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E-grāmata: Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps

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(Director, Aleph Zero Ltd, UK)
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Mar-2016
  • Izdevniecība: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780081006665
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Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat PumpsPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Mar-2016
  • Izdevniecība: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780081006665
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Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps, Fifth Edition, provides a comprehensive introduction to the principles and practice of refrigeration. Clear and comprehensive, it is suitable for both trainee and professional HVAC engineers, with a straightforward approach that also helps inexperienced readers gain a comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals of the technology. With its concise style and broad scope, the book covers most of the equipment and applications professionals will encounter. The simplicity of the descriptions helps users understand, specify, commission, use, and maintain these systems.It is a must-have text for anyone who needs thorough, foundational information on refrigeration and air conditioning, but without textbook pedagogy. It includes detailed technicalities or product-specific information. New material to this edition includes the latest developments in refrigerants and lubricants, together with updated information on compressors, heat exchangers, liquid chillers, electronic expansion valves, controls, and cold storage. In addition, efficiency, environmental impact, split systems, retail refrigeration (supermarket systems and cold rooms), industrial systems, fans, air infiltration, and noise are also included.Full theoretical and practical treatment of current issues and trends in refrigeration and air conditioning technologyMeets the needs of industry practitioners and system designers who need a rigorous, but accessible reference to the latest developments in refrigeration and AC that is supported by coverage at a level not found in typical course textbooksNew edition features updated content on refrigerants, microchannel technology, noise, condensers, data centers, and electronic control

Recenzijas

"The book, which includes references and suggestions for further reading, is a good reference text for students of refrigeration engineering and for those wishing to take a professional qualification in the industry." --CIBSE Journal

Papildus informācija

This established and trusted reference has a practical focus that enables engineers to understand and solve refrigeration and air conditioning system design and maintenance challenges, and is suitable for both trainee and professional HVAC engineers, with a straightforward approach that also helps inexperienced readers gain a comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals of the technology
Preface xv
Preface to the Previous Edition xvii
Acknowledgements xix
List of Abbreviations
xxi
1 Fundamentals
1(18)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Temperature, Work and Heat
1(2)
1.3 Heat and Enthalpy
3(2)
1.4 Boiling Point
5(1)
1.5 General Gas Laws
6(2)
1.6 Dalton's Law
8(1)
1.7 The Pressure -- Enthalpy Chart
9(1)
1.8 Heat Transfer
10(7)
1.9 Transient Heat Flow
17(1)
1.10 Two-Phase Heat Transfer
18(1)
2 The Refrigeration Cycle
19(22)
2.1 Ideal Cycle
19(1)
2.2 Simple Vapour Compression Cycle
19(4)
2.3 Practical Considerations and COP
23(5)
2.4 Multistage Cycles
28(2)
