How to use this book |
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v | |
Contents cross-referenced |
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xii | |
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List of figures and tables |
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xiv | |
Acknowledgements |
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xv | |
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A Introduction The basics of researching English Language |
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1 | (46) |
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A1 The first stages: getting started and settling on a topic |
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2 | (3) |
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A1.1 Why research English Language? |
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2 | (1) |
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A1.2 Choosing a topic to research |
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2 | (3) |
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A2 Reading around your topic |
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5 | (5) |
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5 | (1) |
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A2.2 Identifying what to read |
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6 | (2) |
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A2.3 What are you reading for? |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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A3 What do you want to know? |
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10 | (4) |
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A3.1 Questions of data and theory |
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10 | (1) |
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A3.2 Making your questions explicit |
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11 | (3) |
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A4 Ways of finding out what you want to know |
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14 | (6) |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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A4.3 Ways of measuring and counting |
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18 | (2) |
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A5 Possibilities and pitfalls |
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20 | (5) |
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A5.1 Establishing where you stand: researching people |
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20 | (2) |
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A5.2 Making things work for you |
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22 | (1) |
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A5.3 Fitting into the bigger picture |
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23 | (2) |
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A6 Doing the research: collecting data |
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25 | (8) |
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A6.1 Collecting and processing written data |
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25 | (1) |
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A6.2 Collecting and processing spoken data |
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26 | (2) |
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A6.3 Collecting and processing elicited data |
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28 | (4) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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A7 Clarifying what you have found out |
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33 | (7) |
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A7.1 Types of data and approaches to analysis |
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34 | (1) |
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A7.2 From `closed' questionnaires to collections of written texts |
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35 | (2) |
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A7.3 Analysing spoken data: first steps |
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37 | (1) |
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A7.4 Identifying patterns |
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37 | (1) |
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A7.5 Identifying quantities |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (3) |
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A8.1 The dissertation as a record of the research |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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A8.3 The dissertation as a text type |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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A9 Beyond the dissertation |
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43 | (4) |
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B Development The how and why of researching English Language |
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47 | (50) |
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B1 The how and why of getting started and choosing a research topic |
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48 | (3) |
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B2 The how and why of the literature review: joining a `community of practice' |
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51 | (4) |
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B3 The how and why of clarifying research questions |
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55 | (5) |
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B3.1 Research studies without explicit questions |
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55 | (1) |
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B3.2 Refining your questions |
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56 | (1) |
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B3.3 Appropriate questions for empirical research |
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57 | (3) |
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B4 The how and why of choosing research methods |
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60 | (8) |
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B4.1 Methods and methodology |
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60 | (2) |
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B4.2 Choice of method in (English) language research |
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62 | (1) |
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B4.3 Interviews in language research: how and why? |
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62 | (2) |
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B4.4 Selecting textual data in language research: how and why? |
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64 | (2) |
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B4.5 Controlling variables in experiments: how and why? |
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66 | (2) |
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B5 The how and why of sorting out the details |
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68 | (5) |
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B5.1 What can go wrong with research? |
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68 | (1) |
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B5.2 Relationships with people |
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69 | (2) |
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B5.3 Contexts: times, places and circumstances |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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B6 The how and why of data collection |
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73 | (8) |
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73 | (1) |
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B6.2 Where will the data come from? |
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73 | (3) |
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76 | (2) |
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B6.4 Which data to include? |
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78 | (3) |
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B7 The how and why of data analysis |
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81 | (8) |
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B7.1 Data analysis example 1: sounds |
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82 | (2) |
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B7.2 Data analysis example 2: words |
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84 | (1) |
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B7.3 Data analysis example 3: clauses |
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85 | (2) |
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B7.4 Data analysis example 4: discourse |
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87 | (1) |
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B7.5 Data analysis examples: summary |
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88 | (1) |
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B8 The how and why of writing up your project |
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89 | (5) |
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B8.1 Writing: the how and why of style |
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89 | (2) |
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B8.2 Writing: the how and why of managing the writing process |
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91 | (3) |
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B9 The how and why of taking it further |
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94 | (3) |
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C Exploration Issues and debates in researching English Language |
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97 | (60) |
