Contributors |
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Preface |
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xi | |
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1 Advances in Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass---Introduction |
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1.1 World Energy Demand and Supply/Preamble |
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3 | (3) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.3 Biomass---an Opportunity |
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7 | (6) |
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1.4 Biomass Conversion Methods |
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13 | (1) |
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1.5 Advantages of Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass |
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13 | (10) |
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1.6 Concept of Biorefinery |
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23 | (2) |
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1.7 Scientometric Analysis |
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25 | (4) |
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1.8 Conclusion and Perspectives |
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29 | (2) |
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29 | (2) |
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2 Feedstock Suitability for Thermochemical Processes |
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31 | (1) |
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2.2 Processes for the Conversion of Biomass into Various Products in a Biorefinery |
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32 | (1) |
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2.3 Thermochemical Conversion |
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33 | (20) |
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2.4 Nonprocess Parameters Affecting the Conversion Process |
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53 | (13) |
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2.5 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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66 | (9) |
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67 | (8) |
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3 Analytical Techniques as a Tool to Understand the Reaction Mechanism |
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75 | (1) |
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3.2 Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass Samples |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (10) |
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86 | (9) |
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3.5 Reaction Mechanisms of the Thermal Decomposition |
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95 | (5) |
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3.6 Effect of Inorganic Materials on the Decomposition Mechanism |
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100 | (2) |
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3.7 Effect of Torrefaction on the Composition and Decomposition Mechanisms |
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102 | (7) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (5) |
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4 Catalysts for Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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4.3 Properties of Catalysts |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (2) |
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4.5 Catalysts for the Conversion of Biomass |
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114 | (12) |
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4.6 Catalysts for Hydropyrolysis of Biomass |
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126 | (1) |
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4.7 Catalysts for Biochar Gasification |
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127 | (1) |
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4.8 Conclusion and Perspectives |
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127 | (6) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (5) |
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5 Artificial Neural Networks for Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass |
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133 | (2) |
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5.2 Modeling Using Artificial Neural Networks |
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135 | (5) |
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5.3 Development of Artificial Neural Network Models |
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140 | (12) |
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5.4 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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152 | (5) |
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155 | (2) |
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6 Thermochemical Biorefinery |
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157 | (1) |
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6.2 Biomass as a Sustainable Resource |
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158 | (1) |
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6.3 Feedstocks for Thermochemical Biorefinery |
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159 | (1) |
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6.4 Composition of Biomass |
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160 | (1) |
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6.5 Biomass Conversion Methods |
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161 | (1) |
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6.6 Existing Biorefinery Concepts |
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162 | (6) |
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6.7 Products from Thermochemical Biorefinery |
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168 | (3) |
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6.8 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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171 | (6) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (5) |
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7 Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass: Recent Advances in Fast Pyrolysis Technology |
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177 | (1) |
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7.2 Chemistry of Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass |
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178 | (3) |
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181 | (6) |
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7.4 Recent Advances in Fast Pyrolysis Technology |
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187 | (20) |
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7.5 Future Research and Development Challenges |
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207 | (6) |
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207 | (6) |
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8 Biomass Gasification to Produce Syngas |
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213 | (1) |
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8.2 Biomass Gasifiers for Syngas Production |
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214 | (9) |
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8.3 Secondary Syngas Cleaning and Conditioning |
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223 | (9) |
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8.4 Recent Trends Toward Process Intensification |
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232 | (12) |
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8.5 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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244 | (7) |
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245 | (6) |
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9 Hydrothermal Gasification of Biomass |
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9.1 Hydrothermal Treatment Technologies |
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251 | (3) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (4) |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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9.7 Research and Development Topics |
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262 | (1) |
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9.8 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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263 | (6) |
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264 | (5) |
