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E-grāmata: Research Methodology: The Aims, Practices and Ethics of Science

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  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Feb-2016
  • Izdevniecība: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783319271675
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Research Methodology: The Aims, Practices and Ethics of SciencePalielināt
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Feb-2016
  • Izdevniecība: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783319271675
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This book is an in-depth guide to effective scientific research. Ranging from the philosophical to the practical, it explains at the outset what science can – and can’t – achieve, and discusses its relationship to mathematics and laws. The author then pays extensive attention to the scientific method, including experimental design, verification, uncertainty and statistics. A major aim of the book is to help young scientists reflect upon the deeper aims of their work and make the best use of their talents in contributing to progress. To this end, it also includes sections on planning research, on presenting one’s findings in writing, as well as on ethics and the responsibilities of scientists.  

Recenzijas

The target audience for Research Methodology is clearly young researchers in the natural sciences, although even seasoned investigators would benefit from the insights . a book that covers a great many fundamental topics in research and is also enjoyable reading. For this, Professor Pruzan is to be congratulated. I think Research Methodology should be required reading for every student embarking on a research-oriented career. (David B. Glick, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Vol. 124 (5), 2017) The book is just plainly interesting from both a philosophical point of view and in its considerable practical material, a breadth of material not found elsewhere. Research Methodology is a remarkable book which I highly recommend to both PhD students and working scientists. It is clear, well written, and thought provoking. (Martin A. Uman, Journal of Research Practice, Vol. 13 (1), August, 2017)

1 Introduction
1(6)
2 Science
7(70)
2.1 A Very Brief, Incomplete and Highly Selective History of Science
7(9)
2.2 What Is Science?
16(16)
2.2.1 Science as Facts
18(5)
2.2.2 Science as Generalization---and as Establishing Verifiable and True Theories
23(2)
2.2.3 Some Distinctions When Describing Science
25(2)
2.2.4 Science as a Social Activity
27(1)
2.2.5 Scientific Revolutions and Paradigms
28(4)
2.3 Science and Non-science/Pseudo-science
32(6)
2.3.1 An Exercise as to Science and Pseudo-Science
37(1)
2.4 The Aims and Claims of Science
38(5)
2.4.1 Science and Democratic Development
42(1)
2.5 The Limitations of Science
43(12)
2.5.1 Presuppositions---and Science as Faith
44(4)
2.5.2 Fundamental Questions as to Physical Reality
48(1)
2.5.3 Rationality
49(3)
2.5.4 Innate Limitations
52(3)
2.6 Description, Causality, Prediction, and Explanation
55(11)
2.6.1 Description
55(2)
2.6.2 Causality
57(4)
2.6.3 Prediction
61(3)
2.6.4 Explanation
64(2)
2.7 Realism and Anti-realism
66(4)
2.8 Mathematics and Science
70(7)
2.8.1 Is Mathematics Created by Humans, or Is It Immanent in Nature and Discovered?
70(1)
2.8.2 What Is the Ontological Status of Mathematics?
71(3)
2.8.3 If Mathematics Is Embodied in Nature, Is the Universe Deterministic?
74(1)
2.8.4 Are We Able to Describe All Relationships in the Universe with Mathematics?
75(2)
3 Hypotheses, Theories and Laws
77(20)
3.1 Hypotheses
77(7)
3.1.1 Criteria for the Relevance of Hypotheses
83(1)
3.2 Theories
84(9)
3.2.1 Criteria for "Good" Theories
87(6)
3.3 Laws
93(4)
4 Scientific Statements: Their Justification and Acceptance
97(18)
4.1 Verification (Deductive and Inductive Reasoning in Science)
98(7)
4.2 Falsification
105(4)
4.3 Acceptance
109(2)
4.4 Peer Review
111(4)
5 Measurement
115(22)
5.1 Processes, Instruments and Operationalization
115(5)
5.1.1 Operationalization (Variables and Indicators)
119(1)
5.2 Criteria in Measurement
120(4)
5.2.1 Validity
121(1)
5.2.2 Reliability
122(2)
5.2.3 Reproducibility/Replicability
124(1)
5.3 Measurement Errors
124(13)
5.3.1 Potential Sources of Measurement Error
125(2)
5.3.2 Random and Systematic Errors
127(1)
5.3.3 Whether to Discard a Measurement
128(2)
Appendix A Units of Measure
130(2)
Appendix B Significant Digits/Figures and Rounding
132(5)
6 Experimentation
137(38)
6.1 The Roles and Limitations of Experimentation
137(6)
6.1.1 Natural Experiments
139(2)
6.1.2 Manipulative Experiments
141(1)
6.1.3 Comparative Experiments
142(1)
6.2 Experimentation and Research
143(3)
6.3 Conducting Experiments
146(6)
6.4 Validity and Reliability in Experimentation
152(9)
6.4.1 Validity
152(5)
6.4.2 Reliability
157(2)
6.4.3 Epistemological Strategies
159(2)
6.5 Design of Experiments
161(14)
6.5.1 Pre-experiments
166(1)
6.5.2 True Experiments
167(6)
Appendix: An Experiment as to Fluffiness of Bread
173(2)
7 Scientific Method and the Design of Research
175(32)
7.1 The Scientific Method?
175(6)
7.2 Research Design
181(26)
7.2.1 Components
183(5)
7.2.2 Research Design and Your Proposal
188(7)
Appendix: Checklists to Assist You in the Preparation of Proposals (and Dissertations)
195(12)
8 Uncertainty, Probability and Statistics in Research
207(50)
8.1 Probability
208(18)
8.1.1 Probability Concepts
211(4)
8.1.2 Fundamental Requirements
215(2)
8.1.3 Probability Axioms
217(3)
8.1.4 Probability Theorems
220(1)
8.1.5 Bayes' Theorem
221(5)
8.2 Inductive Logic and Statistics
226(20)
8.2.1 The Bayesian Paradigm
228(4)
8.2.2 Bayesian Decision
232(5)
8.2.3 The Frequentist Paradigm
237(9)
8.3 Bayesian Versus Frequentist Approaches to Inference
246(8)
8.4 Brief Overview of "Uncertainty, Probability and Statistics"
254(3)
9 Research
257(16)
9.1 Basic, Applied and Evaluation Research
257(6)
9.2 Multidisciplinary and Interdisciplinary Research
263(3)
9.3 The Value of Having Research Skills
266(1)
9.4 Formulating a Research Problem
267(2)
9.5 Research in Relation to Teaching and Publishing
269(4)
10 Ethics and Responsibility in Scientific Research
273(40)
10.1 Ethics
274(13)
10.1.1 Western and Eastern Perspectives on the Source of Ethics
277(2)
10.1.2 Unethics
279(8)
10.2 Guidelines for Ethical Practices in Research
287(8)
10.3 From Unethics to Ethics in Research
295(6)
10.4 The Responsibility of Scientists and of Science as an Institution
301(12)
References
307(6)
Index 313
Dr. Peter Pruzan is Professor Emeritus at the Department of Management, Politics & Philosophy, Copenhagen Business School (CBS) in Denmark. He was born and raised in the United States, holds degrees from Princeton (B.Sc.), Harvard (MBA), Case-Western Reserve (PhD), and the University of Copenhagen (Sc.D.). He is a naturalised Danish citizen. Peter Pruzan has been the president of a successful, innovative, international consultancy and held professorships at the Technical University of Denmark, the University of Copenhagen and CBS. He spends roughly half of each year abroad, primarily in India, where he mentors PhD students on Research Methodology. 
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