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Remote Sensing of Glaciers: Techniques for Topographic, Spatial and Thematic Mapping of Glaciers [Hardback]

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  • Formāts: Hardback, 356 pages, height x width: 246x174 mm, weight: 839 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 16-Dec-2009
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0415401666
  • ISBN-13: 9780415401661
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Remote Sensing of Glaciers: Techniques for Topographic, Spatial and Thematic Mapping of GlaciersPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 356 pages, height x width: 246x174 mm, weight: 839 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 16-Dec-2009
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0415401666
  • ISBN-13: 9780415401661
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780415401661.html
Keywords:

Glaciers and ice sheets have been melting significantly during recent decades, posing environmental threats at local, regional and global scales. Changes in glaciers are one of the clearest indicators of alterations in regional climate, since they are governed by changes in accumulation (from snowfall) and ablation (by melting of ice). Glacier changes have been measured for the last century by traditional field measurements, resulting in long time series for a few glaciers. Remote sensing data and methods, and geographic information systems, provide the means to allow glacier changes to be monitored at a global scale, to be analysed rapidly and to store the results and present information to both scientific and popular audiences in a way which was not possible before the digital revolution. Remote sensing of glaciers began with terrestrial and aerial photography during the middle of the 20th century, but today the discipline embraces a large variety of data types from laser scanner data to very high resolution satellite imagery, which can be applied to the mapping of glacier changes in terms of area, surface zonation or thickness. This book highlights the history of the remote sensing of glaciers, the physics of glaciers and remote sensing of them, and focuses particularly on modern data and methods used by remote sensing specialists and glaciologists. The book presents examples of glacier research carried out, for example in the Alps, Norway, Iceland, Caucasus, Patagonia, Rocky Mountains, Pakistan, Antarctica, New Zealand, and Svalbard.
This book is of interest to specialists and students working in the field of remote sensing, glaciology, physical geography, geology and climate change.

Recenzijas

"Bringing together experts in remote sensing, glaciology, meteorology and geography, this book provides an overview of remote sensing data acquisition and processing methods for investigating glacier change. ...What makes the book a valuable resource to students and practitioners in natural sciences, especially in glaciology and remote sensing, is that in addition to reviewing the different remote sensing methods it provides background in glaciology as well as in the physics of glacial remote sensing." --Antarctic Science, 25, 2013

