Preface |
|
xii | |
The Authors |
|
xiv | |
Key Features of this Book |
|
xvi | |
|
|
1 | (11) |
|
`Why do I have to do this?' |
|
|
1 | (3) |
|
The structure of this book and an overview of the chapters |
|
|
4 | (4) |
|
|
8 | (3) |
|
Discussion/essay questions |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
2 Research in Psychology: Objectives and Ideals |
|
|
12 | (22) |
|
What is psychological research and why do it? |
|
|
12 | (4) |
|
How does psychological research progress? |
|
|
16 | (5) |
|
Principles of good research |
|
|
21 | (5) |
|
|
26 | (2) |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
Objectives and ideals: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
|
|
29 | (3) |
|
Discussion/essay questions |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
|
34 | (31) |
|
Psychological measurement |
|
|
34 | (9) |
|
|
43 | (8) |
|
The quasi-experimental method |
|
|
51 | (2) |
|
|
53 | (3) |
|
|
56 | (3) |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
Research methods: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
|
|
61 | (3) |
|
Discussion/essay questions |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
|
65 | (33) |
|
Choosing an independent variable |
|
|
66 | (4) |
|
Choosing a dependent variable |
|
|
70 | (3) |
|
Choosing an experimental sample |
|
|
73 | (4) |
|
Threats to internal validity |
|
|
77 | (9) |
|
Threats to external validity |
|
|
86 | (5) |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
Experimental design: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
|
|
92 | (4) |
|
Discussion/essay questions |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
|
98 | (29) |
|
The differences between surveys and experiments |
|
|
99 | (4) |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
|
104 | (5) |
|
|
109 | (6) |
|
Constructing a questionnaire |
|
|
115 | (3) |
|
Conducting research online |
|
|
118 | (2) |
|
Overview: Designing a survey |
|
|
120 | (2) |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
Survey design: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
|
|
123 | (2) |
|
Discussion/essay questions |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
|
125 | (2) |
|
|
127 | (37) |
|
Different forms of research data |
|
|
128 | (3) |
|
Describing a typical score: Measures of central tendency |
|
|
131 | (11) |
|
The relationship between measures of central tendency and a response distribution |
|
|
142 | (2) |
|
Describing the spread of scores: Measures of dispersion |
|
|
144 | (5) |
|
Observed distributions and theoretical distributions: The difference between samples and populations |
|
|
149 | (11) |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
Descriptive statistics: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
|
|
160 | (2) |
|
Discussion/essay questions |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
7 Some Principles of Statistical Inference |
|
|
164 | (30) |
|
|
166 | (7) |
|
Inferences about individual scores |
|
|
173 | (4) |
|
|
177 | (10) |
|
|
187 | (2) |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
Statistical inference: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
|
|
189 | (3) |
|
Discussion/essay questions |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
8 Examining Differences between Means: The t-test |
|
|
194 | (50) |
|
|
195 | (4) |
|
Comparing the results for a single sample with a specific value |
|
|
199 | (5) |
|
|
204 | (3) |
|
|
207 | (6) |
|
The controversy about what to do with t-values |
|
|
213 | (2) |
|
Handling the results of t-tests: The hypothesis-testing approach |
|
|
215 | (9) |
|
Other ways of handling the results of t-tests: Probability-level, confidence-interval and effect-size approaches |
|
|
224 | (7) |
|
|
231 | (6) |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
t-tests: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
|
|
238 | (4) |
|
Discussion/essay questions |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
|
242 | (2) |
|
9 Examining Relationships between Variables: Correlation |
|
|
244 | (29) |
|
Some basic principles of correlation |
|
|
246 | (3) |
|
The measurement of correlation |
|
|
249 | (5) |
|
Interpreting and making inferences about correlations |
|
|
254 | (3) |
|
|
257 | (8) |
|
|
265 | (2) |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
Correlations: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
|
|
267 | (3) |
|
Discussion/essay questions |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
270 | (3) |
|
10 Comparing Two or More Means by Analysing Variances: ANOVA |
|
|
273 | (44) |
|
|
274 | (3) |
|
Comparing multiple means using one-way analysis of variance |
|
|
277 | (8) |
|
Another way to explain analysis of variance: Sums of squares and mean squares |
|
|
285 | (4) |
|
How big does a difference need to be? Significance testing and effect sizes |
|
|
289 | (4) |
|
What does analysis of variance buy us? Some notes on comparing individual means |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
Using F-ratios with and without comparisons planned in advance |
|
|
294 | (4) |
|
An introduction to analysis of variance with two independent variables |
|
|
298 | (13) |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
ANOVA: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
|
|
313 | (2) |
|
Discussion/essay questions |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
11 Analysing Other Forms of Data: Chi-square and Distribution-free Tests |
|
|
317 | (36) |
|
Dealing with a single categorical variable that has two levels: The binomial test |
|
|
321 | (3) |
|
Dealing with a single categorical variable that has more than two levels: The chi-square test of goodness of fit |
|
|
324 | (4) |
|
Examining the relationship between two categorical variables: The chi-square test of independence for 2 x 2 tables |
|
|
328 | (6) |
|
|
334 | (2) |
|
Examining differences between two groups with relaxed assumptions: The Mann-Whitney test |
|
|
336 | (6) |
|
Some options for other cases |
|
|
342 | (3) |
|
|
345 | (2) |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Other forms of data: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
|
|
348 | (3) |
|
Discussion/essay questions |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
351 | (2) |
|
12 Classical Qualitative Methods |
|
|
353 | (38) |
|
A classical critique of quantitative approaches |
|
|
355 | (3) |
|
Classical methods of collecting qualitative data |
|
|
358 | (3) |
|
Some general principles for collecting and analysing qualitative data |
|
|
361 | (3) |
|
Examples of classical qualitative research methods |
|
|
364 | (21) |
|
Critiques of classical qualitative methods |
|
|
385 | (2) |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Classical qualitative methods: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
|
|
387 | (2) |
|
Discussion/essay questions |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
13 Contextual Qualitative Methods |
|
|
391 | (33) |
|
A contextual critique of quantitative approaches |
|
|
392 | (5) |
|
Examples of contextual qualitative research methods |
|
|
397 | (18) |
|
Critiques of contextual qualitative methods |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
Conclusion: The challenge of contextual qualitative methods |
|
|
416 | (2) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
Contextual qualitative methods: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
|
|
419 | (2) |
|
Discussion/essay questions |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
421 | (3) |
|
|
424 | (23) |
|
|
424 | (4) |
|
|
428 | (2) |
|
Ethical risks associated with participation in research |
|
|
430 | (9) |
|
|
439 | (3) |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Research ethics: A checklist for research evaluation and improvement |
|
|
443 | (3) |
|
Discussion/essay questions |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
15 Conclusion: Managing Uncertainty in Psychological Research |
|
|
447 | (12) |
|
`Where has all this got us? |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
Managing uncertainty in psychological research |
|
|
448 | (8) |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Discussion/essay questions |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Appendix A Writing Research Reports in Psychology |
|
|
459 | (21) |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
459 | (2) |
|
|
461 | (7) |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
469 | (4) |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
Sample psychology research report |
|
|
474 | (6) |
|
Appendix B Areas under the Standard Normal Curve |
|
|
480 | (4) |
|
Appendix C Answers to Exercises |
|
|
484 | (22) |
References |
|
506 | (9) |
Author Index |
|
515 | (4) |
Subject Index |
|
519 | |