Preface to the Second Edition |
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xv | |
Preface to the First Edition |
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xix | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxi | |
About the Author |
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xxiii | |
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Chapter 1 Introduction to RF and Wireless Technology |
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1 | (6) |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 RF Design Is Challenging |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (3) |
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5 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 Basic Concepts in RF Design |
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7 | (84) |
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2.1 General Considerations |
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7 | (7) |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (3) |
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12 | (2) |
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2.2 Effects of Nonlinearity |
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14 | (21) |
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2.2.1 Harmonic Distortion |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (4) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (8) |
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2.2.5 Cascaded Nonlinear Stages |
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29 | (4) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (23) |
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2.3.1 Noise as a Random Process |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (2) |
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2.3.3 Effect of Transfer Function on Noise |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (6) |
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2.3.5 Representation of Noise in Circuits |
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46 | (12) |
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2.4 Sensitivity and Dynamic Range |
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58 | (4) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (2) |
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2.5 Passive Impedance Transformation |
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62 | (9) |
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63 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Series-to-Parallel Conversion |
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63 | (2) |
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2.5.3 Basic Matching Networks |
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65 | (4) |
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2.5.4 Loss in Matching Networks |
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69 | (2) |
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2.6 Scattering Parameters |
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71 | (4) |
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2.7 Analysis of Nonlinear Dynamic Systems |
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75 | (2) |
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2.7.1 Basic Considerations |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (14) |
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2.8.1 Method of Nonlinear Currents |
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81 | (5) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (5) |
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Chapter 3 Communication Concepts |
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91 | (64) |
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3.1 General Considerations |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (6) |
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3.2.1 Amplitude Modulation |
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93 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Phase and Frequency Modulation |
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95 | (4) |
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99 | (19) |
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3.3.1 Intersymbol Interference |
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101 | (4) |
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3.3.2 Signal Constellations |
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105 | (2) |
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3.3.3 Quadrature Modulation |
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107 | (5) |
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3.3.4 GMSK and GFSK Modulation |
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112 | (2) |
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3.3.5 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation |
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114 | (1) |
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3.3.6 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing |
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115 | (3) |
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118 | (1) |
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3.5 Mobile RF Communications |
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119 | (4) |
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3.6 Multiple Access Techniques |
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123 | (7) |
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3.6.1 Time and Frequency Division Duplexing |
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123 | (2) |
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3.6.2 Frequency-Division Multiple Access |
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125 | (1) |
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3.6.3 Time-Division Multiple Access |
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125 | (1) |
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3.6.4 Code-Division Multiple Access |
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126 | (4) |
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130 | (21) |
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132 | (5) |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (4) |
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143 | (4) |
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147 | (4) |
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3.8 Appendix I: Differential Phase Shift Keying |
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151 | (4) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (3) |
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Chapter 4 Transceiver Architectures |
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155 | (100) |
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4.1 General Considerations |
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155 | (5) |
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4.2 Receiver Architectures |
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160 | (66) |
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4.2.1 Basic Heterodyne Receivers |
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160 | (11) |
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4.2.2 Modern Heterodyne Receivers |
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171 | (8) |
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4.2.3 Direct-Conversion Receivers |
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179 | (21) |
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4.2.4 Image-Reject Receivers |
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200 | (14) |
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214 | (12) |
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4.3 Transmitter Architectures |
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226 | (22) |
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4.3.1 General Considerations |
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226 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Direct-Conversion Transmitters |
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227 | (11) |
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4.3.3 Modern Direct-Conversion Transmitters |
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238 | (6) |
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4.3.4 Heterodyne Transmitters |
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244 | (4) |
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4.3.5 Other TX Architectures |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (7) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (5) |
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Chapter 5 Low-Noise Amplifiers |
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255 | (82) |
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5.1 General Considerations |
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255 | (8) |
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5.2 Problem of Input Matching |
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263 | (3) |
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266 | (39) |
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5.3.1 Common-Source Stage with Inductive Load |
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266 | (3) |
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5.3.2 Common-Source Stage with Resistive Feedback |
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269 | (3) |
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272 | (12) |
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5.3.4 Cascode CS Stage with Inductive Degeneration |
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284 | (12) |
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5.3.5 Variants of Common-Gate LNA |
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296 | (4) |
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5.3.6 Noise-Cancelling LNAs |
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300 | (3) |
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5.3.7 Reactance-Cancelling LNAs |
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303 | (2) |
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305 | (7) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (12) |
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314 | (9) |
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5.6.2 Other Methods of IP2 Improvement |
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323 | (2) |
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5.7 Nonlinearity Calculations |
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325 | (12) |
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5.7.1 Degenerated CS Stage |
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325 | (4) |
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5.7.2 Undegenerated CS Stage |
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329 | (2) |
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5.7.3 Differential and Quasi-Differential Pairs |
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331 | (1) |