2.5 Transcritical Carbon Dioxide Cycles
30(3)
2.6 Heat Powered Cycles
33(4)
2.7 Other Processes
37(4)
3 Refrigerants
41(18)
3.1 Introduction
41(4)
3.2 Ideal Properties for a Refrigerant
45(1)
3.3 Ozone Depletion Potential
45(1)
3.4 Global Warming Potential
46(2)
3.5 Nomenclature
48(2)
3.6 Refrigerant Blends and Glide
50(1)
3.7 Legislation
51(2)
3.8 Containment and Training
53(1)
3.9 Refrigerant Applications
53(3)
3.10 Refrigerants and Efficiency
56(1)
3.11 Health and Safety
57(1)
3.12 Innovation
58(1)
4 Compressors
59(30)
4.1 Introduction
59(1)
4.2 The Piston Compression Process
59(3)
4.3 Multi-Cylinder Compressors
62(2)
4.4 Valves
64(2)
4.5 Capacity Reduction
66(1)
4.6 Enclosed Motors
67(3)
4.7 Open Compressors
70(1)
4.8 Cooling and Protection
70(2)
4.9 Strainers, Lubrication and Crankcase Heaters
72(1)
4.10 Compressor Efficiency
72(2)
4.11 Screw Compressors
74(5)
4.12 Scroll Compressors
79(3)
4.13 Sliding and Rotary Vane Compressors
82(2)
4.14 Dynamic Compressors
84(3)
4.15 Refrigerant Suitability
87(2)
5 Oil in Refrigerant Circuits
89(10)
5.1 Introduction
89(1)
5.2 Requirements and Characteristics
89(4)
5.3 Moisture and Air Contamination
93(1)
5.4 Oil Separators
94(2)
5.5 Oil Circulation
96(1)
5.6 Oil Properties Summary
97(2)
6 Condensers and Cooling Towers
99(22)
6.1 Introduction
99(1)
6.2 Heat to be Removed
99(2)
6.3 Air-Cooled Condensers
101(5)
6.4 Water-Cooled Condensers
106(2)
6.5 Cooling Towers and Dry Coolers
108(2)
6.6 Evaporative Condensers
110(2)
6.7 Water Treatment
112(2)
6.8 Condenser Maintenance
114(1)
6.9 Legionella
115(1)
6.10 Design Considerations
116(1)
6.11 Low Ambient Operation
116(2)
6.12 Receivers
118(1)
6.13 Heat-Pump Condensers
119(2)
7 Evaporators
121(14)
7.1 Introduction
121(1)
7.2 Air Cooling Evaporators
121(2)
7.3 Liquid Cooling Evaporators
123(8)
7.4 Plate Evaporators for Freezing
131(1)
7.5 Defrosting
132(1)
7.6 Condensate Pumps
133(2)
8 Expansion Valves
135(12)
8.1 Introduction
135(1)
8.2 Thermostatic Expansion Valves
135(3)
8.3 External Equaliser
138(1)
8.4 Electronic Expansion Valves
139(1)
8.5 Capillary Tubes and Restrictors
140(2)
8.6 Low-Pressure Float Valves and Switches
142(2)
8.7 High-Pressure Float Valves
144(2)
8.8 Other Level Controls
146(1)
9 Controls and Other Circuit Components
147(18)
9.1 Introduction
147(1)
9.2 Main Control Functions
147(3)
9.3 Safety and Protection Devices
150(2)
9.4 Oil-Pressure Switches
152(1)
9.5 Pressure and Temperature Indicators
153(1)
9.6 Solenoid Valves
154(1)
9.7 Evaporator Pressure Regulation Valves
155(1)
9.8 Hot Gas By-Pass Valves
156(1)
9.9 Shut-Off Valves
157(1)
9.10 Filter-Driers
158(1)
9.11 Sight Glasses
159(1)
9.12 Suction Accumulators
160(1)
9.13 Suction-To-Liquid Heat Exchangers
161(1)
9.14 Condenser Pressure Regulators
161(1)
9.15 Strainers
162(1)
9.16 Charging Connection
163(1)
9.17 Check Valves
163(1)
9.18 Liquid Refrigerant Pumps
163(2)
10 Component Selection and Balancing
165(18)
10.1 Introduction
165(1)
10.2 Criteria and Options
165(3)
10.3 Evaporating Temperature
168(1)
10.4 Evaporator
169(3)
10.5 Compressor
172(5)
10.6 Condenser
177(2)
10.7 Expansion Valve
179(2)
10.8 Sizing Pipe and Other Components
181(1)
10.9 Re-Check Components
182(1)
11 Installation and Construction
183(16)
11.1 Introduction
183(1)
11.2 Materials
183(1)
11.3 Pressure Safety and Containment
184(2)
11.4 Pipe-Joining Methods
186(1)
11.5 Piping for Oil Return
186(1)
11.6 Siting, Access and Pipe Supports
187(1)
11.7 Instruments
188(1)
11.8 Rising Liquid Lines
189(1)
11.9 Vibration
190(1)
11.10 Cleanliness of Piping
190(1)
11.11 Evacuation
191(1)
11.12 Charging with Refrigerant
192(2)
11.13 Insulation
194(1)
11.14 Water Circuits
194(1)
11.15 Non-Condensable Gases
195(4)
12 Distributed Cooling and Heating
199(10)
