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E-grāmata: Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences

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(St. Bonaventure University)
  • Formāts: 616 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 28-Jun-2022
  • Izdevniecība: SAGE Publications Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781071895412
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Research Methods for the Behavioral SciencesPalielināt
  • Formāts: 616 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 28-Jun-2022
  • Izdevniecība: SAGE Publications Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781071895412
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The Updated Third Edition has been fully revised for the seventh edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2020), both in the APA style sections within content and the references. The language within the text has been updated to be as inclusive as possible regarding all aspects of identity. The APA sections on style, paper preparation, and ethics have been updated and the text itself has been formatted in the 7th edition style to better reflect the latest style guidance. 

Both comprehensive and clear, Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences, Third Edition author Gregory J. Privitera employs a problem-focused approach to introduce research methods. A conversational writing tone speaks to learners directly, empowering students to view research methods as something they are capable of understanding and applying. Within each chapter, students draw conclusions by following the scientific process. To do enable this, Privitera fully integrates the research methods decision tree—from choosing a research design to choosing an appropriate statistic—to encourage students to select the most appropriate methodology for the research question they're seeking to answer. Greg Privitera covers the full scope of methodologies from non-experimental to quasi-experimental to experimental in a straightforward, unbiased manner.
About the Author xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Preface xvii
To the Student---How to Use SPSS With This Book xxv
P.1 Overview of SPSS: What Are You Looking At? xxv
P.2 Preview of SPSS in Focus xxix
SECTION I SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
1(80)
Chapter 1 Introduction to Scientific Thinking
3(24)
1.1 Science as a Method of Knowing
4(1)
1.2 The Scientific Method
4(9)
1.3 Other Methods of Knowing
13(3)
1.4 The Goals of Science
16(2)
1.5 Approaches in Acquiring Knowledge
18(2)
1.6 Distinguishing Science From Pseudoscience
20(7)
Chapter 2 Generating Testable Ideas
27(26)
2.1 Generating Interesting and Novel Ideas
28(1)
2.2 Converting Ideas to Hypotheses and Theories
29(4)
2.3 Developing Your Idea: Deduction and Induction
33(2)
2.4 Performing a Literature Review
35(5)
2.5 Ethics in Focus: Giving Proper Credit
40(2)
2.6 The "3 Cs" of an Effective Literature Review
42(3)
2.7 Testing Your Idea: Confirmation and Disconfirmation
45(2)
2.8 Ethics in Focus: Publication Bias
47(6)
Chapter 3 Research Ethics
53(28)
3.1 Ethics in Behavioral Research
54(1)
3.2 The Need for Ethics Committees in Research: A Historical Synopsis
54(6)
3.3 Ethics in Focus: Examples From Psychology
60(3)
3.4 Human Participant Research: IRBs and the APA Code of Conduct
63(8)
3.5 Ethics in Focus: Anonymity and Confidentiality
71(1)
3.6 Animal Subject Research: IACUCs and the APA Code of Conduct
72(1)
3.7 Additional Ethical Considerations: Scientific Integrity
73(8)
SECTION II DEFINING AND MEASURING VARIABLES, SELECTING SAMPLES, AND CHOOSING AN APPROPRIATE RESEARCH DESIGN
81(88)
Chapter 4 Identifying Scientific Variables
83(30)
4.1 Criteria for Defining and Measuring Variables
84(1)
4.2 Constructs and Operational Definitions
85(2)
4.3 Types of Variables
87(2)
4.4 Scales of Measurement
89(4)
4.5 Reliability of a Measurement
93(3)
4.6 Validity of a Measurement
96(3)
4.7 Selecting a Measurement Procedure
99(4)
4.8 Ethics in Focus: Replication as a Gauge for Fraud?
103(1)
4.9 SPSS in Focus: Entering and Coding Data
103(10)
Chapter 5 Sampling From Populations
113(26)
