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Relativistic Cosmology [Mīkstie vāki]

(University of Cape Town), (University of Bristol),
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 636 pages, height x width x depth: 245x187x35 mm, weight: 1200 g, Worked examples or Exercises; 28 Halftones, unspecified; 28 Halftones, black and white; 40 Line drawings, black and white
  • Izdošanas datums: 03-Jun-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN-10: 1108812767
  • ISBN-13: 9781108812764
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  • Mīkstie vāki
  • Cena: 72,92 €
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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 636 pages, height x width x depth: 245x187x35 mm, weight: 1200 g, Worked examples or Exercises; 28 Halftones, unspecified; 28 Halftones, black and white; 40 Line drawings, black and white
  • Izdošanas datums: 03-Jun-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN-10: 1108812767
  • ISBN-13: 9781108812764
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Cosmology has been transformed by dramatic progress in high-precision observations and theoretical modelling. This book surveys key developments and open issues for graduate students and researchers. Using a relativistic geometric approach, it focuses on the general concepts and relations that underpin the standard model of the Universe. Part I covers foundations of relativistic cosmology whilst Part II develops the dynamical and observational relations for all models of the Universe based on general relativity. Part III focuses on the standard model of cosmology, including inflation, dark matter, dark energy, perturbation theory, the cosmic microwave background, structure formation and gravitational lensing. It also examines modified gravity and inhomogeneity as possible alternatives to dark energy. Anisotropic and inhomogeneous models are described in Part IV, and Part V reviews deeper issues, such as quantum cosmology, the start of the universe and the multiverse proposal. Colour versions of some figures are available at www.cambridge.org/9780521381154.

Recenzijas

" fills a gap in the existing literature on the subject. Written by three experts of General Relativity, it stresses the geometric aspects of cosmology and contains topics which are neglected in most texts on the subject: it discusses fundamental issues like the Copernican principle and the light-cone approach to cosmological observations. I like especially Part 3, where gauge-invariant, covariant cosmological perturbation theory is employed to study structure formation, fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background and different aspects of the Dark Energy problem including, especially a thorough discussion of backreaction. Finally, anisotropic and inhomogeneous models are presented, which at the present status of cosmology research, may turn out to be more than an academic exercise. This text, which always stresses the open questions on each given topic is very valuable and timely for graduate students and researchers in the field. Especially in view of the Dark Energy challenge which requires that we explore all avenues which may shed light in the bizarre apparent acceleration of cosmic expansion. The book helps us to take the necessary step back and re-consider the fundamental assumptions which go into the present cosmological standard model." Ruth Durrer, University of Geneva " a timely offering to the interested graduate student, as well as the astrophysicist realizing that the new astronomical data need concepts from general relativity for their correct interpretation. The authors have been well known for their untiring efforts to educate us all in the use of the general relativistic framework. They have over the years written on many topics concerning observational and theoretical aspects of cosmology. Fortunately now, all this work is integrated into the book in a standardized description which covers all the topics important for cosmology such as gravitational lensing, evolution of small perturbations in cosmological models, the relativistic effects important in the analysis of high redshift objects, the cosmic microwave background, etc. The necessary formalism is laid out lucidly, and elegantly. Deeper issues such as the significance of an inflationary phase, the question of how special our universe is, and even quantum cosmology are addressed. Different cosmological models are presented to illuminate how and to what precision observations single out a specific model. I highly recommend the book." Gerhard Börner, Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik and the Ludwig Maximilians Universität, München "As more and more accurate observational data of the Universe are accumulating, scientists are now well aware of the necessity of taking full account of general relativistic effects for correct interpretations of the observational data. This is exactly the kind of book that can offer you an occasion to learn such effects in cosmology systematically. The broadness of the topics covered is impressive. Yet, each topic is touched in an admirably concise and clear manner. This book will surely take you to frontiers of cosmology." Professor Misao Sasaki, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University "The science of the Universe has taken Physics and Astronomy by storm over the last few decades. The phenomenal progress in measuring the state of the Universe has made cosmology the premier field of research. While the current theoretical tools have proven to be more than adequate, Relativistic Cosmology now takes cosmology to a new level of sophistication. Ellis, MacCallum and Maartens have brought the geometry space time once again to the fore in a wonderfully comprehensive and coherent survey of the mathematical and physical techniques that need to be deployed to truly understand the origin and evolution of the Universe. This book will become an instant classic." Pedro Ferreira, University of Oxford " a very welcome addition to the textbook literature, and I can only hope that many authors will adopt the careful and critical style in which this text is written. I recommend it to everyone who has mastered a first course in cosmology at the graduate level and seeks a deeper understanding of cosmological models and their relation to observations." Thomas Peters, Contemporary Physics " a valuable and inspiring resource [ the authors] are well-known experts in general relativity and cosmology The layout and graphics of the book are quite appealing. The book's Exercises help the reader to reflect on the presented ideas and concepts, and its Problems highlight unsolved issues in modern cosmology. An extensive index and table of contents make it easy to find a topic of interest I strongly recommend, Relativistic Cosmology Best suited for graduate students, postdocs, and senior researchers, it offers a lot to explore and to learn about this exciting topic." Dominik J. Schwarz, Physics Today, " a book that makes the mathematical and theoretical aspects of relativistic cosmology accessible to the interested reader, but also a book that bridges the divide between the fields of theory and observation in modern cosmology I found this book to be a clear and concise summary of the many different aspects of relativistic cosmology it will certainly be a valuable tool for graduate students and researchers alike. I will be recommending it as reading material for my own PhD students, and suspect that I will be frequently returning to it myself as reference material. It is a valuable contribution to the subject." Timothy Clifton, General Relativity and Gravitation

