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xv | |
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xxi | |
Preface |
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xxiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxv | |
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1 General biology of red colobus |
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1 | (17) |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.3 Intrataxon variation in color |
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3 | (8) |
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1.3.1 Summary comments and speculation on coat color |
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11 | (1) |
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1.4 Facial color: pink noses and mouths |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (4) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (27) |
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18 | (1) |
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2.2 Methods and localities |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (15) |
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2.4 Vocalizations unique to specific taxa |
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34 | (1) |
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2.5 Intertaxa and geographical comparisons: implications for evolution and phylogeny |
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35 | (5) |
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2.6 Long and loud call bouts: contrasts in form and function |
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40 | (1) |
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2.7 Alarm calls and semanticity |
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41 | (2) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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2.8 Semanticity of copulation and estrous calls |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (2) |
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3 Demography: social group size and composition and population density |
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45 | (46) |
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45 | (1) |
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3.2 Methodological caveats |
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45 | (3) |
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3.3 Variation in group size and composition |
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48 | (1) |
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3.4 Differences between taxa in group size |
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48 | (2) |
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3.5 Differences between populations of the same taxon in group size |
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50 | (2) |
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3.6 Differences within populations in group size over space and time |
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52 | (4) |
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3.7 Summary of probable determinants of group size |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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3.9 Differences between taxa in adult sex ratios |
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57 | (2) |
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3.10 Differences between populations of the same taxon in adult sex ratio |
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59 | (1) |
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3.11 Differences within populations in adult sex ratios over space and time |
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60 | (3) |
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3.12 Differences between taxa in ratios of immatures to adult females |
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63 | (8) |
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3.12.1 SAJ per adult female ratios |
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64 | (4) |
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3.12.2 Infants per adult female |
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68 | (1) |
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3.12.3 Demographic correlates of infant per adult female ratios |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (2) |
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3.13.1 Methodological issues |
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71 | (2) |
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3.14 Population density estimates based on studies of focal groups: an example from Kibale |
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73 | (3) |
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3.15 Differences in population densities between taxa |
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76 | (1) |
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3.16 Differences in population density within taxa between and within populations |
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76 | (7) |
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3.17 Differences within taxa over time |
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83 | (5) |
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88 | (3) |
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4 Social organization: intergroup relations, tenure, longevity, and dispersal |
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91 | (28) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (14) |
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4.2.1 CW group of tephrosceles, Kanyawara, Kibale |
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91 | (9) |
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4.2.2 RUL group of tephrosceles, Ngogo, Kibale |
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100 | (2) |
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4.2.3 Intergroup relations of other populations and taxa |
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102 | (2) |
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4.2.4 Summary of intergroup relations |
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104 | (1) |
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4.3 Longevity and tenure length within social groups |
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105 | (3) |
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4.3.1 CW group, Kanyawara, Kibale |
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105 | (1) |
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4.3.2 RUL group, Ngogo, Kibale |
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106 | (1) |
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4.3.3 HTL Group, Ngogo, Kibale |
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107 | (1) |
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4.4 Immigration and tenure length |
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108 | (7) |
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108 | (4) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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4.5 General remarks on longevity, tenure, and dispersal in Kibale |
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115 | (1) |
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4.6 Comparison with other red colobus taxa |
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115 | (2) |
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4.7 Summary of longevity, tenure, and dispersal |
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117 | (2) |
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5 Social behavior and reproduction |
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119 | (75) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (16) |
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5.2.1 CW group of tephrosceles, Kanyawara, Kibale |
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119 | (8) |
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5.2.2 RUL group of tephrosceles, Ngogo, Kibale |
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127 | (6) |
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5.2.3 Summary comparison of grooming in CW and RUL groups |
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133 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Grooming in other taxa of red colobus |
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134 | (1) |
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5.3 Sexual behavior and reproduction |
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135 | (19) |
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5.3.1 General background information |
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135 | (3) |
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5.3.2 Male copulatory/reproductive success |
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138 | (4) |
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5.3.3 Female reproductive success and interbirth intervals (IBI) |
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142 | (2) |
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144 | (1) |
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5.3.5 Female perineal swellings |
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145 | (8) |
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5.3.6 Summary of sexual behavior and reproduction |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (27) |
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5.4.1 General background information |
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154 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Supplantations: CW group tephrosceles, Kanyawara, Kibale |
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155 | (3) |
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5.4.3 Supplantations: RUL group of tephrosceles, Ngogo, Kibale |
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158 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Intense aggression: CW group of tephrosceles, Kanyawara, Kibale |
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159 | (7) |
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5.4.5 Intense aggression: RUL group of tephrosceles, Ngogo, Kibale |
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166 | (3) |