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10 Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass |
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269 | (1) |
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10.2 First-Generation Biofuels |
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270 | (1) |
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10.3 Second-generation biofuels |
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270 | (2) |
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10.4 Third-generation biofuels |
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272 | (1) |
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10.5 Biomass Conversion Routes |
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272 | (2) |
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10.6 Hydrothermal Liquefaction: Advantages Over Pyrolysis |
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274 | (1) |
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10.7 Direct Liquefaction Processes |
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275 | (1) |
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10.8 Hydrothermal Upgradation |
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276 | (1) |
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10.9 Properties of Subcritical and Supercritical Water |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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10.11 HTU Chemistry: Conceivable Reaction Pathways and Decomposition Mechanism in Hydrothermal Liquefaction |
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279 | (2) |
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10.12 Parameters (Physical and Chemical) Influencing Product Distribution During HTU of Biomass |
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281 | (4) |
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10.13 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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285 | (8) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (7) |
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11 Carbonization of Biomass |
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293 | (1) |
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11.2 Biomass Carbonization Process Conditions |
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294 | (1) |
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11.3 Carbonization Products and Their Physicochemical Properties |
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295 | (7) |
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11.4 Chemistry of the Carbonization Process |
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302 | (2) |
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11.5 Relevant Feed Properties in Biomass Carbonization |
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304 | (3) |
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11.6 Relevant Process Variables in Biomass Carbonization |
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307 | (6) |
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11.7 Carbonization Pyrolysis Systems and Reactors |
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313 | (7) |
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11.8 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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320 | (5) |
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321 | (4) |
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12 Hydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass |
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325 | (3) |
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328 | (3) |
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12.3 HTC Chemical Structure |
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331 | (3) |
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12.4 Parameters Affecting the HTC Process |
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334 | (3) |
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12.5 Nanostructuring and Functionalization |
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337 | (4) |
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12.6 Applications of Hydrothermal Carbons |
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341 | (5) |
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346 | (9) |
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347 | (8) |
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13 Coprocessing of Bio-oil in Fluid Catalytic Cracking |
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13.1 General View About Coprocessing Bio-oils in Refineries |
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355 | (2) |
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13.2 Bio-oil Production and Characterization |
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357 | (4) |
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13.3 Upgrading of Bio-oils Prior to Coprocessing |
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361 | (3) |
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13.4 Coprocessing Bio-oils and FCC Feedstocks |
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364 | (13) |
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377 | (6) |
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378 | (5) |
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14 Biomass Gasification Integrated Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: Perspectives, Opportunities and Challenges |
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383 | (11) |
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14.2 Facets of FT Synthesis: Chemistry and Engineering |
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394 | (11) |
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14.3 Reactors for FT Synthesis |
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405 | (4) |
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14.4 Biomass Power in India |
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409 | (2) |
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14.5 Biomass Utilization: Technical Options |
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411 | (1) |
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14.6 Technology for Biomass Gasification |
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412 | (12) |
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14.7 Coupling of Biomass Gasification and FT Synthesis for BGIFT (or BTL) Process |
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424 | (7) |
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431 | (6) |
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431 | (1) |
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431 | (6) |
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15 Utilization of Supercritical Fluid for Catalytic Thermochemical Conversions of Woody-Biomass Related Compounds |
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437 | (2) |
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15.2 Gasification of Lignin and Woody Biomass with Supported Ruthenium Catalysts in Supercritical Water |
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439 | (8) |
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15.3 Hydrogenation with Supported Metal Catalysis in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide |
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447 | (5) |
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15.4 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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452 | (3) |
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452 | (3) |
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16 Thermochemical Valorization of Lignin |
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455 | (1) |
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16.2 Composition of Lignin |
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456 | (2) |
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16.3 Separation of Lignin from Biomass |
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458 | (1) |
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16.4 Thermochemical Conversion of Lignin |
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458 | (15) |
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16.5 Lignin to High-Value Products |
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473 | (1) |
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16.6 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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473 | (6) |
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474 | (1) |
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474 | (5) |
Index |
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