pathway |
|
|
546 | (2) |
|
|
|
548 | (15) |
|
|
|
548 | (11) |
|
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
Treatment of chronic pain |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
Other pain-relieving drugs |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
|
|
560 | (3) |
|
44 Local anaesthetics and other drugs affecting sodium channels |
|
|
563 | (6) |
|
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
|
|
563 | (4) |
|
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
|
|
563 | (3) |
|
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
Other drugs that affect sodium channels |
|
|
567 | (2) |
|
Tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
Agents that affect sodium-channel gating |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
45 Anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs |
|
|
569 | (11) |
|
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
The nature of anxiety and its treatment |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
Measurement of anxiolytic activity |
|
|
569 | (2) |
|
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
Drugs used to treat anxiety |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
Delayed anxiolytic effect of SSRIs and buspirone |
|
|
572 | (5) |
|
Benzodiazepines and related drugs |
|
|
572 | (4) |
|
Other potential anxiolytic drugs |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
Drugs used to treat insomnia (hypnotic drugs) |
|
|
577 | (3) |
|
Induction of sleep by benzodiazepines |
|
|
578 | (2) |
|
|
|
580 | (12) |
|
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
|
580 | (2) |
|
|
|
580 | (2) |
|
Neural mechanisms and animal models of epilepsy |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
|
|
582 | (8) |
|
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
Newer antiepileptic drugs |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
Other uses of antiepileptic drugs |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
Antiepileptic drugs and pregnancy |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
Muscle spasm and muscle relaxants |
|
|
590 | (2) |
|
|
|
592 | (11) |
|
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
The nature of schizophrenia |
|
|
592 | (3) |
|
Aetiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia |
|
|
593 | (2) |
|
|
|
595 | (6) |
|
Classification of antipsychotic drugs |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
Clinical efficacy in treatment of schizophrenia |
|
|
595 | (3) |
|
Other uses of antipsychotic drugs |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
Pharmacological properties |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
|
|
599 | (2) |
|
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
|
|
601 | (2) |
|
|
|
603 | (20) |
|
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
603 | (3) |
|
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Neuroendocrine mechanisms |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Trophic effects and neuroplasticity |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
|
|
606 | (12) |
|
Types of antidepressant drug |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
Testing of antidepressant drugs |
|
|
607 | (4) |
|
Mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
Monoamine uptake inhibitors |
|
|
611 | (5) |
|
Monoamine receptor antagonists |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors |
|
|
616 | (2) |
|
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
Other antidepressant approaches |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
Clinical effectiveness of antidepressant treatments |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
Future antidepressant drugs |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
Brain stimulation therapies |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
Drug treatment of bipolar disorder |
|
|
620 | (3) |
|
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
Second-generation antipsychotic drugs |
|
|
621 | (2) |
|
|
|
623 | (19) |
|
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
|
|
623 | (10) |
|
|
|
623 | (2) |
|
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
|
|
626 | (2) |
|
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
Pharmacological effects of nicotine |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
Harmful effects of tobacco smoking |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
Cognition-enhancing drugs |
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
LSD, psilocybin and mescaline |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
Ketamine and related drugs |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
|
635 | (5) |
|
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
Pharmacological effects of ethanol |
|
|
636 | (2) |
|
|
|
638 | (2) |
|
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
|
|
640 | (2) |
|
50 Drug abuse and dependence |
|
|
642 | (7) |
|
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
|
642 | (7) |
|
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
|
|
644 | (2) |
|
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
Pharmacological approaches to treating drug dependence |
|
|
646 | (3) |
|
Section 5 Drugs used for the treatment of infections and cancer |
|
|
|
51 Basic principles of antimicrobial chemotherapy |
|
|
649 | (12) |
|
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
The molecular basis of chemotherapy |
|
|
649 | (7) |
|
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
Biochemical reactions as potential targets |
|
|
650 | (4) |
|
The formed structures of the cell as potential targets |
|
|
654 | (2) |
|
Resistance to antibacterial drugs |
|
|
656 | (3) |
|
The spread of antibiotic resistance |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
Biochemical mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics |
|
|
657 | (2) |
|
Current status of antibiotic resistance in bacteria |
|
|
659 | (2) |
|
|
|
661 | (17) |
|
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
