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E-grāmata: Rheology of Dispersions: Principles and Applications [Wiley Online]

(Consultant, formerly Zeneca Agrochemicals (ICI Group), Bracknell, UK)
  • Formāts: 216 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Sep-2010
  • Izdevniecība: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527631569
  • ISBN-13: 9783527631568
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  • Wiley Online
  • Cena: 178,24 €*
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Rheology of Dispersions: Principles and ApplicationsPalielināt
  • Formāts: 216 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Sep-2010
  • Izdevniecība: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527631569
  • ISBN-13: 9783527631568
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Wiley Online E-booksMore info about Wiley Online
Rokasgrāmatas mājas lapa: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9783527631568
A dispersion is a system of unmixable phases in which one phase is continuous and at least one is finely distributed. Examples are found in many industrial applications, including emulsions, suspensions, foams, and geld. The control of their flow characteristics - rheology - is essential in their preparation, long-term physical stability and application.
Filling the need for a practical, up-to-date book connecting the stability/instability of the dispersion to its rheological behavior, this title aids in understanding the principles of rheology and the techniques that can be applied.

From the contents:
* General Introduction
* Interparticle Interactions and Their Combination
* Principles of Viscoelastic Behavior
* Rheology of Suspensions
* Rheology of Emulsions
* Rheology of Modifiers, Thickeners, and Gels
* Use of Rheological Measurements for Assessment and Prediction of the Long-Term Physical Stability of Formulations (Creaming and Sedimentation)
Preface xiii
1 General Introduction 1(6)
References
6(1)
2 Interparticle Interactions and Their Combination 7(30)
2.1 Hard-Sphere Interaction
7(1)
2.2 "Soft" or Electrostatic Interaction
7(3)
2.3 Steric Interaction
10(4)
2.4 van der Waals Attractions
14(2)
2.5 Combination of Interaction Forces
16(2)
2.6 Flocculation of Dispersions, and Its Prevention
18(6)
2.6.1 Mechanism of Flocculation
19(4)
2.6.1.1 Flocculation of Electrostatically Stabilized Suspensions
19(3)
2.6.1.2 Flocculation of Sterically Stabilized Dispersions
22(1)
2.6.1.3 Bridging or Charge Neutralization by Polymers
23(1)
2.6.2 General Rules for Reducing (Eliminating) Flocculation
23(1)
2.7 Distinction between "Dilute," "Concentrated," and "Solid" Dispersions
24(3)
2.8 States of Suspension on Standing
27(2)
2.9 States of the Emulsion on Standing
29(7)
2.9.1 Creaming and Sedimentation
30(1)
2.9.2 Flocculation
31(1)
2.9.3 Ostwald Ripening (Disproportionation)
32(2)
2.9.4 Emulsion Coalescence
34(1)
2.9.5 Phase Inversion
35(1)
References
36(1)
3 Principles of Steady-State Measurements 37(28)
3.1 Strain Rate or Shear Rate
38(1)
3.2 Types of Rheological Behavior in Simple Shear
38(8)
3.2.1 Models for Flow Behavior
39(2)
3.2.1.1 Law of Elasticity (Hooke's Model)
39(1)
3.2.1.2 Newton's Law of Viscosity
39(1)
3.2.1.3 The Kinematic Viscosity v
40(1)
3.2.1.4 Non-Newtonian Flow
40(1)
3.2.2 Rheological Models for the Analysis of Flow Curves
41(12)
3.2.2.1 Newtonian Systems
41(1)
3.2.2.2 Bingham Plastic Systems
41(1)
3.2.2.3 Pseudoplastic (Shear Thinning) System
42(1)
3.2.2.4 Dilatant (Shear Thickening) System
43(1)
3.2.2.5 The Herschel—Bulkley General Model
43(1)
3.2.2.6 The Casson Model
44(1)
3.2.2.7 The Cross Equation
44(2)
3.3 Time Effects During Flow: Thixotropy and Negative (or Anti-) Thixotropy
46(2)
3.4 Rheopexy
48(2)
3.5 Turbulent Flow
50(2)
3.6 Effect of Temperature
52(1)
3.7 Measurement of Viscosity as a Function of Shear Rate: The Steady-State Regime
53(5)
3.7.1 Capillary Viscometers
54(1)
3.7.2 Measurement of Intrinsic Viscosity of Polymers
