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E-grāmata: Risk Factors in Depression

Edited by (University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada), Edited by (University of Western Ontario, London, Canada)
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 02-Sep-2011
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc.(London) Ltd
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780080560564
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Risk Factors in DepressionPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 02-Sep-2011
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc.(London) Ltd
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780080560564
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Depression is one of the most common mental health disorders, affecting 14% of all people at some point in their lifetime. Women are twice as likely to become depressed as men, but beyond gender there are a variety of risk factors that influence the prevalence and likelihood of experiencing depression. Risk Factors in Depression consolidates research findings on risk factors into one source, for ease of reference for both researchers and clinicians in practice.

The book divides risk factors into biological, cognitive, and social risk factors. This provides researchers with the opportunity to examine the interface among different theoretical perspectives and variables, and to look for the opportunity for more complex and explanatory models of depression.

* Allows reader to compare and contrast the relative states of development of different models and their databases
* Examines the predictive power of these models related to various phases of clinical depression, including onset, maintenance, and relapse
* Provides an examination of the therapeutic implications of comprehensive and integrative models of depression

Papildus informācija

A complete reference on the many models of risk factors in depression.
PREFACE XVII
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XXIII
1 INTRODUCTION: ASSESSING RISK AND RESILIENCE FACTORS IN MODELS OF DEPRESSION
1
KEITH S. DOBSON AND DAVID J.A. DOZOIS
The Nature of Major Depression
2
The Course of Depression
5
The Nature of Risk
7
Research Methods for Studying Risk
8
Conceptual Models for Studying Risk
10
Preview of this Volume
12
PART I BIOLOGICAL FACTORS 17
2 GENETIC RISK AND FAMILIAL TRANSMISSION OF DEPRESSION
19
LIZ FORTY, STANLEY ZAMMIT AND NICK CRADDOCK
Classification/Diagnosis of Depression
20
Measuring Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors
21
Family, Adoption and Twin Studies
21
Molecular Genetic Studies
21
Linkage Studies
21
The Familiality/Heritability of MDD
22
Childhood Depression
24
Heritability, Gender and Depression
24
Heritability and Clinical Characteristics of Major Depression
24
Gene-Environment Interactions
25
Molecular Genetic Studies and MDD
25
Linkage Studies and MDD
25
Linkage Studies, MDD and Comorbidity
26
Candidate Gene Studies and MDD
27
Refining the Phenotype
28
The Reactive/Endogenous Division of MDD
28
Melancholic and Atypical Depression
28
Childbirth and MDD
29
Psychosis and MDD
29
Suicide and MDD
29
Symptom Dimensions and MDD
30
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
30
Treatment Response
30
Future Directions
30
3 ALTERATIONS IN NEURAL STRUCTURES AS RISK FACTORS FOR DEPRESSION
37
RAJAMANNAR RAMASUBBU AND GLENDA MACQUEEN
Neural Structures as Risk Factors
37
Neuroimaging Approaches
38
Neuro-anatomical Correlates of Depression
40
Brain Markers of Vulnerability to Depression
47
Conclusions and Future Perspectives
53
4 NEUROCHEMICAL AND TRANSMITTER MODELS OF DEPRESSION
63
HYMIE ANISMAN, KIM MATHESON AND SHAWN HAYLEY
Monoamine Variations Associated with Stressors
65
Sensitization
66
Genetic Engineering and Behavioral Impairments
67
Studies in Humans: Imaging, Binding and Postmortem Analyses
67
Genetic Links between Serotonin Functioning and Depression
70
Pharmacological Studies
71
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
71
CRH Receptors
72
CRH in Depression/Suicide
73
HPA Polymorphisms Related to MDD
74
CRH—AVP Interactions
74
Pharmacological Studies
75
Morphological Correlates of Major Depressive Illness
75
Neurogenesis and Depression
76
