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E-grāmata: Rational extended thermodynamics

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Rational extended thermodynamicsPalielināt
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Ordinary thermodynamics provides reliable results when the thermodynamic fields are smooth, in the sense that there are no steep gradients and no rapid changes. In fluids and gases this is the domain of the equations of Navier-Stokes and Fourier. Extended thermodynamics becomes relevant for rapidly varying and strongly inhomogeneous processes. Thus the propagation of high­ frequency waves, and the shape of shock waves, and the regression of small-scale fluctuation are governed by extended thermodynamics. The field equations of ordinary thermodynamics are parabolic while extended thermodynamics is governed by hyperbolic systems. The main ingredients of extended thermodynamics are field equations of balance type, constitutive quantities depending on the present local state and entropy as a concave function of the state variables. This set of assumptions leads to first order quasi-linear symmetric hyperbolic systems of field equations; it guarantees the well-posedness of initial value problems and finite speeds of propaga­ tion. Several tenets of irreversible thermodynamics had to be changed in subtle ways to make extended thermodynamics work. Thus, the entropy is allowed to depend on nonequilibrium vari­ ables, the entropy flux is a general constitutive quantity, and the equations for stress and heat flux contain inertial terms. New insight is therefore provided into the principle of material frame indifference. With these modifications an elegant formal structure can be set up in which, just as in classical thermostatics, all restrictive conditions--derived from the entropy principle-take the form of integrability conditions.

Papildus informācija

Springer Book Archives
1 Tour dHorizon.- 2 Early Version of Extended Thermodynamics and
Kinetic Theory of Gases.- 1 Paradoxes of Heat Conduction and Shear
Diffusion.- 2 Paradox Removed.- 3 Kinetic Theory of Monatomic Gases.- 3
Formal Structure of Extended Thermodynamics.- 1 Field Equations.- 2 Entropy
Inequality and Symmetric Hyperbolic Systems.- 3 Main Subsystems.- 4 Galilean
Invariance.- 5 Thermodynamics of an Euler Fluid.- 4 Extended Thermodynamics
of Monatomic Gases.- 1 The Equations of Extended Thermodynamics of Monatomic
Gases.- 2 Constitutive Theory.- 3 Field Equations and the Thermodynamic
Limit.- 4 Thermal Equations of State and Ideal Gases.- 5 Thermodynamics of
Mixtures of Euler Fluids.- 1 Ordinary Thermodynamics of Mixtures (TIP).- 2
Extended Thermodynamics of Mixtures of Euler Fluids.- 3 Ordinary and Extended
Thermodynamics of Mixtures.- 6 Relativistic Thermodynamics.- 1 Balance
Equations and Constitutive Restrictions.- 2 Constitutive Theory.- 3
Identification of Viscosities and Heat-Conductivity.- 5 An Application: The
Mass Limit of a White Dwarf.- 6 The Relativistic Kinetic Theory for
Nondegenerate Gases.- 7 The Nonrelativistic Limit of Relativistic
Thermodynamics.- 7 Extended Thermodynamics of Reacting Mixtures.- 1
Motivation, Results, and Discussion.- 2 Fields.- 3 Field Equation.- 4 Entropy
Inequality.- 5 Nonrelativistic Limit.- 8 Waves in Extended Thermodynamics.- 1
Hyperbolicity and Symmetric Hyperbolic Systems.- 2 Linear Waves.- 3
Hyperbolicity and Nonlinear Waves..- 4 Acceleration Waves.- 5 Weak Solutions
and Shock Waves.- 9 Extended Thermodynamics of Moments.- 1 Field Equations
for Moments.- 2 Characteristic Speeds.- 3 Mean Eigenfunctions.- 4
Maximization of Entropy.- 10 Extended Thermodynamics and Light Scattering.- 1
Basic Electrodynamics.- 2 A Modicum of FluctuationTheory.- 3 Measuring the
Spectral Density.- 4 Navier-Stokes-Fourier Fluid.- 5 Extended
Thermodynamics.- 6 Extrapolation of S(q, ?) for y ? 0.- 11 Testing Extended
Thermodynamics by Sound.- 1 Basic Acoustics.- 2 Dispersion Relations.- 3
Maximum Speed.- 12 Structure of Shock Waves.- 1 Experimental Evidence.- 2
Review of Previous Work.- 3 Preliminaries on Singular Points and
Characteristic Speeds.- 4 Numerical Calculation of the Shock Structure.- 5
Conclusion.- 6 Addendum on Initial Value Problem for 13 Moments.- 7
Quantitative Results and Conclusions.- 13 Extended Thermodynamics of
Radiation.- 1 Structure of Extended Thermodynamics of Photons.- 2
Equilibrium.- 3 Near Equilibrium.- 4 Field Equations.- 5 Local Radiative
Equilibrium.- 6 Compression of Radiation.- 7 Penetration of a Beam of
Radiation into Matter.- 8 Radiative Entropy in Gray Bodies.- 14 Extended
Thermodynamics of Phonons.- 1 Phonon Transfer Equation.- 2 Moments and Moment
Equations.- 3 The Heat Pulse Experiment.- 15 Thermodynamics of Metal
Electrons.- 1 Equations of Balance.- 2 Extended Thermodynamics and Kinetic
Theory.- 16 Viscoelastic Fluids.- 1 Viscoelastic Fluids of Second Grade.- 2
Rate-Type versus Differential-Type Constitutive Equations.- 3 Toward Extended
Thermodynamics of Viscoelasticity.
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