55(1)
3.7.3 Capillary Rheometry for Non-Newtonians
56(1)
3.7.4 Rotational Viscometers
57(1)
3.7.4.1 Concentric Cylinder Viscometer
57(1)
3.8 Non-Newtonians
58(1)
3.8.1 Shear Thinning or Pseudoplastic
58(1)
3.8.2 Bingham Plastic
59(1)
3.9 Major Precautions with Concentric Cylinder Viscometers
59(5)
3.9.1 Shear Rate Calculations
59(1)
3.9.2 Wall Slip and. Sample Evaporation During Measurement
60(7)
3.9.2.1 The Vane Rheometer
60(1)
3.9.2.2 Cone and Plate Rheometer
61(1)
3.9.2.3 Parallel Plates (Discs)
62(1)
3.9.2.4 The Brookfield Viscometer
62(2)
References
64(1)
4 Principles of Viscoelastic Behavior 65(20)
4.1 Introduction
65(1)
4.2 The Deborah Number
65(1)
4.3 Strain Relaxation after the Sudden Application of Stress (Creep)
66(1)
4.4 Analysis of Creep Curves
67(3)
4.4.1 Viscous Fluid
67(1)
4.4.2 Elastic Solid
67(1)
4.4.3 Viscoelastic Response
68(6)
4.4.3.1 Viscoelastic Liquid
68(1)
4.4.3.2 Viscoelastic Solid
69(1)
4.5 The Berger Model (Maxwell + Kelvin)
70(1)
4.6 Creep Procedure
71(1)
4.7 Stress Relaxation after Sudden Application of Strain
72(2)
4.8 Dynamic (Oscillatory) Techniques
74(10)
4.8.1 Analysis of Oscillatory Response for a Viscoelastic System
74(5)
4.8.1.1 Vector Analysis of the Complex Modulus
76(2)
4.8.1.2 The Cohesive Energy Density Ec
78(1)
4.8.1.3 The Weissenberg Effect and Normal Forces
79(1)
4.8.2 Viscoelastic Measurements
79(8)
4.8.2.1 Constant Stress (Creep) Measurements
80(2)
4.8.2.2 Dynamic (Oscillatory) Measurements
82(1)
4.8.2.3 Shear Modulus (Rigidity) Measurement
83(1)
References
84(1)
5 Rheology of Suspensions 85(36)
5.1 Introduction
85(1)
5.2 The Einstein Equation
86(1)
5.3 The Bachelor Equation
86(1)
5.4 Rheology of Concentrated Suspensions
86(1)
5.5 Rheology of Hard-Sphere Suspensions
87(2)
5.5.1 Analysis of the Viscosity–Volume Fraction Curve
89(1)
5.6 Rheology of Systems with "Soft" or Electrostatic Interaction
89(5)
5.6.1 Viscoelastic Behavior of Electrostatically Stabilized Suspensions
90(4)
5.6.1.1 Elastic Modulus (G')–Distance (h) Relation
92(1)
5.6.1.2 Scaling Laws for Dependence of G' on φ
93(1)
5.6.2 Control of Rheology of Electrostatically Stabilized Suspensions
94(1)
5.7 Rheology of Sterically Stabilized Dispersions
94(5)
5.7.1 Viscoelastic Properties of Sterically Stabilized Suspensions
95(1)
5.7.2 Correlation of the Viscoelastic Properties of Sterically Stabilized Suspensions with Their Interparticle Interactions
96(2)
5.7.3 The High-Frequency Modulus–Volume Fraction Results
98(1)
5.8 Rheology of Flocculated Suspensions
99(17)
5.8.1 Weakly Flocculated Suspensions
100(6)
5.8.2 Strongly Flocculated (Coagulated) Suspensions
106(10)
5.8.2.1 Analysis of the Flow Curve
107(1)
5.8.2.2 Fractal Concept for Flocculation
108(1)
5.8.2.3 Examples of Strongly Flocculated (Coagulated) Suspensions
109(2)
5.8.2.4 Strongly Flocculated, Sterically Stabilized Systems
111(5)
5.9 Models for the Interpretation of Rheological Results
116(2)
5.9.1 Doublet Floc Structure Model
116(1)
5.9.2 Elastic Floc Model
117(1)
References
118(3)
6 Rheology of Emulsions 121(28)
6.1 Introduction
121(1)
6.2 Interfacial Rheology
121(5)
6.2.1 Interfacial Tension and Surface Pressure
121(1)
6.2.2 Interfacial Shear Viscosity
122(1)
6.2.2.1 Measurement of Interfacial Viscosity
122(1)
6.2.3 Interfacial Dilational Elasticity
123(1)
6.2.4 Interfacial Dilational Viscosity
124(1)
6.2.5 Non-Newtonian Effects
124(1)
6.2.6 Correlation of Emulsion Stability with Interfacial Rheology
124(2)
6.2.6.1 Mixed-Surfactant Films
124(1)
6.2.6.2 Protein Films
124(2)
6.3 Bulk Rheology of Emulsions
126(20)
6.3.1 Analysis of the Rheological Behavior of Concentrated Emulsions
128(4)
6.3.1.1 Experimental ηr-φ Curves
131(1)
6.3.1.2 Influence of Droplet Deformability
131(1)
6.3.2 Viscoelastic Properties of Concentrated Emulsions
132(18)
6.3.2.1 High-Internal Phase Emulsions (HIPES)
133(5)
6.3.2.2 Deformation and Break-Up of Droplets in Emulsions During Flow
138(8)
References
146(3)
