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E-grāmata: Rise of Engineering Science: How Technology Became Scientific

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The 18th and 19th centuries saw the emergence of new intermediary types of knowledge in areas such as applied mechanics, fluid mechanics and thermodynamics, which came to be labeled as engineering science,  transforming technology into the scientific discipline that we know today.  This book analyzes how the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries and the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries provided the intellectual, social, economic and institutional foundations for the emergence of engineering science.  The book then traces the rise of engineering science from the 18th century through the 19th century and concludes by showing how it led to new technological developments in such areas as steel production, the invention of internal combustion engines, the creation of automobiles and airplanes, and the formulation of Mass Production and Scientific Management all of which brought about major transformations in the materials, power sources, transportation and production techniques that have come to shape our modern world.  

Part I Introduction
1 Changing Relationships Between Science and Technology
3(10)
References
9(4)
Part II The Roots of Engineering Science
2 The Intellectual Roots of Engineering Science
13(22)
2.1 The Scientific Revolution---Overview
13(3)
2.2 Roots of the Mechanical Philosophy
16(7)
2.2.1 Galileo
17(2)
2.2.2 Rene Descartes
19(1)
2.2.3 Isaac Newton
19(4)
2.3 Roots of the Experimental Philosophy
23(7)
2.3.1 Francis Bacon
23(2)
2.3.2 Galileo
25(2)
2.3.3 Robert Boyle
27(2)
2.3.4 Isaac Newton
29(1)
2.4 The New Ideology of Science
30(3)
2.5 Conclusions
33(2)
References
33(2)
3 The Social and Economic Roots of Engineering Science
35(20)
3.1 The Industrial Revolution---Overview
35(5)
3.2 Iron Production
40(3)
3.2.1 Machine Tools
42(1)
3.3 The Steam Engine
43(6)
3.3.1 Steamboats
46(2)
3.3.2 Railroads
48(1)
3.4 The Textile Revolution
49(3)
3.4.1 The Factory System
51(1)
3.5 Conclusions
52(3)
References
53(2)
4 The Institutional Roots of Engineering Science
55(20)
4.1 Great Britain
56(5)
4.2 France
61(5)
4.3 The German States
66(2)
4.4 The United States
68(3)
4.5 Conclusions
71(4)
References
71(4)
Part III The Rise of Engineering Science
5 The Emergence of Engineering Science
75(36)
5.1 Applied Mechanics
76(9)
5.1.1 The Strength of Materials and Theories of Elasticity
76(4)
5.1.2 Theories of Structures and Statics
80(2)
5.1.3 Theories of Mechanisms and Machines
82(3)
5.2 Fluid Mechanics
85(12)
5.2.1 Waterwheels and Turbines
87(3)
5.2.2 Naval Architecture
90(2)
5.2.3 Ballistics and Aeronautics
92(5)
5.3 Thermodynamics
97(11)
5.3.1 Steam Engines
97(1)
5.3.2 Heat Engines
98(2)
5.3.3 The Mechanical Theory of Heat
100(4)
5.3.4 The Science of Energy
104(4)
5.4 Conclusions
108(3)
References
108(3)
6 The Establishment of Engineering Science: The Harmony of Theory and Practice
111(20)
6.1 Theory and Practice in Great Britain
113(4)
6.2 Theory and Practice in the German States
117(5)
6.3 Theory and Practice in France
122(2)
6.4 Theory and Practice in the United States
124(3)
6.5 Conclusions
127(4)
References
127(4)
Part IV Engineering Science-Based Industnes
7 New Materials
131(16)
7.1 Steel Production
131(5)
7.2 Steel Construction
136(8)
7.2.1 Bridges
136(5)
7.2.2 Skyscrapers
141(3)
7.3 Conclusions
144(3)
References
145(2)
8 New Power Sources
147(14)
8.1 Internal Combustion Engines
147(11)
8.1.1 The Four-Cycle Engine
151(3)
8.1.2 The Diesel Engine
154(4)
8.2 Conclusions
158(3)
References
158(3)
9 New Transportation Systems
161(14)
9.1 The Automobile Industry
161(4)
9.2 The Aeronautics Industry
165(8)
9.3 Conclusions
173(2)
References
174(1)
10 New Methods of Production
175(14)
10.1 Mass Production---Fordism
175(6)
10.2 Scientific Management---Taylorism
181(4)
10.3 Conclusions
185(4)
References
186(3)
Part V Epilogue
11 From Engineering Science to Technoscience
189(5)
References 194(3)
Name Index 197