Papildus informācija

Surveying key developments and open issues in cosmology for graduate students and researchers.
Preface xi
Part 1 Foundations
1 The nature of cosmology
3(22)
1.1 The aims of cosmology
3(2)
1.2 Observational evidence and its limitations
5(4)
1.3 A summary of current observations
9(8)
1.4 Cosmological concepts
17(3)
1.5 Cosmological models
20(3)
1.6 Overview
23(2)
2 Geometry
25(31)
2.1 Manifolds
26(2)
2.2 Tangent vectors and 1-forms
28(3)
2.3 Tensors
31(3)
2.4 Lie derivatives
34(1)
2.5 Connections and covariant derivatives
35(2)
2.6 The curvature tensor
37(2)
2.7 Riemannian geometry
39(12)
2.8 General bases and tetrads
51(2)
2.9 Hypersurfaces
53(3)
3 Classical physics and gravity
56(17)
3.1 Equivalence principles, gravity and local physics
56(5)
3.2 Conservation equations
61(3)
3.3 The field equations in relativity and their structure
64(5)
3.4 Relation to Newtonian theory
69(4)
Part 2 Relativistic cosmological models
4 Kinematics of cosmological models
73(16)
4.1 Comoving coordinates
73(1)
4.2 The fundamental 4-velocity
74(1)
4.3 Time derivatives and the acceleration vector
75(1)
4.4 Projection to give three-dimensional relations
76(3)
4.5 Relative position and velocity
79(1)
4.6 The kinematic quantities
80(6)
4.7 Curvature and the Ricci identities for the 4-velocity
86(2)
4.8 Identities for the projected covariant derivatives
88(1)
5 Matter in the universe
89(30)
5.1 Conservation laws
90(5)
5.2 Fluids
95(6)
5.3 Multiple fluids
101(3)
5.4 Kinetic theory
104(6)
5.5 Electromagnetic fields
110(5)
5.6 Scalar fields
115(2)
5.7 Quantum field theory
117(2)
6 Dynamics of cosmological models
119(34)
6.1 The Raychaudhuri-Ehlers equation
119(5)
6.2 Vorticity conservation
124(2)
6.3 The other Einstein field equations
126(6)
6.4 The Weyl tensor and the Bianchi identities
132(2)
6.5 The orthonormal 1+3 tetrad equations
134(5)
6.6 Structure of the 1+3 system of equations
139(4)
6.7 Global structure and singularities
143(4)
6.8 Newtonian models and Newtonian limits
147(6)
7 Observations in cosmological models
153(27)
7.1 Geometrical optics and null geodesics
153(3)
7.2 Redshifts
156(3)
7.3 Geometry of null geodesics and images
159(2)
7.4 Radiation energy and flux
161(6)
7.5 Specific intensity and apparent brightness
167(3)
7.6 Number counts
170(1)
7.7 Selection and detection issues
171(1)
7.8 Background radiation
172(1)
7.9 Causal and visual horizons
173(7)
8 Light-cone approach to relativistic cosmology
180(21)
8.1 Model-based approach
180(1)
8.2 Direct observational cosmology
181(5)
8.3 Ideal cosmography
186(1)
8.4 Field equations: determining the geometry
187(3)
8.5 Isotropic and partially isotropic observations
190(4)
8.6 Implications and opportunities
194(7)
Part 3 The standard model and extensions
9 Homogeneous FLRW universes
201(48)
9.1 FLRW geometries
202(8)
9.2 FLRW dynamics
210(2)
9.3 FLRW dynamics with barotropic fluids
212(8)
9.4 Phase planes
220(5)
9.5 Kinetic solutions
225(1)
9.6 Thermal history and contents of the universe
226(12)
9.7 Inflation
238(8)
9.8 Origin of FLRW geometry
246(1)
9.9 Newtonian case
247(2)
10 Perturbations of FLRW universes
249(33)
10.1 The gauge problem in cosmology
250(1)
10.2 Metric-based perturbation theory
251(11)
10.3 Covariant nonlinear perturbations
262(5)
10.4 Covariant linear perturbations
267(15)
11 The cosmic background radiation
282(25)
11.1 The CMB and spatial homogeneity: nonlinear analysis
282(5)
11.2 Linearized analysis of distribution multipoles
287(5)
11.3 Temperature anisotropies in the CMB
292(2)
11.4 Thomson scattering
294(1)
11.5 Scalar perturbations
295(5)
11.6 CMB polarization
300(3)
11.7 Vector and tensor perturbations
303(1)
11.8 Other background radiation
303(4)
12 Structure formation and gravitational lensing
307(38)
12.1 Correlation functions and power spectra
307(2)
12.2 Primordial perturbations from inflation
309(8)
12.3 Growth of density perturbations
317(13)
12.4 Gravitational lensing
330(9)
12.5 Cosmological applications of lensing
339(6)