7 Rheology Modifiers, Thickeners, and Gels 149(20)
7.1 Introduction
149(1)
7.2 Classification of Thickeners and Gels
149(1)
7.3 Definition of a "Gel"
150(1)
7.4 Rheological Behavior of a "Gel"
150(3)
7.4.1 Stress Relaxation (after Sudden Application of Strain)
150(1)
7.4.2 Constant Stress (Creep) Measurements
151(1)
7.4.3 Dynamic (Oscillatory) Measurements
152(1)
7.5 Classification of Gels
153(11)
7.5.1 Polymer Gels
154(6)
7.5.1.1 Physical Gels Obtained by Chain Overlap
154(1)
7.5.1.2 Gels Produced by Associative Thickeners
155(4)
7.5.1.3 Crosslinked Gels (Chemical Gels)
159(1)
7.5.2 Particulate Gels
160(9)
7.5.2.1 Aqueous Clay Gels
160(1)
7.5.2.2 Organo-Clays (Bentones)
161(1)
7.5.2.3 Oxide Gels
162(1)
7.5.2.4 Gels Produced using Particulate Solids and High-Molecular-Weight Polymers
163(1)
7.6 Rheology Modifiers Based on Surfactant Systems
164(3)
References
167(2)
8 Use of Rheological Measurements for Assessment and Prediction of the Long-Term Physical Stability of Formulations (Creaming and Sedimentation) 169(24)
8.1 Introduction
169(1)
8.2 Sedimentation of Suspensions
169(11)
8.2.1 Accelerated Tests and Their Limitations
171(1)
8.2.2 Application of a High-Gravity (g) Force
172(1)
8.2.3 Rheological Techniques for the Prediction of Sedimentation or Creaming
173(1)
8.2.4 Separation of Formulation: Syneresis
174(1)
8.2.5 Examples of Correlation of Sedimentation or Creaming with Residual (Zero-Shear) Viscosity
175(2)
8.2.5.1 Model Suspensions of Aqueous Polystyrene Latex
175(1)
8.2.5.2 Sedimentation in Non-Newtonian Liquids
175(1)
8.2.5.3 Role of Thickeners
176(1)
8.2.6 Prediction of Emulsion Creaming
177(3)
8.2.6.1 Creep Measurements for Prediction of Creaming
179(1)
8.2.6.2 Oscillatory Measurements for Prediction of Creaming
179(1)
8.3 Assessment and Prediction of Flocculation Using Rheological Techniques
180(7)
8.3.1 Introduction
180(1)
8.3.2 Wall Slip
180(1)
8.3.3 Steady-State Shear Stress–Shear Rate Measurements
180(1)
8.3.4 Influence of Ostwald Ripening and Coalescence
181(1)
8.3.5 Constant-Stress (Creep) Experiments
181(1)
8.3.6 Dynamic (Oscillatory) Measurements
182(2)
8.3.6.1 Strain Sweep Measurements
182(1)
8.3.6.2 Oscillatory Sweep Measurements
183(1)
8.3.7 Examples of Application of Rheology for Assessment and Prediction of Flocculation
184(3)
8.3.7.1 Flocculation and Restabilization of Clays Using Cationic Surfactants
184(1)
8.3.7.2 Flocculation of Sterically Stabilized Dispersions
185(1)
8.3.7.3 Flocculation of Sterically Stabilized Emulsions
186(1)
8.4 Assessment and Prediction of Emulsion Coalescence Using Rheological Techniques
187(4)
8.4.1 Introduction
187(1)
8.4.2 Rate of Coalescence
187(1)
8.4.3 Rheological Techniques
188(2)
8.4.3.1 Viscosity Measurements
188(1)
8.4.3.2 Measurement of Yield Value as a Function of Time
189(1)
8.4.3.3 Measurement of Storage Modulus G' as a Function of Time
189(1)
8.4.4 Correlation between Elastic Modulus and Coalescence
190(1)
8.4.5 Cohesive Energy Ec
191(1)
References
191(2)
Index 193
Tharwat F. Tadros was appointed lecturer in Physical Chemsitry (1962-1966) at Alexandria University. Between 1966 and 1969, he spent a sabbatical at the Agricultural University of Wageningen and T.N.O. in Delft, The Netherlands. Thereafter he joined I.C.I. and ZENECA until 1994, where he researched various fields of surfactants, emulsions, suspensions, microemulsions, wetting spreading & adhesion and rheology. During that period he was also appointed visiting professor at Imperial College London, Bristol University and Reading University. In 1992, he was elected President of the International Association of Colloid and Interface Science. Since leaving ZENECA, Tharwat F. Tadros has worked as a consultant for various industries and also given several courses in his specialized field. He is the recipient of two medals from the Royal Society of Chemistry in the UK, and has more than 250 scientific papers to his name.
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