RFID, Wireless Sensors Using Ultra-Wideband Technology explores how RFID-based technologies are becoming the first choice to realize the last (wireless) link in the chain between each element and the Internet due to their low cost and simplicity. Each day more and more elements are being connected to the Internet of Things. In this book, ultra-wideband radio technology (in time domain) is exploited to realize this wireless link.Chipless, semi-passive and active RFID systems and wireless sensors and prototypes are proposed in terms of reader (setup and signal processing techniques) and tags (design, integration of sensors and performance). The authors include comprehensive theories, proposals of advanced techniques and their implementation to help you develop time-domain ultra-wideband radio technology for a variety of applications. This book is suitable for post-doctoral candidates, experienced researchers, and engineers developing RFID, tag antenna designs, chipless RFID, and sensor integration.Includes comprehensive theories, advanced techniques, and guidelines for their implementation to help you develop time-domain ultra-wideband radio technology for a variety of applicationsDiscusses ultra-wideband (UWB) technology in time-domain, used to develop RFID systems and wireless sensorsExplores the development of hipless, semi-passive, and active identification platforms in terms of low-cost readers and tagsIntegrates wireless sensors in the proposed chipless and semi-passive platforms
Papildus informācija
This practical guide teaches how to develop low-cost readers and tags with RFID systems and wireless sensors from ultra-wideband technology.
Preface |
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Acknowledgements |
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xi | |
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Chapter 1 Introduction to RFID and Chipless RFID |
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1 | (18) |
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1.1 RFID: state of the art |
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2 | (8) |
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1.1.1 Introduction to RFID |
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2 | (3) |
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5 | (5) |
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1.2 Extending RFID capabilities: from ID to sensing |
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10 | (4) |
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1.2.1 Existing technologies for WSNs |
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12 | (1) |
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1.2.2 RFID-enabled wireless sensors |
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13 | (1) |
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1.3 Ultra-wideband technology for RFID applications |
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14 | (4) |
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1.3.1 Introduction to ultra-wideband technology |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (2) |
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1.4 Organization of this book |
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18 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 Chipless Time-coded UWB RFID: Reader, Signal Processing and Tag Design |
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19 | (56) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (7) |
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27 | (5) |
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2.3.1 Frequency-step approach |
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27 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Impulse-based approach |
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28 | (3) |
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2.3.3 Comparison and conclusions |
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31 | (1) |
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2.4 Signal processing techniques |
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32 | (7) |
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2.4.1 Time-windowing and background subtraction |
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33 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Continuous wavelet transform |
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34 | (5) |
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2.5 Design of chipless time-coded UWB RFID tags |
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39 | (13) |
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2.5.1 Design of UWB antennas |
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39 | (5) |
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2.5.2 Integrating delay lines with UWB antennas |
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44 | (5) |
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2.5.3 Circularly polarized UWB RFID tags |
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49 | (3) |
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2.6 Characterization of chipless time-coded UWB RFID tags |
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52 | (21) |
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2.6.1 Time-domain response: distance and resolution |
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53 | (5) |
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58 | (1) |
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2.6.3 Influence of materials |
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59 | (8) |
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67 | (1) |
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2.6.5 Flexible substrates: bending |
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68 | (5) |
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73 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Wireless Sensors Using Chipless Time-coded UWB RFID |
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75 | (48) |
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75 | (1) |
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3.2 Amplitude-based chipless time-coded sensors |
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76 | (29) |
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3.2.1 Principle of operation |
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76 | (3) |
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3.2.2 Temperature sensor based on chipless time-coded UWB tags |
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79 | (10) |
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3.2.3 Temperature threshold detectors based on chipless time-coded UWB tags |
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89 | (10) |
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3.2.4 Self-calibration and reliability |
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99 | (6) |
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3.3 Delay-based time-coded chipless sensors |
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105 | (17) |
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3.3.1 Principle of operation |
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106 | (3) |
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3.3.2 Permittivity sensor based on chipless time-coded UWB tags |
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109 | (13) |
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122 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 Semi-passive Time-coded UWB RFID: Analog and Digital Approaches |
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123 | (40) |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (7) |
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125 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Schottky diode-based detector |
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126 | (4) |
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4.2.3 Reader: modulation schemes |
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130 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Interferences and coexistence with other systems |
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131 | (1) |
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4.3 Microcontroller-based semi-passive UWB RFID system |
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132 | (17) |
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132 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Microcontroller: tag core logic |
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134 | (2) |
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4.3.3 UWB backscatterer design and evaluation |
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136 | (4) |
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4.3.4 Differential coding and detection techniques |
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140 | (2) |