5.1 Why Do Researchers Select Samples?
114(1)
5.2 Subjects, Participants, and Sampling Methods
114(3)
5.3 Methods of Sampling: Nonprobability Sampling
117(2)
5.4 Methods of Sampling: Probability Sampling
119(7)
5.5 Sampling Error and Standard Error of the Mean
126(2)
5.6 SPSS in Focus: Estimating the Standard Error of the Mean
128(1)
5.7 Potential Biases in Sampling
129(1)
5.8 Ethics in Focus: Participant Pools
130(1)
5.9 SPSS in Focus: Identifying New Populations Using the One-Sample t Test
131(8)
Chapter 6 Choosing a Research Design
139(30)
6.1 Designing a Study to Answer a Question
140(1)
6.2 Categories of Research Design
141(6)
6.3 Internal and External Validity
147(1)
6.4 Demonstrating Cause in an Experiment
148(5)
6.5 Ethics in Focus: Beneficence and Random Assignment
153(1)
6.6 Threats to the Internal Validity of a Research Study
154(6)
6.7 Threats to the External Validity of a Research Study
160(2)
6.8 External Validity, Experimentation, and Realism
162(1)
6.9 A Final Thought on Validity and Choosing a Research Design
163(6)
SECTION III NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS
169(68)
Chapter 7 Naturalistic, Qualitative, and Existing Data Research Designs
171(32)
Naturalistic Observation
172(1)
7.1 An Overview of Naturalistic Observation
172(1)
7.2 The Research Setting: Natural and Contrived Settings
173(1)
7.3 Techniques for Conducting Naturalistic Observation
174(5)
7.4 Ethics in Focus: Influencing Participant Behavior
179(1)
Qualitative Designs
180(1)
7.5 An Overview of Qualitative Designs
180(3)
7.6 Qualitative Research Designs
183(6)
7.7 Ethics in Focus: Anonymity in Qualitative Research
189(1)
Existing Data Designs
190(1)
7.8 An Overview of Existing Data Designs
190(1)
7.9 Existing Data Designs
191(5)
7.10 Ethics in Focus: Existing Data and Experimenter Bias
196(7)
Chapter 8 Survey and Correlational Research Designs
203(34)
Survey Designs
204(1)
8.1 An Overview of Survey Designs
204(1)
8.2 Types of Survey Items
204(4)
8.3 Rules for Writing Survey Items
208(5)
8.4 Administering Surveys
213(2)
8.5 Surveys, Sampling, and Nonresponse Bias
215(1)
8.6 Ethics in Focus: Handling and Administering Surveys
216(1)
Correlational Designs
217(1)
8.7 The Structure of Correlational Designs
217(1)
8.8 Describing the Relationship Between Variables
218(5)
8.9 Limitations in Interpretation
223(3)
8.10 Correlation, Regression, and Prediction
226(2)
8.11 SPSS in Focus: Correlation and Linear Regression
228(9)
SECTION IV QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS
237(128)
Chapter 9 Quasi-Experimental and Single-Case Experimental Designs
239(34)
Quasi-Experimental Designs
240(1)
9.1 An Overview of Quasi-Experimental Designs
240(1)
9.2 Quasi-Experimental Design: One-Group Designs
241(2)
9.3 Quasi-Experimental Design: Nonequivalent Control Group Designs
243(3)
9.4 Quasi-Experimental Design: Time Series Designs
246(4)
9.5 Quasi-Experimental Design: Developmental Designs
250(5)
9.6 Ethics in Focus: Development and Aging
255(1)
Single-Case Experimental Designs
256(1)
9.7 An Overview of Single-Case Designs
256(1)
9.8 Single-Case Baseline-Phase Designs
257(6)
9.9 Validity, Stability, Magnitude, and Generality
263(2)
9.10 Ethics in Focus: The Ethics of Innovation
265(8)
Chapter 10 Between-Subjects Experimental Designs
273(32)
10.1 Conducting Experiments: Between-Subjects Design
274(1)
10.2 Experimental Versus Control Group
275(1)
10.3 Manipulation and the Independent Variable
276(4)
10.4 Variability and the Independent Variable
280(3)
10.5 Ethics in Focus: The Accountability of Manipulation
283(1)
10.6 Comparing Two Independent Samples
284(2)
10.7 SPSS in Focus: Two-Independent-Sample t Test
286(3)
10.8 Comparing Two or More Independent Samples
289(3)
10.9 SPSS in Focus: One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA
292(4)
10.10 Measuring the Dependent Variable
296(2)
10.11 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Between-Subjects Design
298(7)
Chapter 11 Within-Subjects Experimental Designs
305(30)
11.1 Conducting Experiments: Within-Subjects Design
306(1)
11.2 Controlling Time-Related Factors
307(5)
11.3 Ethics in Focus: Minimizing Participant Fatigue
312(1)
11.4 Individual Differences and Variability
313(2)
11.5 Comparing Two Related Samples
315(4)
11.6 SPSS in Focus: Related-Samples t Test
319(1)
11.7 Comparing Two or More Related Samples
320(3)
11.8 SPSS in Focus: One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA
323(3)
11.9 An Alternative to Pre-Post Designs: Solomon Four-Group Design
326(2)
11.10 Comparing Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects Designs
328(7)
Chapter 12 Factorial Experimental Designs
335(30)
12.1 Testing Multiple Factors in the Same Experiment
336(1)
12.2 Selecting Samples for a Factorial Design in Experimentation
337(1)
12.3 Types of Factorial Designs
338(3)
12.4 Ethics in Focus: Participant Fatigue and Factorial Designs
341(1)
12.5 Main Effects and Interactions
342(5)
12.6 Identifying Main Effects and Interactions in a Graph
347(3)
12.7 Including Quasi-Independent Factors in an Experiment
350(1)
12.8 Reasons for Including Two or More Factors in an Experiment
351(3)
12.9 Higher-Order Factorial Designs
354(2)
12.10 SPSS in Focus: General Instructions for Conducting a Factorial ANOVA
356(9)
SECTION V ANALYZING, INTERPRETING, AND COMMUNICATING RESEARCH DATA
365(90)
Chapter 13 Analysis and Interpretation: Exposition of Data
367(30)