13 Confronting the Standard Model with observations
345(25)
13.1 Observational basis for FLRW models
346(5)
13.2 FLRW observations: probing the background evolution
351(4)
13.3 Almost FLRW observations: probing structure formation
355(8)
13.4 Constraints and consistency checks
363(3)
13.5 Concordance model and further issues
366(4)
14 Acceleration from dark energy or modified gravity
370(25)
14.1 Overview of the problem
370(3)
14.2 Dark energy in an FLRW background
373(3)
14.3 Modified gravity in a RW background
376(14)
14.4 Constraining effective theories
390(1)
14.5 Conclusion
391(4)
15 'Acceleration' from large-scale inhomogeneity?
395(21)
15.1 Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi universes
395(4)
15.2 Observables and source evolution
399(2)
15.3 Can we fit area distance and number count observations?
401(2)
15.4 Testing background LTB with SNIa and CMB distances
403(3)
15.5 Perturbations of LTB
406(5)
15.6 Observational tests of spatial homogeneity
411(4)
15.7 Conclusion: status of the Copernican Principle
415(1)
16 'Acceleration' from small-scale inhomogeneity?
416(31)
16.1 Different scale descriptions
416(5)
16.2 Cosmological backreaction
421(2)
16.3 Specific models: almost FLRW
423(3)
16.4 Inhomogeneous models
426(6)
16.5 Importance of backreaction effects?
432(3)
16.6 Effects on observations
435(5)
16.7 Combination of effects: altering cosmic concordance?
440(1)
16.8 Entropy and coarse-graining
441(6)
Part 4 Anisotropic and inhomogeneous models
17 The space of cosmological models
447(9)
17.1 Cosmological models with symmetries
447(5)
17.2 The equivalence problem in cosmology
452(1)
17.3 The space of models and the role of symmetric models
453(3)
18 Spatially homogeneous anisotropic models
456(32)
18.1 Kantowski-Sachs universes: geometry and dynamics
457(1)
18.2 Bianchi I universes: geometry and dynamics
458(4)
18.3 Bianchi geometries and their field equations
462(5)
18.4 Bianchi universe dynamics
467(7)
18.5 Evolution of particular Bianchi models
474(7)
18.6 Cosmological consequences
481(5)
18.7 The Bianchi degrees of freedom
486(2)
19 Inhomogeneous models
488(23)
19.1 LTB revisited
490(1)
19.2 Swiss cheese revisited
491(2)
19.3 Self-similar models
493(2)
19.4 Models with a G3 acting on S2
495(1)
19.5 G2 cosmologies
496(2)
19.6 The Szekeres-Szafron family
498(3)
19.7 The Stephani-Barnes family
501(1)
19.8 Silent universes
501(1)
19.9 General dynamics of inhomogeneous models
502(1)
19.10 Cosmological applications
503(8)
Part 5 Broader perspectives
20 Quantum gravity and the start of the universe
511(24)
20.1 Is there a quantum gravity epoch?
511(1)
20.2 Quantum gravity effects
512(4)
20.3 String theory and cosmology
516(10)
20.4 Loop quantum gravity and cosmology
526(4)
20.5 Physics horizon
530(2)
20.6 Explaining the universe - the question of origins
532(3)
21 Cosmology in a larger setting
535(20)
21.1 Local physics and cosmology
535(4)
21.2 Varying 'constants'
539(3)
21.3 Anthropic question: fine-tuning for life
542(4)
21.4 Special or general? Probable or improbable?
546(2)
21.5 Possible existence of multiverses
548(6)
21.6 Why is the universe as it is?
554(1)
22 Conclusion: our picture of the universe
555(6)
22.1 A coherent view?
555(3)
22.2 Testing alternatives: probing the possibilities
558(1)
22.3 Limits of cosmology
559(2)
Appendix Some useful formulae 561(5)
A.1 Constants and units
561(2)
A.2 1+3 covariant equations
563(2)
A.3 Frequently used acronyms
565(1)
References 566(40)
Index 606
George Ellis, FRS, is Professor Emeritus at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. He is co-author with Stephen Hawking of The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time. Roy Maartens holds an SKA Research Chair at the University of the Western Cape, South Africa, and is Professor of Cosmology at the University of Portsmouth, UK. Malcolm MacCallum is Director of the Heilbronn Institute at the University of Bristol and is President of the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation.