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E-grāmata: Renewable Energy Landscape: Preserving Scenic Values in our Sustainable Future

Edited by (Scenic Quality Consultants, USA), Edited by , Edited by (Arizona State University, USA), Edited by (MIG, USA), Edited by
  • Formāts: 342 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Aug-2016
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781317211020
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  • Formāts: 342 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Aug-2016
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781317211020
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Winner of the 2017 EDRA Great Places Award (Research Category)

Winner of the 2017 VT ASLA Chapter Award of Excellence (Communications Category)

The Renewable Energy Landscape is a definitive guide to understanding, assessing, avoiding, and minimizing scenic impacts as we transition to a more renewable energy future. It focuses attention, for the first time, on the unique challenges solar, wind, and geothermal energy will create for landscape protection, planning, design, and management.

Topics addressed include:





Policies aimed at managing scenic impacts from renewable energy development and their social acceptance within North America, Europe and Australia Visual characteristics of energy facilities, including the design and planning techniques for avoiding or mitigating impacts or improving visual fit Methods of assessing visual impacts or energy projects and the best practices for creating and using visual simulations Policy recommendations for political and regulatory bodies

A comprehensive and practical book, The Renewable Energy Landscape is an essential resource for those engaged in planning, designing, or regulating the impacts of these new, critical energy sources, as well as a resource for communities that may be facing the prospect of development in their local landscape.

Recenzijas

Long overdue, this guide on how to place renewable energy in the landscape to maximize public acceptance is critical to the energy transition that is so desperately needed

Paul Gipe, early advocate of aesthetic design for wind and solar power plants, author of Wind Energy for the Rest of Us: A Comprehensive Guide to Wind Power and How to Use It.

Instrumental reading for those that want an energy future that is not only sustainable and affordable, but inclusive and just. If we are to achieve public support for a sustainable energy future, we must minimize natural public resistance to change. This book shows how to do it.

Benjamin K. Sovacool, Professor of Energy Policy, University of Sussex, UK and Editor in Chief for the Journal of Energy Research & Social Science