13.1 Descriptive Statistics: Why Summarize Data?
368(2)
13.2 Frequency Distributions: Tables and Graphs
370(2)
13.3 Measures of Central Tendency
372(4)
13.4 Measures of Variability
376(3)
13.5 SPSS in Focus: Central Tendency and Variability
379(2)
13.6 Graphing Means and Correlations
381(3)
13.7 Using Correlation to Describe Reliability
384(2)
13.8 SPSS in Focus: Cronbach's Alpha and Cohen's Kappa
386(4)
13.9 Ethics in Focus: Deception Due to the Distortion of Data
390(7)
Chapter 14 Analysis and Interpretation: Making Decisions About Data
397(28)
14.1 Inferential Statistics: What Are We Making Inferences About?
398(3)
14.2 Types of Error and Power
401(2)
14.3 Parametric Tests: Applying the Decision Tree
403(2)
14.4 Nonparametric Tests: Applying the Decision Tree
405(4)
14.5 SPSS in Focus: The Chi-Square Tests
409(3)
14.6 Effect Size: How Big Is an Effect in the Population?
412(4)
14.7 Estimation: What Are the Possible Values of a Parameter?
416(1)
14.8 Confidence Intervals, Significance, and Effect Size
416(2)
14.9 Issues for Interpretation: Precision and Certainty
418(1)
14.10 Ethics in Focus: Full Disclosure of Data
419(6)
Chapter 15 Communicating Research: Preparing Manuscripts, Posters, and Talks
425(30)
15.1 Elements of Communication
426(4)
15.2 Writing a Manuscript: Writing Style and Language
430(3)
15.3 Elements of an APA-Style Manuscript
433(11)
15.4 Literature Reviews
444(1)
15.5 Reporting Observations in Qualitative Research
445(1)
15.6 Ethics in Focus: Credit and Authorship
446(1)
15.7 Presenting a Poster
447(1)
15.8 Giving a Professional Talk
448(7)
Appendix A APA-Style Writing, Sample Manuscript, and Posters
455(52)
A.1 Essentials for Writing APA-Style Research Papers
455(6)
A.2 Grammar, Punctuation, and Spelling (GPS) Writing Guide
461(26)
A.3 Sample APA-Style Manuscript
487(16)
A.4 Poster Template and Sample Poster
503(4)
Appendix B Instructions for Randomizing and Counterbalancing
507(8)
B.1 Random Numbers Table
507(5)
B.2 Constructing a Latin Square
512(3)
Appendix C SPSS General Instructions Guide and Statistical Tables
515(20)
C.1 General Instructions Guide for Using SPSS
515(11)
C.2 Statistical Tables
526(9)
Glossary 535(14)
References 549(14)
Index 563
Gregory J. Privitera is a three-time national-award-winning author and a professor of psychology at St. Bonaventure University where he is a recipient of its highest teaching honor, The Award for Professional Excellence in Teaching, and its highest honor for scholarship, The Award for Professional Excellence in Research and Publication. Dr. Privitera received his PhD in behavioral neuroscience in the field of psychology at the State University of New York at Buffalo and continued with his postdoctoral research at Arizona State University. His texts span diverse topics in psychology and the behavioral sciences and include an introductory psychology text, three statistics texts, two research methods texts, and multiple other texts bridging knowledge creation across health, health care, and analytics. In addition, Dr. Privitera has authored more than three dozen peer-reviewed papers aimed at advancing our understanding of health, health literacy, and informing policy in health care. His research has earned recognition by the American Psychological Association and in media to include Oprahs Magazine, Time Magazine, and the Wall Street Journal. He mentors a variety of undergraduate research projects at St. Bonaventure University, where dozens of students, many of whom have gone on to earn graduate and doctoral degrees at various institutions, have coauthored and presented research work. In addition to his teaching, research, and advisement, Dr. Privitera is a veteran of the U.S. Marine Corps, is an identical twin, and is married with two daughters, Grace Ann and Charlotte Jane, and two sons, Aiden Andrew and Luca James. 







 
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