Growth Factors in Relation to Stressors and Depression
76
Inflammatory Processes Associated with MDD
77
Proactive Effects of Cytokines
79
Cytokines in Relation to Depression in Humans
80
Concluding Comments
81
5 SLEEP DYSREGULATION AND RELATED REGULATORY MODELS
91
ANNE GERMAIN AND MICHAEL E. THASE
Overview of Normal Sleep
92
Control Mechanisms of Normal Sleep
92
Normal Sleep Architecture and Sleep Neurobiology
94
Sleep and Circadian Disturbances in Depression
97
Sleep focused Models of Depression
100
Circadian and Sleep Disturbances as Risk Factors for Depression
102
Specificity of Sleep Disturbances as Risk Factors for Depression
103
Treatment Implications
104
Directions for Future Theory and Research Development
109
PART II COGNITIVE FACTORS 119
6 COGNITIVE SCHEMAS, BELIEFS AND ASSUMPTIONS
121
DAVID J.A. DOZOIS AND AARON T. BECK
Beck's Cognitive Model
122
The Measurement of Beliefs and Schemas
125
Requirement for a Vulnerability Factor
126
Content Sensitivity
127
Content-Specificity
127
Cognitive Stability
130
Studies of "Vulnerable" Populations
132
Longitudinal Studies of Cognitive Vulnerability
132
Mechanisms Related to the Development of Core Beliefs/Schemas
133
Conclusions and Future Directions
135
7 INFORMATION PROCESSING: ATTENTION AND MEMORY
145
RICK E. INGRAM, DANA K. STEIDTMANN AND STEVEN L. BISTRICKY
Memory and Risk
147
Recall Bias
147
Memory Specificity
149
Attention and Risk
151
Attentional Affective Bias
151
Attentional Capacity and Allocation
153
Inhibition of Attention
157
Eye Movement Indicators of Attention
159
Thought Suppression
161
Summary of Attention and Risk
162
Treatment and Future Directions
163
8 OPTIMISM AND PESSIMISM
171
STEPHEN M. SCHUELLER AND MARTIN E.P. SELIGMAN
Introduction
171
Expecting the Best: "Dispositional Optimism" more accurately called "Expectational Optimism"
172
Explaining Events: Explanatory Style
173
Related Constructs: Self-Efficacy and Hope
175
Cognitive Models of Depression
176
From Helplessness to Hopelessness: The Role of Explanatory Style in Depression
176
Evidence for Pessimism as a Risk Factor for Depression
177
Interventions that Increase Optimism and Lower Depression
182
Benefits of Optimism
184
Building the Positive: Positive Psychology and Optimism
185
The Future of Optimism/Pessimism
190
9 DISPOSITIONAL PESSIMISM ACROSS THE LIFESPAN
195
JOHN R.Z. ABELA, RANDY P. AUERBACH AND MARTIN E.P. SELIGMAN
Dispositional Optimism
196
Assessing Dispositional Optimism
196
Examining the Prospective Association Between Dispositional Optimism and Depression
197
Adolescents and University Students
197
Older Adults
198
Pregnancy and Childbirth
198
Abortion
199
Cancer
199
Patient—Caregiver Dyads
199
Surgical Outcomes
200
HIV and AIDS
200
Mediating Pathways Through Which Dispositional Optimism Predicts Depression
201
Explanatory Style
202
Reformulated Learned Helplessness Theory
202
Hopelessness Theory
202
Assessing Explanatory Style
203
Prospective Studies of the Association Between Explanatory Style and Depression
204
University Students
204
Depressed Adult Patients
206
Children and Adolescents
207
Mediating Pathways Through Which Explanatory Style Predicts Depression
208
Relationship Between Dispositional Optimism and Explanatory Style
209
Theoretical Perspectives
210
Empirical Observations
211
Directions for Future Research
211
10 RUMINATIVE RESPONSE STYLE
221
BLAIR E. WISCO AND SUSAN NOLEN-HOEKSEMA
Evidence of Risk for Depression
222
Proposed Mechanisms of Risk
226
Increases in Negative Mood
226
Cognitive Costs of Rumination
228
Motivational Consequences of Rumination
228
Interpersonal Effects of Rumination
228
Specificity of Risk
229
Anxiety Disorders
229
Escapist Behaviors
230
Suicidal Ideation and Behaviors
230
Treatment Implications
230
Directions for Future Research
232
11 NEGATIVE COGNITIVE STYLE
237
LAUREN B. ALLOY, LYN Y. ABRAMSON, JESSICA KEYSER, RACHEL K. GERSTEIN AND LOUISA G. SYLVIA
Description of Negative Cognitive Style
237
Mechanisms by Which Negative Cognitive Style Increases Risk for Depression
239
Empirical Support for Negative Cognitive Style as a Risk Factor for Depression
241
Prospective Research on Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression
241
CVD Project Results
244
Developmental Antecedents of Negative Cognitive Styles
249
