Preface to the First Edition (Doing Psychology) |
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xi | |
Preface |
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xiv | |
The Authors |
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xvi | |
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1 | (11) |
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'Why do I have to do this?' |
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1 | (2) |
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The structure of this book and an overview of the chapters |
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3 | (5) |
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8 | (3) |
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Discussion/essay questions |
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11 | (1) |
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2 Research in Psychology: Objectives and Ideals |
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12 | (22) |
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What is psychological research and why do it? |
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12 | (3) |
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How does psychological research progress? |
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15 | (5) |
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Principles of good research |
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20 | (6) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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Objectives and ideals: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
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27 | (5) |
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Discussion/essay questions |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (2) |
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Psychological measurement |
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34 | (9) |
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43 | (8) |
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The quasi-experimental method |
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51 | (3) |
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54 | (3) |
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57 | (3) |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (1) |
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Research methods: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
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62 | (3) |
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Discussion/essay questions |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (35) |
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Choosing an independent variable |
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68 | (4) |
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Choosing a dependent variable |
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72 | (3) |
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Choosing an experimental sample |
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75 | (5) |
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Threats to internal validity |
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80 | (9) |
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Threats to external validity |
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89 | (6) |
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95 | (1) |
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Experimental design: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
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95 | (6) |
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Discussion/essay questions |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (28) |
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The differences between surveys and experiments |
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102 | (5) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (5) |
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113 | (7) |
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Constructing a questionnaire |
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120 | (3) |
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Overview: Designing a survey |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (1) |
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Survey design: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
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125 | (4) |
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Discussion/essay questions |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (36) |
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Different forms of research data |
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131 | (3) |
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Describing a typical score: Measures of central tendency |
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134 | (7) |
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The relationship between measures of central tendency and a response distribution |
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141 | (3) |
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Describing the spread of scores: Measures of dispersion |
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144 | (8) |
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Observed distributions and theoretical distributions: The difference between samples and populations |
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152 | (10) |
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162 | (1) |
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Descriptive statistics: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
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162 | (2) |
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Discussion/essay questions |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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7 Some Principles of Statistical Inference |
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166 | (32) |
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169 | (7) |
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Inferences about individual scores |
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176 | (4) |
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180 | (10) |
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190 | (2) |
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192 | (1) |
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Statistical inference: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
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193 | (3) |
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Discussion/essay questions |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (2) |
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8 Examining Differences between Means: The t-test |
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198 | (48) |
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199 | (4) |
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Comparing the results for a single sample to a specific value |
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203 | (2) |
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205 | (4) |
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209 | (6) |
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The controversy about what to do with t-values |
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215 | (1) |
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Handling the results of t-tests: The hypothesis-testing approach |
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216 | (11) |
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Other ways of handling the results of t-tests: Probability-level, confidence-interval and effect-size approaches |
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227 | (7) |
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234 | (5) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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t-Tests: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
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240 | (4) |
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Discussion/essay questions |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (2) |
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9 Examining Relationships between Variables: Correlation |
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246 | (27) |
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Some basic principles of correlation |
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248 | (2) |
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The measurement of correlation |
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250 | (5) |
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Interpreting and making inferences about correlations |
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255 | (4) |
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259 | (7) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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Correlations: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
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267 | (3) |
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Discussion/essay questions |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (2) |
10 Comparing Two or More Means by Analysing Variances: ANOVA |
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273 | (43) |
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274 | (3) |
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Comparing multiple means using one-way analysis of variance |
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277 | (6) |
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Another way to explain analysis of variance: Sums of squares and mean squares |
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283 | (5) |
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How big does a difference need to be? Significance testing and effect sizes |
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288 | (4) |
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What does analysis of variance buy us? Some notes on comparing individual means |
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292 | (1) |
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Using F-ratios with and without comparisons planned in advance |
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293 | (3) |
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An introduction to analysis of variance with two independent variables |
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296 | (13) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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ANOVA: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
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310 | (4) |
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Discussion/essay questions |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (2) |
11 Analysing other Forms of Data: Chi-square and Distribution-free Tests |
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316 | (37) |
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Dealing with a single categorical variable that has two levels: The binomial test |
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320 | (4) |
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Dealing with a single categorical variable that has more than two levels: The chi-square test of goodness of fit |
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324 | (3) |
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Examining the relationship between two categorical variables: The chi-square test of independence for 2 x 2 tables |
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327 | (8) |
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335 | (2) |
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Examining differences between two groups with relaxed assumptions: The Mann-Whitney test |
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337 | (3) |
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Some options for other cases |
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340 | (3) |
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343 | (2) |
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345 | (1) |
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Other forms of data: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
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346 | |
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Discussion/essay questions |
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344 | |
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319 | (34) |
12 Qualitative Methods |
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Standard and radical critiques of quantitative approaches |
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353 | (8) |
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Methods of collecting qualitative data |
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361 | (3) |
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Some general principles for collecting and analysing qualitative data |
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364 | (4) |
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Examples of qualitative research methods |
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368 | (20) |
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Critiques of qualitative methods |
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388 | (4) |
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Conclusion: The importance of responding to the challenge |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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Qualitative research: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
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393 | (3) |
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Discussion/essay questions |
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396 | (1) |
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396 | (2) |
13 Research Ethics |
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398 | (22) |
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398 | (5) |
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Participation in research |
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403 | (8) |
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411 | (3) |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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Research ethics: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
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414 | (5) |
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Discussion/essay questions |
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419 | (1) |
14 Conclusion: Managing Uncertainty in Psychological Research |
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420 | (17) |
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'Where has all this got us?' |
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420 | (1) |
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Managing uncertainty in psychological research |
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420 | (9) |
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429 | (1) |
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430 | (1) |
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431 | (6) |
Appendix A: Step-by-Step Guides to Key Statistical Tests |
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437 | (14) |
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A.1 Working out a within-subjects t-test using the hyphothesis-testing method |
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437 | (2) |
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A.2 Working out a between-subjects t-test using the hyphothesis-testing method |
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439 | (2) |
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A.3 Working out a correlation using both hypothesis-testing and effect-size methods |
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441 | (3) |
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A.4 Procedures for conducting one-way ANOVA with equal cell sizes |
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444 | (4) |
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A.5 Procedures for conducting two-way ANOVA with equal cell sizes |
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448 | (3) |
Appendix B: Writing Research Reports in Psychology |
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451 | (26) |
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451 | (1) |
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451 | (2) |
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453 | (8) |
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461 | (2) |
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463 | (6) |
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469 | (1) |
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469 | (8) |
Appendix C: Statistical Tables |
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477 | (18) |
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Areas under the standard normal curve |
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477 | (4) |
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Critical values of the t-distribution |
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481 | (2) |
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Critical values of Pearson's r |
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483 | (2) |
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Critical values of the F-distribution |
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485 | (7) |
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Critical values of the x2-distribution |
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492 | (3) |
Appendix D: Answers to Exercises |
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495 | (16) |
Author Index |
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511 | (3) |
Subject Index |
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514 | |