Preface |
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ix | |
About the Author |
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xi | |
1 Basic Principles of Radiofrequency Identification |
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1 | (12) |
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1 | (4) |
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1.2 Passive versus Active RFID Systems |
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5 | (1) |
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1.3 Functional Classification of RFID Transponders |
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6 | (1) |
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1.4 Applications and Frequency Selection |
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7 | (6) |
2 Antennas for RFID Transponders |
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13 | (36) |
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2.1 Review of Basic Antenna Theory for RFID Transponders |
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14 | (15) |
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2.1.1 Antennas for RFID Transponders Operating in the LH and HF Regions |
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14 | (3) |
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2.1.2 Inductance of Coil Antennas Operating in the LF and HF Regions |
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17 | (7) |
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2.1.3 Antennas for RFID Transponders Operating in the UHF Region |
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24 | (5) |
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2.2 Antenna Tuning for RFID Transponders |
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29 | (4) |
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2.3 Antenna Matching for RFID Transponders |
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33 | (4) |
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2.4 Antennas in Commercial RFID Transponders |
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37 | (6) |
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2.5 The Connection between the Chip and the Antenna in RFID Transponders |
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43 | (4) |
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2.6 Additional Factors That Affect the Performance of Antennas in RFID Transponders |
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47 | (2) |
3 Transponders |
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49 | (36) |
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50 | (7) |
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3.1.1 Radiofrequency Stage |
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50 | (4) |
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54 | (3) |
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3.2 Signals in the Transponder |
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57 | (9) |
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57 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Modulation and Demodulation |
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59 | (7) |
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66 | (11) |
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66 | (9) |
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3.3.2 Cyclic Redundancy Check for Error Detection |
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75 | (2) |
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3.4 Transponder Programming |
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77 | (2) |
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3.5 Summary of Electrical Specifications for RFID Transponders |
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79 | (2) |
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3.6 Mechanical Considerations and Transponder Assembly |
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81 | (4) |
4 Antennas for Interrogators |
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85 | (34) |
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4.1 Antennas for HF and LF Interrogators |
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86 | (18) |
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4.1.1 Design of Antennas for HF and LF Interrogators |
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86 | (10) |
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96 | (7) |
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4.1.3 Multiple Antenna Systems |
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103 | (1) |
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4.2 Auxiliary Elements for LF and HF Interrogator Antennas |
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104 | (2) |
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4.2.1 Antenna-Tuning Indicators |
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104 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Antenna Multiplexers |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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4.3 Antennas for UHF Interrogators |
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106 | (8) |
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4.3.1 Design of Antennas for UHF Interrogators |
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106 | (5) |
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4.3.2 Transmission Lines and Connectors for UHF Interrogators |
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111 | (3) |
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4.4 Commercial Antennas for RFID Interrogators |
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114 | (5) |
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4.4.1 Antennas for RFID Interrogators |
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114 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Tuning Boards for Interrogator Antennas |
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116 | (3) |
5 Interrogators |
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119 | (36) |
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5.1 Transmitter and Receiver |
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120 | (6) |
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5.2 Modulator and Demodulator |
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126 | (7) |
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5.2.1 Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) Modulation |
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126 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation |
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127 | (2) |
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5.2.3 Phase-Shift Keying (PSK) Modulation |
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129 | (4) |
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5.3 Long-Range Considerations |
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133 | (1) |
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5.4 Interrogator Synchronization |
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134 | (6) |
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5.4.1 No Synchronization at the Interrogator Level |
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134 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Wireless Synchronization |
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135 | (2) |
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5.4.3 Wired Synchronization |
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137 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Combined Wired-Wireless Synchronization |
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137 | (1) |
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5.4.5 Master-Slave Synchronization |
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137 | (2) |
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5.4.6 Carrier Phase Synchronization |
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139 | (1) |
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5.5 Structure of Commercially Available Interrogators |
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140 | (15) |
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5.5.1 Interrogators for LF RFID Systems |
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140 | (9) |
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5.5.1.1 Radiofrequency Modules |
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141 | (3) |
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144 | (5) |
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5.5.2 Interrogators for HF RFID Systems |
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149 | (1) |
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5.5.3 Single-Chip Interrogators |
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150 | (5) |
6 Interrogator Communication and Control |
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155 | (22) |
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6.1 TIRIS Bus Protocol: Texas Instruments |
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155 | (4) |
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6.2 ASCII Protocol for TIRIS Interrogators: Texas Instruments |
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159 | (1) |
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6.3 Series 2000 Micro-Reader System: Texas Instruments |
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160 | (6) |
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6.4 High-Frequency Interrogators: Texas Instruments |
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166 | (11) |
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6.4.1 TIRIS Protocol for Series 6000 Reader System Interrogators |
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166 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Host Protocol for Tag-it Series 6000 Reader System Interrogators |
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166 | (11) |
7 The Air Communication Link |
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177 | (26) |
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7.1 Communication Protocols |
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178 | (6) |
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7.1.1 Communication Protocols for Systems Operating in the LF and HF Ranges |
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178 | (3) |
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7.1.2 Communication Protocols for Systems Operating in the UHF Range |
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181 | (3) |
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7.2 The Communications Link |
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184 | (7) |
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7.2.1 Elements of the Communications Link |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (3) |
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189 | (2) |
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7.3 Transponder Operating Modes |
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191 | (5) |
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7.3.1 Transponders Operating in the LF and HF Bands |
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191 | (2) |
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7.3.2 Transponders Operating in the UHF Bands |
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193 | (3) |
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7.4 Arbitration for Transponders |
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196 | (7) |
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7.4.1 Principles of Arbitration |
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196 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Principles of Anticollision |
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197 | (2) |
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7.4.3 Deterministic Anticollision Procedures |
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199 | (1) |
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7.4.4 Aloha-Based Anticollision Procedures |
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200 | (3) |
8 Commands for Transponders |
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203 | (50) |
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8.1 Commands in the Texas Instruments Series 2000 Systems |
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204 | (10) |
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8.1.1 Commands Supported by the TIRIS Bus Protocol |
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204 | (5) |
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8.1.2 Commands Supported by the ASCII Bus Protocol |
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209 | (5) |
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8.2 Commands for Texas Instruments High-Frequency Interrogators |
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214 | (15) |
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8.2.1 Commands Supported by the TIRIS Protocol for Series 6000 Interrogators |
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214 | (6) |
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8.2.2 Commands Supported by HF Tag-It Transponders |
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220 | (9) |
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8.3 Command Supported by Texas Instruments Series 4000 Multifunction Interrogators |
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229 | (6) |
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8.3.1 Commands Supported by Tag-it Transponders |
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230 | (5) |
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8.3.2 Commands Supported by the ISO 14443 Protocol |
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235 | (1) |
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8.4 Commands for the Texas Instruments UHF Gen 2 Protocol |
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235 | (11) |
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8.5 Commands Supported by the Atmel® Family of Transponders |
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246 | (7) |
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8.5.1 Commands Supported by LF Atmel® Transponders |
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246 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Commands Supported by HF Atmel® Transponders |
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247 | (1) |
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8.5.3 Commands Supported by UHF Atmel® Transponders |
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247 | (6) |
References and Further Reading |
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253 | (4) |
Index |
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257 | |