12.1 Introduction
199(1)
12.2 Refrigerant Circulation
200(1)
12.3 Chilled Water
200(1)
12.4 Baudelot Coolers and Ice Bank Coils
201(1)
12.5 Ice Manufacture
202(1)
12.6 Secondary Coolants
202(4)
12.7 Phase Change Materials as Secondary Coolants
206(1)
12.8 Thermal Storage
207(2)
13 Packaged Units
209(12)
13.1 Introduction
209(1)
13.2 Condensing Units
210(3)
13.3 Compressor Packs
213(1)
13.4 Chillers and Air Cooling Packages
214(2)
13.5 Split Packages
216(2)
13.6 Testing of Packaged Units
218(1)
13.7 Other Packages
219(2)
14 Food Refrigeration and Freezing
221(8)
14.1 Introduction
221(1)
14.2 Pre-Storage Treatment
222(1)
14.3 Pre-Cooling
222(1)
14.4 Freezing
223(1)
14.5 Quick Freezing
224(1)
14.6 Contact Freezing
224(2)
14.7 Freeze Drying
226(1)
14.8 Post-Storage Operations
227(2)
15 Cold Storage and Refrigeration Load Estimation
229(24)
15.1 Introduction
229(1)
15.2 Cold Storage Loads
229(1)
15.3 Product Cooling
230(4)
15.4 Conducted and Radiated Heat
234(1)
15.5 Convected Heat
234(1)
15.6 Internal Heat Sources
235(1)
15.7 Heat of Respiration
236(1)
15.8 Packing and Handling
237(1)
15.9 Frost Avoidance
238(3)
15.10 Insulation and Vapour Barriers
241(2)
15.11 Sectional Cold Rooms
243(1)
15.12 Cold Store Construction
244(1)
15.13 Floors
245(1)
15.14 Frost Heave
246(1)
15.15 Fire Risk
246(1)
15.16 Door and Safety Exits
247(1)
15.17 Interior Finish and Fittings
248(1)
15.18 Evaporators
249(1)
15.19 Automated Cold Stores
249(2)
15.20 Security of Operation
251(2)
16 Food Refrigeration -- Product by Product
253(20)
16.1 Introduction
253(1)
16.2 Meat Industry Applications
253(1)
16.3 Boned, Boxed and Processed Meats
254(3)
16.4 Pork and Bacon
257(1)
16.5 Poultry
258(1)
16.6 Fish
258(1)
16.7 Milk and Milk Products
259(3)
16.8 Ice Cream
262(3)
16.9 Beer and Brewing
265(2)
16.10 Wines and Spirits
267(1)
16.11 Soft Drinks
267(1)
16.12 Fruits
268(1)
16.13 Vegetables
269(1)
16.14 Bakery. Products
269(1)
16.15 Ready Meals
270(1)
16.16 Chocolate
271(2)
17 The Cold Chain -- Transport, Storage, Retail
273(16)
17.1 Introduction
273(1)
17.2 Air Transport
274(1)
17.3 Sea and Intermodal Transport
274(2)
17.4 Road and Rail Transport
276(3)
17.5 Logistics
279(1)
17.6 Refrigerated Display
280(3)
17.7 Retail Refrigeration
283(2)
17.8 Transition to Low GWP Refrigerants
285(4)
18 Industrial Applications
289(12)
18.1 Introduction
289(1)
18.2 R717 and R744 Industrial Systems
290(1)
18.3 Chilled Liquids for Cooling
291(1)
18.4 Solvent Recovery
292(1)
18.5 Low-Temperature Liquid Storage and Transport
292(1)
18.6 De-Waxing of Oils
293(1)
18.7 Ice and Snow Sports
293(1)
18.8 Cooling Concrete
294(1)
18.9 Ground Freezing
294(1)
18.10 Low-Temperature Testing
295(3)
18.11 Chemical Industry
298(3)
19 Air and Water Vapour Mixtures
301(12)
19.1 Introduction
301(1)
19.2 Calculation of Properties
301(2)
19.3 Moisture Content, Percentage Saturation, and Relative Humidity
303(1)
19.4 Dew Point
304(1)
19.5 Wet Bulb Temperature
305(2)
19.6 The Psychrometric Chart
307(2)
19.7 Effects on Human Comfort
309(1)
19.8 Climatic Conditions
310(1)
19.9 Other Comfort Factors
311(1)
19.10 Air Quality
312(1)
20 Air Treatment Fundamentals
313(16)
20.1 Introduction
313(1)
20.2 Heating
313(1)
20.3 Mixing of Airstreams
314(2)
20.4 Sensible Cooling
316(1)
20.5 Water Spray (Adiabatic Saturation)
317(2)
20.6 Steam Injection
319(1)
20.7 Air Washer with Chilled Water
320(2)
20.8 Cooling and Dehumidifying Coil
322(2)
20.9 Sensible--Latent Ratio
324(1)
20.10 Multi-Step Processes
324(4)
20.11 Process Analysis
328(1)
21 Practical Air Treatment
329(12)
21.1 Introduction
329(1)
21.2 Heating
329(3)
21.3 Cooling
332(4)
21.4 Dehumidification
336(1)
21.5 Numerical Examples
337(4)
22 Air Conditioning Load Estimation
341(10)
22.1 Introduction