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C1 Language research topics |
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98 | (4) |
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C1.1 Projecting towards the future: the benefits of students' research skills to employers |
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98 | (2) |
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C1.2 Identifying what interests you |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (6) |
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C2.1 Organising and structuring a literature review |
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102 | (4) |
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C2.2 Reading for different purposes |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (7) |
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C3.1 Predicting what your study will involve |
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108 | (1) |
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C3.2 Predicting the outcomes of your study |
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109 | (1) |
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C3.3 The role of the hypothesis |
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110 | (2) |
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C3.4 Summary: kinds of question |
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112 | (3) |
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115 | (7) |
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C4.1 Finding your way around different methodologies |
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115 | (1) |
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C4.2 Experimental studies in second language acquisition: advocates and critics |
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116 | (2) |
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C4.3 Recognising and naming Xs and Ys |
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118 | (2) |
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C4.4 Theory and methodology |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (6) |
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128 | (10) |
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C6.1 Written texts as data: example 1a |
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128 | (1) |
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C6.2 Written texts as data: example 1b |
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129 | (1) |
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C6.3 Spoken interaction as data: example 2a |
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130 | (1) |
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C6.4 Spoken interaction as data: example 2b |
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131 | (1) |
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C6.5 Elicited data: example 3: diaries and journals |
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132 | (1) |
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C6.6 Elicited data: example 4: focus group interviews |
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133 | (1) |
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C6.7 Elicited data: example 5: experimental data |
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134 | (1) |
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C6.8 Research about data collection methods |
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135 | (2) |
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137 | (1) |
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C7 Data analysis and interpretation |
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138 | (11) |
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C7.1 Transcription as a stage in data analysis |
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139 | (5) |
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C7.2 Identifying patterns in data |
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144 | (5) |
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C8 Writing up your project |
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149 | (6) |
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C8.1 Making use of abstracts |
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149 | (2) |
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C8.2 Relating abstracts to whole texts |
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151 | (1) |
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C8.3 Components of the text |
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152 | (3) |
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C9 Looking back, looking ahead |
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155 | (2) |
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D Extension Readings in researching English Language |
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157 | (70) |
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D1 The origins of some research projects in English Language |
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158 | (6) |
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D1.1 John McH. Sinclair and corpus linguistics (John McH. Sinclair) |
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159 | (1) |
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D1.2 Fischer and sign languages (Susan D. Fischer) |
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160 | (2) |
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D1.3 Carter and creativity (Ronald Carter) |
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162 | (2) |
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D2 Reviewing previous English Language literature for research |
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164 | (9) |
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D2.1 A survey review of Conversation Analysis and its relevance to Applied Linguistics (Emanuel Schegloff, Irene Koshik, Sally Jacoby and David Olsher) |
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165 | (3) |
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D2.2 A review of literature as preparation for the presentation of a new study: talk about remembering in oral narratives (Neal Norrick) |
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168 | (2) |
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D2.3 Critical reading and language pedagogy (Ruqaiya Hasan) |
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170 | (3) |
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D3 Questions in English Language research |
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173 | (5) |
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D3.1 S. W. Smith, H. P. Noda, S. Andrews and A. H. Jucker |
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173 | (2) |
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175 | (3) |
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D4 Methods in English Language research |
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178 | (7) |
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D4.1 Kyra Karmiloff and Annette Karmiloff-Smith |
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178 | (4) |
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D4.2 D. Barton and M. Hamilton |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (2) |
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D5 Problems in English Language research |
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185 | (5) |
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186 | (2) |
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D5.2 Vasiliki Papaioannou, Nora Basurto Santos and Amanda Howard |
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188 | (2) |
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D6 Collecting English Language data |
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190 | (10) |
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D6.1 B. Petric and B. Czarl |
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191 | (2) |
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D6.2 E. Semino and M. Short |
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193 | (3) |
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196 | (4) |
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D7 Analysing English Language data |
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200 | (9) |
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D7.1 Jennifer Coates and Joanna Thornborrow |
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200 | (3) |
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D7.2 C. E. Gildersleeve-Neumann, E. S. Kester, B. L. Davis and E. D. Pena |
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203 | (2) |
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205 | (4) |
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D8 Writing about English Language research |
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209 | (8) |
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D8.1 Mary Lea and Brian Street |
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209 | (4) |
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D8.2 Romy Clark and Roz Ivanic |
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213 | (4) |
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D9 Moving on from doing English Language research |
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217 | (10) |
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D9.1 P. Smagorinsky, L. Wright, S. M. Augustine, C. O'Donnell-Allen and B. Konopak |
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218 | (3) |
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221 | (3) |
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D9.3 A. Curzan and R. Queen |
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224 | (3) |
Glossary of terms |
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227 | (4) |
Further reading |
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231 | (4) |
References |
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235 | (10) |
Index |
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245 | |