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ix | |
Plates |
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ix | |
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xi | |
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xvi | |
Foreword |
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xviii | |
Preface |
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xx | |
Acknowledgements |
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xxii | |
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1 Introduction to the changing landscapes of renewable energy |
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1 | (16) |
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1.1 Driving across America in the year 2030 |
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2 | (6) |
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8 | (9) |
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2 Conserving scenery during an energy transition |
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17 | (24) |
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17 | (1) |
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2.2 Visual elements of renewable energy landscapes |
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18 | (5) |
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23 | (7) |
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Case study 2.1 The San Gorgonio California Wind Study |
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27 | (3) |
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2.4 Evolving visual impact assessment methods |
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30 | (2) |
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2.5 Visibility assessment techniques |
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32 | (1) |
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Case study 2.2 Cape Wind, Massachusetts |
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32 | (1) |
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2.6 Visual impact thresholds |
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33 | (3) |
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36 | (5) |
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3 Managing new energy landscapes in the USA, Canada, and Australia |
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41 | (37) |
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41 | (1) |
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3.2 US federal and state support for renewable energy |
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42 | (7) |
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3.3 State and local review of renewable energy projects --- the crazy quilt |
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49 | (7) |
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3.4 What about utility-scale solar development in North America? |
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56 | (1) |
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3.5 US legal issues with State and local renewable energy siting |
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57 | (1) |
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3.6 Canadian laws, ordinances, regulations, and standards |
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58 | (3) |
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3.7 Renewable energy guidance for Australia |
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61 | (6) |
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3.8 Summary and conclusions |
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67 | (11) |
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4 Adjusting to renewable energy in a crowded Europe |
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78 | (30) |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (3) |
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4.3 The European landscape |
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83 | (4) |
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4.4 Overview of methods and approaches to considering landscape in windfarm development |
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87 | (1) |
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4.5 Strategic planning: locational aspects and landscape capacity |
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88 | (2) |
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4.6 Site level planning and design |
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90 | (3) |
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4.7 Landscape and visual impact assessment |
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93 | (1) |
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4.8 Assessment methodology |
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94 | (11) |
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4.9 Taking account of public perceptions and opinions |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (2) |
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5 Social acceptance of renewable energy landscapes |
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108 | (37) |
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108 | (1) |
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5.2 General public reactions to renewable energy |
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109 | (4) |
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5.3 National public response to renewable energy |
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113 | (11) |
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5.4 Offshore wind energy development social factors |
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124 | (3) |
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5.5 Commercial solar energy and social acceptability factors |
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127 | (2) |
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5.6 Social receptivity and geothermal energy development |
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129 | (1) |
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5.7 Summary of acceptability by renewable energy type |
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130 | (1) |
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5.8 Renewable wind energy facilities and visual perception |
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131 | (14) |
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6 The visual signatures of renewable energy projects |
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145 | (31) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (4) |
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149 | (6) |
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6.4 Visual contrasts of onshore and offshore wind, solar, geothermal, and electric transmission facilities |
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155 | (19) |
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Case study 6.1 Comparing visibility of solar facilities |
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167 | (7) |
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6.5 Summary and conclusions |
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174 | (2) |
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7 Improving the visual fit of renewable energy projects |
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176 | (22) |
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176 | (1) |
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7.2 Assessing and incorporating landscape aesthetic characteristics |
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177 | (3) |
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7.3 Recommended best practices |
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180 | (16) |
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Case study 7.1 South Fork Valley PV Solar Project |
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191 | (5) |
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7.4 Summary and conclusion |
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196 | (2) |
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8 Measuring scenic impacts of renewable energy projects |
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198 | (25) |
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198 | (2) |
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8.2 Visual Impact Assessment framework |
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200 | (1) |
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8.3 Scope and objectives of the Visual Impact Assessment |
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201 | (2) |
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203 | (2) |
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Case study 8.1 Sinclair-Thomas Matrix --- using viewshed analysis and threshold distances to summarize impacts |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (6) |
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Case study 8.2 Cape Cod Commission Visual Impact Assessment guidance for offshore development |
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207 | (3) |
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Case study 8.3 Viewer intercept surveys |
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210 | (1) |
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8.6 Visual Impact Assessment |
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211 | (4) |
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8.7 Cumulative visual impact |
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215 | (2) |
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8.8 Mitigation of visual impacts |
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217 | (3) |
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Case study 8.4 Dry Lake Solar Energy Zone offsite mitigation |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (3) |
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9 Visualizing proposed renewable energy projects |
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223 | (20) |
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223 | (2) |
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9.2 Guidelines for producing and evaluating simulations |
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225 | (3) |
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9.3 Photomontage production summary |
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228 | (5) |
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Case study 9.1 Visualization study for offshore North Carolina |
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230 | (3) |
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233 | (1) |
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9.5 Limitations of simulations |
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234 | (2) |
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9.6 Sources of error and inaccuracy in simulations |
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236 | (2) |
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9.7 Other types of simulations |
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238 | (3) |
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241 | (2) |
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10 Engaging communities in creating new energy landscapes |
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243 | (15) |
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243 | (2) |
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10.2 Consultation and participation methods |
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245 | (3) |
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10.3 Participatory process evaluation |
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248 | (1) |
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10.4 Visual impact assessment and the consultation process |
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248 | (1) |
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10.5 Projecting landscape futures and alternatives |
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249 | (1) |
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10.6 Landscape impact equity |
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250 | (1) |
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10.7 Mitigation of impacts |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (2) |
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10.9 Summary and conclusion |
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254 | (4) |
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11 Conclusion: Policy recommendations for the new energy landscape |
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258 | (17) |
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11.1 Regulatory legal and policy issues |
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259 | (1) |
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11.2 Developing multiple landscape zoning |
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259 | (1) |
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11.3 Determining visibility across landscape zones |
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260 | (1) |
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11.4 Building scenic inventory baselines |
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260 | (1) |
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11.5 Integrated environmental planning for renewable energy |
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261 | (2) |
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11.6 Best practices framework |
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263 | (2) |
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11.7 Tightening visual and scenic analysis methods |
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265 | (2) |
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11.8 Determination of acceptability or undue aesthetic impacts |
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267 | (1) |
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11.9 Potential assessment and mitigation needs |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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11.11 Final recommendations |
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270 | (5) |
Editors and contributors |
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275 | (4) |
Index |
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279 | |