341(1)
22.2 Components of Load
341(1)
22.3 Conduction Heat Gains
342(1)
22.4 Solar Heat
343(2)
22.5 Fresh Air
345(2)
22.6 Internal Heat Sources
347(1)
22.7 Assessment of Total Load Estimates
348(3)
23 Air Movement
351(24)
23.1 Introduction
351(1)
23.2 Static and Total Pressure
351(1)
23.3 Measuring Devices
352(4)
23.4 Fans
356(3)
23.5 Fan Laws and Fan Control
359(2)
23.6 Flow of Air in Ducts
361(2)
23.7 Flow of Air Under Kinetic Energy
363(5)
23.8 Flow of Air in a Room
368(1)
23.9 Grilles
369(1)
23.10 Return Air
370(1)
23.11 Textile Ducting
370(1)
23.12 Air Filtration
371(3)
23.13 Cleanliness and Cleaning of Ducting
374(1)
24 Air Conditioning Methods and Applications
375(18)
24.1 Introduction
375(2)
24.2 Air Handling Units
377(6)
24.3 Fan Coil Units
383(2)
24.4 Integral Units
385(1)
24.5 Underfloor Systems
386(1)
24.6 Static Cooling Devices
387(1)
24.7 Packaged Units and Split Systems
387(1)
24.8 Transport Air Conditioning
388(1)
24.9 Data Centre Cooling Applications
388(3)
24.10 Dehumification Applications
391(2)
25 Heat Pumps and Integrated Systems
393(16)
25.1 Introduction
393(1)
25.2 Heat Recovery and Reversible Air Conditioners
393(2)
25.3 Ground Source Heat Pumps
395(3)
25.4 Air Source Heat Pumps
398(1)
25.5 Heat Delivery in Residential and Commercial Heat Pumps
399(2)
25.6 VRV/VRF Systems
401(2)
25.7 Two-Pipe Systems
403(1)
25.8 Hybrid Heat Pumps
404(1)
25.9 Engine-Driven and Heat Powered Heat Pumps
405(1)
25.10 Heat Recovery from Refrigeration Installations
406(3)
26 Control Systems
409(12)
26.1 Introduction
409(1)
26.2 The Control Loop
409(1)
26.3 Detectors and Sensors
410(2)
26.4 Controllers
412(1)
26.5 Controlled Devices
413(1)
26.6 Controls Communications
414(2)
26.7 Control System Planning
416(2)
26.8 Commissioning of Control Systems
418(1)
26.9 The Internet of Things
418(3)
27 Commissioning and Maintenance
421(14)
27.1 Introduction
421(1)
27.2 Specification
421(1)
27.3 Commissioning
422(3)
27.4 Performance Measurements
425(1)
27.5 Planned Maintenance
426(3)
27.6 Repairs and Modifications
429(1)
27.7 Faultfinding
430(1)
27.8 Running Log
431(1)
27.9 Leak Testing
432(1)
27.10 Mandatory Inspections
433(1)
27.11 Training and Competence
433(2)
28 Efficiency, Running Cost and Carbon Footprint
435(12)
28.1 Introduction
435(1)
28.2 Energy Efficiency, COP and SEI
435(2)
28.3 Energy Efficiency, Practical Considerations
437(5)
28.4 Running Cost
442(1)
28.5 Life Cycle Cost Analysis
443(1)
28.6 Heat Pump/Boiler Comparison
444(1)
28.7 Efficiency Standards, Certification and Labelling
445(1)
28.8 Commitment to Energy Savings
446(1)
29 Noise and Vibration
447(10)
29.1 Introduction
447(1)
29.2 Noise Sources
447(2)
29.3 Noise Transmission and Attenuation
449(2)
29.4 Noise Perception
451(1)
29.5 Some Simple Rules
452(1)
29.6 Published Information
453(1)
29.7 Air System Noise
453(1)
29.8 Noise Prediction Software
454(1)
29.9 Vibration
454(3)
30 Renewable Energy Innovations
457(4)
30.1 Introduction
457(1)
30.2 Renewable Energy Storage and Availability
457(1)
30.3 Efficiency
458(1)
30.4 Examples
458(3)
Appendix 461(4)
List of Some Suggested Sources of Further Information 465(4)
Useful Web Sites 469(2)
References 471(4)
Subject Index 475
Guy Hundy has extensive experience in the design and application of refrigeration compressors. Previously Director of Application Engineering with Copeland Europe and a Past-President of the Institute of Refrigeration, he has particular expertise in the field of compressor performance and efficiency in commercial refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pumps. Hundy is currently Director at Aleph Zero Ltd a refrigeration and cooling optimization consultancy.
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