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Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 Anatomy and Physiology
The Renal System
Kidneys (external)
The Nephrons
The Functions of the Kidney
Kidney Blood Supply
Urine Formation
Hormonal Control of Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
Composition of Urine
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Male Urethra
Female Urethra
Micturition
Conclusion
References
Glossary of Terms
MCQs
Chapter 2 Renal System Assessment
Assessing Needs
History Taking
Effective Communication
The Health History
Application of the Patient History to Renal System Conditions
Introduction and Establishing Rapport
Chief Complaint and Presenting Symptoms
History of Present Illness
Pain Assessment
Past Medical History
Medication History
Allergy History
Family History
Dietary Habits, Including Salt and Fluid Intake
Social History
Occupational History
Review of Systems
Urinary Habits
Fluid Intake and Output
Weight
Fluid Balance Charts
Psychosocial History
Patient Concerns and Expectations
Patient Education Needs
The Physical Examination
Specific Gravity
Additional Factors
Conclusion
References
Glossary of Terms
MCQs
Chapter 3 Pyelonephritis
Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Pyelonephritis
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Presentation
Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis
Clinical Investigations
Management
Health Teaching
Conclusion
References
Glossary of Terms
MCQs
Chapter 4 Acute Kidney Injury
Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Acute Kidney Injury
Categorisation of AKI
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Presentation
Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis
The History
Physical Examination
Investigation and Tests
Laboratory Tests
Management
Health teaching
Conclusion
References
Glossary of Terms
MCQs
Chapter 5 Chronic Kidney Disease
Acute Kidney Injury
Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Chronic Kidney Injury
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Presentation
Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis
Categorisation of CKD
Medical History and Physical Examination
Investigations and Tests
Management
Health Teaching
Conclusion
References
Glossary
MCQs
Chapter 6 Renal Calculi
Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Renal Calculi
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Presentation
Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis
Physical Examination
Clinical Investigations
Management
Health Teaching
Conclusion
References
Glossary of Terms
MCQs
Chapter 7 Bladder Cancer
Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Bladder Cancer
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Presentation
Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis
History Taking
Physical Examination
Staging of Bladder Cancer
Bladder Cancer Grading
Investigations
Management
Treating Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer
Treating Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer
Health Teaching
Conclusion
References
Glossary of Terms
MCQs
Chapter 8 Urinary tract infection
Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Urinary Tract Infection
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Presentation
Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis
History Taking
The Physical Examination
Clinical Investigations
Obtaining a Midstream Specimen of Urine
Management
Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection
Health Teaching
Conclusion
References
Glossary of Terms
MCQs
MCQ Answers
Index
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