Foreword xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Author biography xvii
Preface: Remote sensing of glaciers-glaciological research using remote sensing xix
Abbreviations xxiii
Principles of remote sensing
1(20)
Background
1(1)
Electromagnetic radiation
2(1)
What properties of EMR can be measured?
3(2)
Resolution
5(4)
Spatial resolution
5(2)
Spectral resolution
7(1)
Radiometric resolution
7(1)
Temporal resolution
8(1)
How are electromagnetic measurements converted into information about glaciers?
9(1)
Passive remote sensing systems
9(6)
Aerial Photography
10(1)
Visible/near infrared scanners
10(4)
Thermal infrared scanners
14(1)
Active remote sensing systems
15(4)
Laser scanner (LiDAR)
15(1)
Ground-penetrating radar
15(1)
Synthetic Aperture Radar
16(3)
How are data obtained? What do they cost?
19(2)
The formation and dynamics of glaciers
21(20)
Introduction: How do glaciers form?
21(1)
The climate of today's glacier environment
21(4)
Accumulation and the formation of ice
25(1)
Energy balance and ablation
26(1)
Mass balance: Definitions and Key Parameters
27(1)
Ice flow
28(5)
Methods of mass balance determination
33(3)
The geodetic method
33(1)
The direct glaciological method
34(1)
The dynamic (balance) velocity method
35(1)
The hydrological method
36(1)
Debris cover and moraines
36(1)
Conclusions
37(4)
Glacier parameters monitored using remote sensing
41(26)
Introduction
41(1)
Glaciers in the world
41(2)
Reflectance and albedo
43(2)
Surface temperature and surface melting
45(3)
Glacier zones and mass balance
48(7)
Glacier zones
48(3)
Glacier mass balance
51(4)
Glacier area
55(1)
Glacier topography
56(3)
Bed topography and glacier volume
59(1)
Glacier velocity
60(2)
Summary
62(5)
The early history of remote sensing of glaciers
67(14)
Introduction
67(1)
Early glacier observations
67(3)
The Scientific approach
70(2)
Glacier mapping from point observations
71(1)
The dawn of Photogrammetry
72(3)
The golden age of terrestrial glacier mapping
75(2)
The aerial perspective and the step into a new age
77(4)
Physics of glacier remote sensing
81(18)
Introduction
81(1)
Glacier ice and snow
82(8)
Formation of glaciers
82(2)
Glacier surface layer: snow
84(4)
Glacier surface layer: ice
88(1)
Glacier flow
89(1)
Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with ice and snow
90(5)
General
90(1)
Optical and near infrared signals
91(2)
Thermal infrared signals
93(1)
Microwave signals
94(1)
Potential uses for remote sensing of glaciers
95(4)
Terrestrial photogrammetry in glacier studies
99(16)
The early days of terrestrial photogrammetry
101(1)
The new era of digital terrestrial photogrammetry
102(2)
Glacier DEMs from terrestrial close-range photographs: Case study of Hintereisferner
104(6)
The glacier surface as an object for terrestrial photography
104(2)
The setting and equipment
106(2)
Orientations and DEM production
108(1)
Digital elevation models generated from terrestrial photogrammetry
109(1)
Prospects for terrestrial photogrammetry
110(5)
Aerial photogrammetry in glacier studies
115(22)
Introduction
115(1)
Interpretation and mapping
116(1)
Generation of digital terrain models
117(4)
Analogue and analytical photogrammetry
117(1)
Digital photogrammetry of frame imagery
118(2)
Digital photogrammetry of airborne pushbroom imagery
120(1)
Errors of photogrammetric DEMs
121(3)
General
121(1)
Case study
122(1)
Error detection and DEM evaluation
123(1)
Vertical DEM differences
124(3)
Lateral terrain displacements
127(4)
Analogue and analytical photogrammetry
127(1)
Digital image matching
127(4)
Conclusions
131(6)
Optical remote sensing of glacier extent
137(16)
Spectral properties
137(3)
Glacier mapping and satellite sensor characteristics
140(5)
Glacier mapping
145(4)
Threshold ratio images
146(3)
Manual corrections
149(1)
Conclusions
149(4)
SAR imaging of glaciers
153(26)
Introduction
153(1)
SAR image formation
154(3)
SAR interferometry
157(5)
InSAR for DEM generation
157(1)
InSAR for surface displacement measurement
157(3)
Error contributions in InSAR observed surface displacements
160(1)
Phase noise estimation
161(1)
Decorrelation sources
162(1)
SAR backscatter from snow and ice
162(4)
Backscatter modelling
164(1)
First order solution
165(1)
SAR glacier flow velocity measurements
166(3)
InSAR velocity
166(1)
Feature tracking velocity
167(2)
Speckle/coherence tracking velocity
169(1)
SAR glacier velocity summary
169(1)
SAR glacier DEM
169(2)
SAR glacier facies detection
171(3)
Summary
174(5)
Airborne laser scanning in glacier studies
179(16)
Measurement principles and resulting data sets
179(3)
Previous use of airborne laser scanning in glaciological studies
182(2)
The airborne laser scanner data sets in the OMEGA project
184(2)
Application of airborne laser scanning data in glacier studies
186(4)
Surface elevation change
186(1)