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5.7.4 Degenerated Differential Pair |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (4) |
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337 | (92) |
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6.1 General Considerations |
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337 | (13) |
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6.1.1 Performance Parameters |
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338 | (5) |
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6.1.2 Mixer Noise Figures |
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343 | (5) |
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6.1.3 Single-Balanced and Double-Balanced Mixers |
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348 | (2) |
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6.2 Passive Downconversion Mixers |
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350 | (18) |
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350 | (7) |
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357 | (1) |
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357 | (7) |
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364 | (2) |
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6.2.5 Current-Driven Passive Mixers |
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366 | (2) |
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6.3 Active Downconversion Mixers |
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368 | (25) |
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370 | (7) |
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6.3.2 Noise in Active Mixers |
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377 | (10) |
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387 | (6) |
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6.4 Improved Mixer Topologies |
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393 | (15) |
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6.4.1 Active Mixers with Current-Source Helpers |
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393 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Active Mixers with Enhanced Transconductance |
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394 | (3) |
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6.4.3 Active Mixers with High IP2 |
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397 | (8) |
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6.4.4 Active Mixers with Low Flicker Noise |
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405 | (3) |
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408 | (21) |
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6.5.1 Performance Requirements |
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408 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Upconversion Mixer Topologies |
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409 | (15) |
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424 | (1) |
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425 | (4) |
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Chapter 7 Passive Devices |
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429 | (68) |
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7.1 General Considerations |
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429 | (2) |
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431 | (39) |
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431 | (4) |
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7.2.2 Inductor Geometries |
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435 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Inductance Equations |
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436 | (3) |
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7.2.4 Parasitic Capacitances |
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439 | (5) |
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444 | (11) |
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455 | (5) |
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7.2.7 Alternative Inductor Structures |
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460 | (10) |
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470 | (6) |
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7.3.1 Transformer Structures |
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470 | (5) |
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7.3.2 Effect of Coupling Capacitance |
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475 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Transformer Modeling |
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475 | (1) |
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476 | (7) |
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478 | (5) |
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483 | (7) |
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490 | (7) |
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491 | (2) |
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7.6.2 Metal-Plate Capacitors |
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493 | (2) |
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495 | (1) |
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496 | (1) |
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497 | (100) |
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8.1 Performance Parameters |
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497 | (4) |
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501 | (10) |
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8.2.1 Feedback View of Oscillators |
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502 | (6) |
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8.2.2 One-Port View of Oscillators |
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508 | (3) |
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8.3 Cross-Coupled Oscillator |
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511 | (6) |
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8.4 Three-Point Oscillators |
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517 | (1) |
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8.5 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators |
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518 | (6) |
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8.5.1 Tuning Range Limitations |
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521 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Effect of Varactor Q |
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522 | (2) |
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8.6 LC VCOs with Wide Tuning Range |
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524 | (12) |
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8.6.1 VCOs with Continuous Tuning |
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524 | (8) |
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8.6.2 Amplitude Variation with Frequency Tuning |
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532 | (1) |
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532 | (4) |
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536 | (35) |
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536 | (3) |
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8.7.2 Effect of Phase Noise |
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539 | (5) |
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8.7.3 Analysis of Phase Noise: Approach I |
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544 | (13) |
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8.7.4 Analysis of Phase Noise: Approach II |
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557 | (8) |
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8.7.5 Noise of Bias Current Source |
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565 | (5) |
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8.7.6 Figures of Merit of VCOs |
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570 | (1) |
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571 | (4) |
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573 | (2) |
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575 | (2) |
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8.10 Mathematical Model of VCOs |
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577 | (4) |
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8.11 Quadrature Oscillators |
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581 | (11) |
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581 | (3) |
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8.11.2 Properties of Coupled Oscillators |
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584 | (5) |
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8.11.3 Improved Quadrature Oscillators |
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589 | (3) |
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8.12 Appendix I: Simulation of Quadrature Oscillators |
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592 | (5) |
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593 | (1) |
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594 | (3) |
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Chapter 9 Phase-Locked Loops |
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597 | (58) |
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597 | (3) |
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597 | (3) |
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600 | (11) |
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9.2.1 Alignment of a VCO's Phase |
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600 | (1) |
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601 | (2) |
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9.2.3 Analysis of Simple PLL |
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603 | (3) |
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606 | (3) |
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9.2.5 Frequency Multiplication |
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609 | (2) |
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9.2.6 Drawbacks of Simple PLL |
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611 | (1) |
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611 | (16) |
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9.3.1 Phase/Frequency Detectors |
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612 | (2) |
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614 | (1) |
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615 | (5) |
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620 | (2) |
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9.3.5 Limitations of Continuous-Time Approximation |
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622 | (1) |
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9.3.6 Frequency-Multiplying CPPLL |
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623 | (2) |
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625 | (2) |
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627 | (11) |
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9.4.1 Up and Down Skew and Width Mismatch |