Antibacterial agents that interfere with folate synthesis or action |
|
|
661 | (2) |
|
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
β-lactam antibiotics and other agents that interfere with bacterial wall or membrane synthesis |
|
|
663 | (3) |
|
|
|
663 | (2) |
|
Cephalosporins and cephamycins |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
Other β-lactam antibiotics |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
Other antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
Antimicrobial agents affecting bacterial protein synthesis |
|
|
666 | (6) |
|
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
|
|
667 | (3) |
|
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
Antimicrobial agents affecting topoisomerase |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
Miscellaneous antibacterial agents |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
|
|
673 | (2) |
|
Drugs used to treat tuberculosis |
|
|
673 | (2) |
|
Drugs used to treat leprosy |
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
Possible new antibacterial drugs |
|
|
675 | (3) |
|
|
|
678 | (12) |
|
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
Background information about viruses |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
An outline of virus structure |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
Examples of pathogenic viruses |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
Virus function and life history |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
The host virus interaction |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
Host defences against viruses |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
Viral ploys to circumvent host defences |
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
|
|
681 | (6) |
|
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
DNA polymerase inhibitors |
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
Neuraminidase inhibitors and inhibitors of viral coat disassembly |
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
Drugs acting through other mechanisms |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
Biopharmaceutical antiviral drugs |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
Combination therapy for HIV |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
Prospects for new antiviral drugs |
|
|
687 | (3) |
|
|
|
690 | (6) |
|
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
Fungi and fungal infections |
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
Drugs used to treat fungal infections |
|
|
691 | (3) |
|
|
|
691 | (2) |
|
Synthetic antifungal drugs |
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
|
|
694 | (2) |
|
|
|
696 | (14) |
|
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
Host--parasite interactions |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
Malaria and antimalarial drugs |
|
|
696 | (9) |
|
The life cycle of the malaria parasite |
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
|
|
699 | (6) |
|
Potential new antimalarial drugs |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
Amoebiasis and amoebicidal drugs |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
Trypanosomiasis and trypanocidal drugs |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
Other protozoal infections and drugs used to treat them |
|
|
707 | (1) |
|
|
|
707 | (1) |
|
|
|
707 | (1) |
|
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
|
|
708 | (2) |
|
|
|
710 | (6) |
|
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
|
|
711 | (2) |
|
Resistance to antihelminthic drugs |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
Vaccines and other novel approaches |
|
|
714 | (2) |
|
|
|
716 | (17) |
|
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
The pathogenesis of cancer |
|
|
716 | (3) |
|
The genesis of a cancer cell |
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
The special characteristics of cancer cells |
|
|
717 | (2) |
|
General principles of cytotoxic anticancer drugs |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
|
|
720 | (10) |
|
Alkylating agents and related compounds |
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
|
|
724 | (2) |
|
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
Protein kinase inhibitors |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
Resistance to anticancer drugs |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
Control of emesis and myelosuppression |
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
|
|
730 | (3) |
|
|
|
|
58 Harmful effects of drugs |
|
|
733 | (11) |
|
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
Classification of adverse drug reactions |
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
Adverse effects related to the known pharmacological action of the drug |
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
Adverse effects unrelated to the known pharmacological action of the drug |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
|
|
734 | (7) |
|
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
General mechanisms of toxin-induced cell damage and cell death |
|
|
735 | (1) |
|
Mutagenesis and assessment of genotoxic potential |
|
|
736 | (5) |
|
Immunological reactions to drugs |
|
|
741 | (3) |
|
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
Clinical types of allergic response to drugs |
|
|
742 | (2) |
|
59 Lifestyle and drugs in sport |
|
|
744 | (6) |
|
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
What are lifestyle drugs? |
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
Classification of lifestyle drugs |
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
|
|
745 | (3) |
|
|
|
746 | (2) |
|
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
|
|
748 | (2) |
|
60 Drug discovery and development |
|
|
750 | (6) |
|
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
|
|
750 | (3) |
|
|
|
750 | (2) |
|
|
|
752 | (1) |
|
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
|
|
755 | (1) |
| Index |
|
756 | |