Derivation of glacier velocities
187(1)
Surface roughness values as input for energy balance modelling
188(1)
Glacier surface classification
188(2)
Automatic glacier delineation and crevasse detection
190(1)
Conclusions
190(5)
Ground-penetrating radar in glaciological applications
195(36)
Introduction
195(1)
Radio-wave propagation in glacier ice
195(3)
Radar systems
198(5)
An overview of radar systems used in glaciology
198(2)
Radar system elements
200(2)
Detection and resolution
202(1)
Operating radars on glaciers
203(4)
Processing techniques
207(2)
Internal structure and ice properties
209(7)
Internal layering
209(4)
Density, water content, hydrological aspects
213(3)
Crevasses
216(1)
Englacial channels
216(1)
Basal properties
216(2)
Ice thickness and bedrock topography
218(1)
Conditions at the glacier bed
218(1)
Estimating ice volume and bed topography from ice thickness data
218(2)
Procedure for constructing glacier surface, ice thickness and bed topography maps and for estimating ice volume
220(1)
Error in ice thickness
220(4)
Vertical resolution of radar data
221(1)
Error in thickness due to error in RWV
221(2)
Error in thickness associated with lack of migration
223(1)
Surface interpolation error
224(1)
Error estimates for ice volume and bed topography computations
224(7)
Detection and visualization of glacier area changes
231(14)
Introduction
231(1)
Simple image overlay
231(2)
Orthorectification of satellite images
233(2)
GIS-based calculations
235(3)
Visualisation of glacier change
238(1)
Recent glacier changes in the Alps
239(6)
Detection of distortions in digital elevation models: simultaneous data acquisition at Hintereisferner glacier
245(24)
Introduction
245(1)
Related work
246(2)
Simultaneous data acquisition
248(2)
Methods
250(2)
Correction of differences in georeferencing
250(1)
Detection of distortions
251(1)
Results
252(14)
Accuracy against ground truth data
252(4)
Uncertainties due to different reference coordinate systems
256(2)
Mean and RMS differences in elevation between DEMs
258(3)
Distortions
261(5)
Conclusions
266(3)
Accuracy aspects in topographical change detection of glacier surface
269(16)
Introduction
269(1)
Previous research
269(1)
Methods for detecting and measuring changes
270(5)
Change in elevation
270(3)
Change in volume
273(2)
Case studies
275(7)
Aerial photography and laser scanner DEMs over Svartisheibreen
275(3)
Sequence of laser scanner DEMs over Hintereisferner
278(4)
Conclusions
282(3)
The role of remote sensing in worldwide glacier monitoring
285(12)
Introduction
285(1)
The global hierarchical observing strategy
285(3)
The role of remote sensing
288(3)
Global Land Ice Measurements from Space project and other projects
291(6)
Conclusions
297(4)
Copyrights for figures 301(2)
Authors 303(4)
Reviewers 307(2)
Subject index 309(6)
Colour plates 315
Petri Pellikka obtained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees at the University of Helsinki, Finland, specializing in Physical geography and Development geography. He carried out his Ph.D. studies at the University of Munich, Germany and at the University of Oulu, Finland, on airborne video camera sensor calibration and its application in studies of forest phenology in the German Alps. Dr. Pellikka has been a professor of geoinformatics at the Faculty of Science of the University of Helsinki since 2002. He leads the GeoInformatics Research Group of 10 researchers and Ph.D. students at the Department of Geosciences and Geography. His current research activities are on remote sensing of forest, land cover and land use changes in East Africa, particularly Kenya. He has published over 110 scientific papers and over 40 popular articles.





Gareth Rees studied Natural Sciences as an undergraduate, specialising in Physics, and Radio Astronomy for his PhD, at the University of Cambridge. Since 1985 he has been a member of the academic staff at the Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI), specialising in the application of spaceborne and airborne remote sensing techniques to the investigation of polar environments. He directs the Polar Landscape and Remote Sensing Group at SPRI. The work of this group includes field-based investigation of glaciers and ice caps in Svalbard and Iceland and laboratory-based studies of snow and terrestrial ice in other parts of the world including Siberia and the Caucasus Mountains. The group also has a major research focus on the dynamics of high-latitude vegetation (tundra and the northern part of the boreal forest) and its response to global climate change, and Dr Rees is the co-director of a core project of the International Polar Year that is investigating the Arctic treeline region. Dr Rees conducts frequent fieldwork in Svalbard and in northern Russia. He has published seven books and over 70 scientific