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627 | (3) |
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630 | (1) |
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9.4.3 Charge Injection and Clock Feedthrough |
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630 | (2) |
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9.4.4 Random Mismatch between Up and Down Currents |
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632 | (1) |
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9.4.5 Channel-Length Modulation |
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633 | (1) |
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634 | (4) |
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638 | (7) |
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638 | (5) |
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9.5.2 Reference Phase Noise |
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643 | (2) |
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645 | (1) |
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646 | (1) |
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9.8 Appendix I: Phase Margin of Type-II PLLs |
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647 | (8) |
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651 | (1) |
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652 | (3) |
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Chapter 10 Integer-N Frequency Synthesizers |
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655 | (60) |
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10.1 General Considerations |
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|
655 | (4) |
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10.2 Basic Integer-N Synthesizer |
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659 | (2) |
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661 | (3) |
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10.4 Spur Reduction Techniques |
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664 | (3) |
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10.5 PLL-Based Modulation |
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667 | (6) |
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10.5.1 In-Loop Modulation |
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667 | (3) |
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10.5.2 Modulation by Offset PLLs |
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670 | (3) |
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673 | (42) |
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10.6.1 Pulse Swallow Divider |
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674 | (3) |
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10.6.2 Dual-Modulus Dividers |
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677 | (5) |
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10.6.3 Choice of Prescaler Modulus |
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682 | (1) |
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10.6.4 Divider Logic Styles |
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683 | (16) |
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699 | (8) |
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10.6.6 Injection-Locked Dividers |
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707 | (2) |
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10.6.7 Divider Delay and Phase Noise |
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709 | (3) |
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712 | (1) |
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713 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 Fractional-N Synthesizers |
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715 | (36) |
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715 | (3) |
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11.2 Randomization and Noise Shaping |
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718 | (20) |
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11.2.1 Modulus Randomization |
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718 | (4) |
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11.2.2 Basic Noise Shaping |
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722 | (6) |
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11.2.3 Higher-Order Noise Shaping |
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728 | (4) |
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11.2.4 Problem of Out-of-Band Noise |
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732 | (1) |
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11.2.5 Effect of Charge Pump Mismatch |
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733 | (5) |
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11.3 Quantization Noise Reduction Techniques |
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738 | (10) |
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738 | (4) |
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11.3.2 Fractional Divider |
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|
742 | (1) |
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11.3.3 Reference Doubling |
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|
743 | (2) |
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11.3.4 Multiphase Frequency Division |
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|
745 | (3) |
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11.4 Appendix I: Spectrum of Quantization Noise |
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|
748 | (3) |
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|
749 | (1) |
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|
749 | (2) |
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Chapter 12 Power Amplifiers |
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751 | (82) |
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12.1 General Considerations |
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|
751 | (9) |
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12.1.1 Effect of High Currents |
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754 | (1) |
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755 | (1) |
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756 | (2) |
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12.1.4 Single-Ended and Differential PAs |
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758 | (2) |
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12.2 Classification of Power Amplifiers |
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|
760 | (10) |
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12.2.1 Class A Power Amplifiers |
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|
760 | (4) |
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12.2.2 Class B Power Amplifiers |
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|
764 | (4) |
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12.2.3 Class C Power Amplifiers |
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|
768 | (2) |
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12.3 High-Efficiency Power Amplifiers |
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|
770 | (6) |
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12.3.1 Class A Stage with Harmonic Enhancement |
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|
771 | (1) |
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|
772 | (3) |
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12.3.3 Class F Power Amplifiers |
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|
775 | (1) |
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12.4 Cascode Output Stages |
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776 | (4) |
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12.5 Large-Signal Impedance Matching |
|
|
780 | (2) |
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12.6 Basic Linearization Techniques |
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782 | (8) |
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|
783 | (3) |
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12.6.2 Cartesian Feedback |
|
|
786 | (1) |
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|
787 | (1) |
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|
788 | (2) |
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790 | (12) |
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|
790 | (3) |
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12.7.2 Polar Modulation Issues |
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|
793 | (3) |
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12.7.3 Improved Polar Modulation |
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|
796 | (6) |
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|
802 | (9) |
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|
802 | (3) |
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|
805 | (6) |
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12.9 Doherty Power Amplifier |
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|
811 | (3) |
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|
814 | (19) |
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12.10.1 Cascode PA Examples |
|
|
815 | (4) |
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12.10.2 Positive-Feedback PAs |
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|
819 | (2) |
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12.10.3 PAs with Power Combining |
|
|
821 | (3) |
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12.10.4 Polar Modulation PAs |
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|
824 | (2) |
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12.10.5 Outphasing PA Example |
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|
826 | (4) |
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|
830 | (1) |
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|
831 | (2) |
|
Chapter 13 Transceiver Design Example |
|
|
833 | (56) |
|
13.1 System-Level Considerations |
|
|
833 | (15) |
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|
834 | (4) |
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|
838 | (2) |
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13.1.3 Frequency Synthesizer |
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|
840 | (4) |
|
13.1.4 Frequency Planning |
|
|
844 | (4) |
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|
848 | (13) |
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|
849 | (2) |
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|
851 | (5) |
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|
856 | (5) |
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|
861 | (8) |
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|
861 | (6) |
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|
867 | (2) |
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|
869 | (20) |
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|
869 | (9) |
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|
878 | (4) |
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|
882 | (4) |
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|
886 | (1) |
|
|
886 | (3) |
Index |
|
889 | |