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5.4.6 General comment on the relation between dominance and aggression among tephrosceles |
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169 | (1) |
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5.4.7 Harassment of adults by immatures in nonsexual contexts among tephrosceles, Kibale, Uganda |
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169 | (2) |
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5.4.8 Present type I: an appeasement gesture |
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171 | (1) |
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5.4.9 Present type II: a dominance gesture |
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172 | (1) |
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5.4.10 Harassment during copulation |
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173 | (2) |
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5.4.11 Aggression in other taxa of red colobus |
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175 | (4) |
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5.4.12 Summary of aggression |
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179 | (2) |
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5.5 Interindividual distance |
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181 | (1) |
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5.6 Social relations of infants and small to medium juveniles |
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182 | (8) |
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182 | (2) |
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5.6.2 Older infants and small juveniles |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (1) |
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5.6.4 Differential investment by mothers in sons vs. daughters |
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187 | (2) |
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5.6.5 Summary of social relations of infants and small to medium juveniles |
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189 | (1) |
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5.7 Greeting behavior in tephrosceles |
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190 | (4) |
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5.7.1 Summary of greeting behavior |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (59) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (22) |
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6.2.1 Methods used in Kibale |
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195 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Diets of the CW and RUL groups of tephrosceles, Kibale, Uganda |
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195 | (12) |
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6.2.3 Comparison with other studies of tephrosceles in Kibale, Uganda |
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207 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Intertaxa comparison of plant part diet |
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208 | (1) |
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6.2.5 Phytochemical basis of diet |
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209 | (5) |
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6.2.6 Miscellaneous information on dietary habits |
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214 | (1) |
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6.2.7 Summary points on diet |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (5) |
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216 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Comparison of the RUL and CW group activity budgets |
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217 | (2) |
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6.3.3 Comparison of activity budgets between studies and taxa |
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219 | (2) |
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6.3.4 Summary of activity budgets |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (13) |
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221 | (4) |
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6.4.2 Daily Travel Distance |
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225 | (9) |
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234 | (8) |
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6.5.1 Diseases in Kibale red colobus |
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234 | (3) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (5) |
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6.6 Non-predator interspecific relations of red colobus |
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242 | (11) |
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6.6.1 Defense against predation |
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242 | (2) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (8) |
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253 | (24) |
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253 | (1) |
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7.2 Conservation status of the 18 red colobus taxa |
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253 | (6) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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7.3 Case studies of threats |
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259 | (7) |
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7.3.1 Hunting: the case of Miss Waldron's red colobus (waldroni) |
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259 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Agricultural expansion: the case of the Udzungwa red colobus (gordonorum) |
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260 | (3) |
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7.3.3 Tourism and deforestation: the case of the Zanzibar red colobus (kirkii) |
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263 | (1) |
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7.3.4 Selective logging: the case of the Ugandan red colobus (tephrosceles) in Kibale |
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264 | (1) |
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7.3.5 Interagency conflicts of interest: the case of the Udzungwa red colobus (gordonorum) |
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265 | (1) |
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7.4 Extrinsic versus intrinsic threats |
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266 | (1) |
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7.5 Problems in protected areas |
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266 | (1) |
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7.6 Proximate variables affecting conservation and possible solutions |
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267 | (2) |
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7.7 Ultimate variables affecting conservation and possible solutions |
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269 | (5) |
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7.7.1 Human population growth |
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269 | (2) |
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7.7.2 Overconsumption of resources |
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271 | (2) |
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7.7.3 Changing values and behavior |
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273 | (1) |
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7.7.4 Funding for conservation |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (2) |
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Appendix 1 Annotated list and measurements of red colobus taxa |
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277 | (55) |
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Appendix 3.1 Age and size classes of red colobus |
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285 | (3) |
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Appendix 3.2 Red colobus group composition |
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288 | (9) |
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Appendix 3.3 Statistical comparison of adult sex ratios between and within taxa |
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297 | (1) |
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Appendix 3.4 Statistical comparison of subadult and juvenile to adult female ratios between and within taxa |
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298 | (1) |
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Appendix 3.5 Statistical comparison of infant to adult female ratios between and within taxa |
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299 | (1) |
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Appendix 4.1 Log of individuals in CW group tephrosceles |
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300 | (6) |
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Appendix 4.2 Log of individuals in RUL group tephrosceles |
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306 | (3) |
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Appendix 4.3 Log of individuals in HTL group tephrosceles |
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309 | (2) |
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Appendix 5.1 Grooming of adult males in RUL group tephrosceles |
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311 | (2) |
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Appendix 5.2 Aggression by adult males in CW group tephrosceles |
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313 | (1) |
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Appendix 6.1 Total diet CW group tephrosceles |
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314 | (6) |
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Appendix 6.2 Total diet RUL group tephrosceles |
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320 | (4) |
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Appendix 6.3 Notes on disease in tephrosceles of Kibale |
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324 | (8) |
References |
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332 | (11) |
Index |
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343 | |