List of Illustrations
ix
Plates ix
Figures
xi
Tables
xvi
Foreword xviii
Preface xx
Acknowledgements xxii
1 Introduction to the changing landscapes of renewable energy
1(16)
1.1 Driving across America in the year 2030
2(6)
1.2 The challenge
8(9)
PART I
2 Conserving scenery during an energy transition
17(24)
2.1 Introduction
17(1)
2.2 Visual elements of renewable energy landscapes
18(5)
2.3 The early years
23(7)
Case study 2.1 The San Gorgonio California Wind Study
27(3)
2.4 Evolving visual impact assessment methods
30(2)
2.5 Visibility assessment techniques
32(1)
Case study 2.2 Cape Wind, Massachusetts
32(1)
2.6 Visual impact thresholds
33(3)
2.7 Summary
36(5)
3 Managing new energy landscapes in the USA, Canada, and Australia
41(37)
3.1 Introduction
41(1)
3.2 US federal and state support for renewable energy
42(7)
3.3 State and local review of renewable energy projects --- the crazy quilt
49(7)
3.4 What about utility-scale solar development in North America?
56(1)
3.5 US legal issues with State and local renewable energy siting
57(1)
3.6 Canadian laws, ordinances, regulations, and standards
58(3)
3.7 Renewable energy guidance for Australia
61(6)
3.8 Summary and conclusions
67(11)
4 Adjusting to renewable energy in a crowded Europe
78(30)
4.1 Introduction
78(2)
4.2 Policy context
80(3)
4.3 The European landscape
83(4)
4.4 Overview of methods and approaches to considering landscape in windfarm development
87(1)
4.5 Strategic planning: locational aspects and landscape capacity
88(2)
4.6 Site level planning and design
90(3)
4.7 Landscape and visual impact assessment
93(1)
4.8 Assessment methodology
94(11)
4.9 Taking account of public perceptions and opinions
105(1)
4.10 Conclusions
106(2)
5 Social acceptance of renewable energy landscapes
108(37)
5.1 Introduction
108(1)
5.2 General public reactions to renewable energy
109(4)
5.3 National public response to renewable energy
113(11)
5.4 Offshore wind energy development social factors
124(3)
5.5 Commercial solar energy and social acceptability factors
127(2)
5.6 Social receptivity and geothermal energy development
129(1)
5.7 Summary of acceptability by renewable energy type
130(1)
5.8 Renewable wind energy facilities and visual perception
131(14)
PART II
6 The visual signatures of renewable energy projects
145(31)
6.1 Introduction
145(1)
6.2 Visual contrast
145(4)
6.3 Visibility factors
149(6)
6.4 Visual contrasts of onshore and offshore wind, solar, geothermal, and electric transmission facilities
155(19)
Case study 6.1 Comparing visibility of solar facilities
167(7)
6.5 Summary and conclusions
174(2)
7 Improving the visual fit of renewable energy projects
176(22)
7.1 Introduction
176(1)
7.2 Assessing and incorporating landscape aesthetic characteristics
177(3)
7.3 Recommended best practices
180(16)
Case study 7.1 South Fork Valley PV Solar Project
191(5)
7.4 Summary and conclusion
196(2)
8 Measuring scenic impacts of renewable energy projects
198(25)
8.1 Introduction
198(2)
8.2 Visual Impact Assessment framework
200(1)
8.3 Scope and objectives of the Visual Impact Assessment
201(2)
8.4 Viewshed analysis
203(2)
Case study 8.1 Sinclair-Thomas Matrix --- using viewshed analysis and threshold distances to summarize impacts
204(1)
8.5 Baseline conditions
205(6)
Case study 8.2 Cape Cod Commission Visual Impact Assessment guidance for offshore development
207(3)
Case study 8.3 Viewer intercept surveys
210(1)
8.6 Visual Impact Assessment
211(4)
8.7 Cumulative visual impact
215(2)
8.8 Mitigation of visual impacts
217(3)
Case study 8.4 Dry Lake Solar Energy Zone offsite mitigation
219(1)
8.9 Summary
220(3)
9 Visualizing proposed renewable energy projects
223(20)
9.1 Introduction
223(2)
9.2 Guidelines for producing and evaluating simulations
225(3)
9.3 Photomontage production summary
228(5)
Case study 9.1 Visualization study for offshore North Carolina
230(3)
9.4 Animations
233(1)
9.5 Limitations of simulations
234(2)
9.6 Sources of error and inaccuracy in simulations
236(2)
9.7 Other types of simulations
238(3)
9.8 Summary
241(2)
10 Engaging communities in creating new energy landscapes
243(15)
10.1 Introduction
243(2)
10.2 Consultation and participation methods
245(3)
10.3 Participatory process evaluation
248(1)
10.4 Visual impact assessment and the consultation process
248(1)
10.5 Projecting landscape futures and alternatives
249(1)
10.6 Landscape impact equity
250(1)
10.7 Mitigation of impacts
251(1)
10.8 Cumulative impacts
252(2)
10.9 Summary and conclusion
254(4)
11 Conclusion: Policy recommendations for the new energy landscape
258(17)
11.1 Regulatory legal and policy issues
259(1)
11.2 Developing multiple landscape zoning
259(1)
11.3 Determining visibility across landscape zones
260(1)
11.4 Building scenic inventory baselines
260(1)
11.5 Integrated environmental planning for renewable energy
261(2)
11.6 Best practices framework
263(2)
11.7 Tightening visual and scenic analysis methods
265(2)
11.8 Determination of acceptability or undue aesthetic impacts
267(1)
11.9 Potential assessment and mitigation needs
268(1)
11.10 Research needs
269(1)
11.11 Final recommendations
270(5)
Editors and contributors 275(4)
Index 279
Dean Apostol is Senior Landscape Architect and Restoration Ecologist for MIG Inc, a consulting firm with offices in California, Oregon and Colorado, USA. He researches, consults, and does environmental analysis on energy projects and aesthetic impacts.

James Palmer has had a distinguished professional career in landscape architecture spanning thirty-five years, focusing on the assessment of landscape character and aesthetic quality. Through publications, peer reviews, court expert testimony, and teaching, he has raised the standards in the field. He frequently consults on wind energy aesthetic impacts in the Northeast.

Martin Pasqualetti is Professor in the School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning at Arizona State University, USA, and a Senior Sustainability Scientist in the Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability. For over forty years, he has been examining the relationships between energy and environment, especially the formation and mitigation of renewable energy landscapes.

Richard Smardon is a SUNY Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus at the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry in Syracuse, New York, USA, and has over thirty-five years of experience with visual impact assessment methodology development, twenty years of project management, and has testified in over fifteen cases with visual impact assessment issues.

Robert Sullivan is an environmental scientist in Argonne National Laboratory's Environmental Science Division, USA. He conducts research on the visual impacts of fossil fuel and renewable energy systems, and develops guidance documents for federal agencies on visual resource inventory, management, and protection.