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4.3.5 Communication protocol |
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142 | (1) |
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4.3.6 System scalability, applications and sensor integration |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (4) |
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4.4 Analog semi-passive UWB RFID system |
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149 | (11) |
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149 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Switch-based UWB backscatterer |
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151 | (4) |
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4.4.3 PIN diode-based UWB backscatterer |
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155 | (2) |
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4.4.4 Detector circuit design |
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157 | (3) |
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4.5 Discussion, comparison between systems and conclusions |
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160 | (3) |
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Chapter 5 Wireless Sensors Using Semi-passive UWB RFID |
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163 | (34) |
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163 | (1) |
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5.2 Solar-powered temperature sensor based on analog semi-passive UWB RFID |
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164 | (12) |
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164 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Sensor design and calibration |
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165 | (2) |
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5.2.3 Solar-cell integration: power requirements |
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167 | (3) |
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5.2.4 Results and error study |
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170 | (6) |
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5.3 Nitrogen dioxide gas sensor based on analog semi-passive UWB RFID |
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176 | (10) |
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176 | (1) |
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5.3.2 CNT-based nitrogen dioxide sensor |
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177 | (4) |
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5.3.3 Wireless sensor design and calibration |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (4) |
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5.4 Sensor integration in microcontroller-based semi-passive UWB RFID |
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186 | (6) |
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187 | (2) |
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5.4.2 Nitrogen dioxide gas sensor |
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189 | (3) |
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5.5 Comparison between chipless and semi-passive approaches: conclusions |
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192 | (5) |
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Chapter 6 Active Time-coded UWB RFID |
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197 | (24) |
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197 | (1) |
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6.2 Active UWB RFID system based on cross-polarization amplifier |
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198 | (14) |
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198 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Cross-polarization amplifier design |
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199 | (5) |
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6.2.3 UWB and UHF link budget |
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204 | (4) |
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208 | (4) |
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6.3 Active UWB RFID system based on reflection amplifier |
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212 | (6) |
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212 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Reflection amplifier design |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (2) |
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6.4 Discussion and comparison between systems |
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218 | (3) |
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Chapter 7 Indoor Localization with Smart Floor Based on Time-coded UWB RFID and Ground Penetrating Radar |
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221 | (12) |
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221 | (1) |
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7.2 Smart floor design alternatives |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (7) |
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7.3.1 Smart floor based on passive reflectors |
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224 | (4) |
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7.3.2 Smart floor based on chipless time-coded UWB RFID tags |
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228 | (2) |
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7.3.3 Smart floor based on semi-passive time-coded UWB RFID tags |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (2) |
Bibliography |
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233 | (20) |
Index |
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Angel Ramos received the BS in Telecommunication Engineering, the MS in Electronic Engineering and the PhD in Electronic, Automatic and Communication Engineering from Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain, in 2010, 2011 and 2015, respectively. Since 2015, he works as a Research Fellow at Laboratoire de Conception et dIntegration des Systemes (LCIS), Grenoble-INP, France. He is the author or co-author of 14 peer-reviewed journal papers and 12 international conference papers. He has worked as a reviewer for IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, and IEEE Sensors Journal, among others. His research interests are: radar applied to remote sensing, RFID, UWB and wireless sensors. Antonio Lazaro received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in telecommunication engineering from the Universitat Politčcnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain, in 1994 and 1999, respectively. Since 2004, he joined the Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain, where he teaches courses on microwave circuits and antennas. His research interests are microwave device modelling, on-wafer noise measurements, advanced CMOS compact modelling, monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs), RFMEMS, RFID, UWB radar applications, and wireless sensors. He has authored more than 80 peer-reviewed scientific journals, and several international, and national conference papers. He is member of IEEE and the editorial board of International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks. He participates in several projects featuring RFID and microwave systems. David Girbau received the BS in Telecommunication Engineering, MS in Electronics Engineering and PhD in Telecommunication from Universitat Politčcnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain, in 1998, 2002 and 2006. From 2001 to 2007 he was a Research Assistant with the UPC. From 2005 to 2007 he was a Part-Time Assistant Professor with the Universitat Autņnoma de Barcelona (UAB). In October 2007 he became a Full-Time Professor at Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV). His research interests include microwave devices and systems, with emphasis on UWB, RFIDs, RF-MEMS and wireless sensors. He is author or co-author of 43 papers in indexed journals and more than 70 contributions to conferences. He serves as reviewer of several Journals in the field of microwaves and antennas. Ramón Villarino became a Member of IEEE in 2004, he received the Telecommunications Technical Engineering degree from the Ramon Llull University (URL), Barcelona, Spain in 1994, the Senior Telecommunications Engineering degree from the Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona, Spain in 2000 and the PhD from the UPC in 2004.During 2005-2006, he was a Research Associate at the Technological Telecommunications Center of Catalonia (CTTC), Barcelona, Spain. He worked at the Autonomous University of Catalonia (UAB) from 2006 to 2008 as a Researcher and Assistant Professor. Since January 2009 he is a Full-Time Professor at Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV). His research activities are oriented to radiometry, microwave devices and systems, based on UWB, RFIDs and frequency selective structures using MetaMaterials (MM).