Do Modeling and Parental Inferential Feedback Contribute to the Development of Negative Cognitive Styles?
250
Do General Parenting Styles Contribute to the Development of Negative Cognitive Styles?
250
Does Childhood Maltreatment Contribute to the Development of Negative Cognitive Styles?
251
Negative Cognitive Styles: Implications for Resilience to Depression, Treatment, and Prevention
252
Adaptive Inferential Feedback as a Buffer Against Depression Among Cognitively Vulnerable Individuals
252
Treatment and Prevention
254
Directions for Future Research
255
12 SOCIAL PROBLEM SOLVING AS A RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION
263
ARTHUR M. NEZU, CHRISTINE MAGUTH NEZU AND MELISSA A. CLARK
What Is Social Problem Solving?
263
How Does Social Problem Solving Serve as a Risk Factor for Depression?
265
Problem-Solving Component Processes and Depression
269
Depression, Rumination, and Social Problem Solving
270
What is the Empirical Support for Problem Solving to be a Depressogenic Risk Factor?
271
Social Problem Solving and Depression
271
SPS as a Moderator of the Stress–Depression Association
274
Problem-Solving Therapy for Depression: Treatment Implications
274
Are SPS Deficits Specific to Depression?
279
Future Directions
279
PART III SOCIAL FACTORS 287
13 THE ROOTS OF DEPRESSION IN EARLY ATTACHMENT EXPERIENCES
289
GREG MORAN, HEIDI NEUFELD BAILEY AND CAREY ANNE DEOLIVEIRA
Attachment and Later Depression: Conceptual Arguments and Existing Evidence
291
Attachment: Origins, Correlates, and Developmental Implications
294
Individual Differences in Attachment
295
Trauma, Fear, and Disorganized Attachment
296
The Development of Representations
297
Attachment and Later Psychopathology
299
How the cognitive and Interpersonal Consequences of Early Attachment Experiences May Affect Resilience and Vulnerability to Depression
300
Specific Cognitive and Interpersonal Vulnerabilities Associated with Particular Patterns of Attachment
301
Areas for Further Research at the Intersection of Attachment and Risk for Depression
305
How Are Cognitive Schemas Activated?
306
Cognitive Schemas and Emotions
307
Adult Attachment Representations and Interpersonal Risks for Depression
308
Differences in Underlying Vulnerability to Depression: Implications for Therapy
309
Concluding Comments
310
14 LIFE EVENTS AND HASSLES
317
KATE L. HARKNESS
Assessing and Defining Stressful Life Events
318
Life Event Assessment: Daily Hassles
319
Life Event Assessment: Interview-Based Approaches
320
Life Events and Depression
321
Life Events and Syndrome Specificity
323
Life Events and Specificity to Depression vs. Anxiety
323
Life Stress and the Melancholic vs. Non-Melancholic Distinction in Depression
324
Stress Sensitization and Depression
328
Genetic Vulnerability to Stress Sensitization
329
Childhood Adversity Vulnerability to Stress Sensitization
331
Cognitive and Personality Vulnerability to Stress Sensitivity
332
Summary
334
Conclusions
335
15 PARENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND PARENTING STYLE ATTACHMENT AS RISK FACTORS OF DEPRESSION
343
CECILIA A. ESSAU AND SATOKO SASAGAWA
Introduction
343
Parental Psychopathology and Depression in Offspring
344
Top-Down Studies
344
Bottom-Up Studies
345
Clinical Features of Parental Psychopathology and Children's Depression
348
Parental Depression and Children's Psychosocial Impairment and Course of Depression
350
Parenting Styles and Depression
351
Moderators of Parental Depression and Children's Outcome
353
Studies of Depressed Parents
353
Observation Studies
354
Single or Multi-factorial Model of Risk for Depression
355
Conclusions and Future Directions
356
Specificity
356
Genetic and Environmental Effects
356
Protective or Resiliency Factors
357
A Focus on Prevention
357
16 MARRIAGE AND RELATIONSHIP ISSUES
363
MARK A. WHISMAN AND ROSELINDE KAISER
Relationship Functioning and Depression
364
Global Evaluation of Marital Discord
364
Marital Processes
369
Specificity of the Association between Marital Functioning and Depression
372
Treatment Implications
373
Couples Therapy
373
Directions for Future Theory and Research Development
376
Conclusion
379
17 LOW SOCIAL SUPPORT AND MAJOR DEPRESSION: RESEARCH, THEORY AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
385
BRIAN LAKEY AND ARIKA CRONIN
Social Support Theory, Measurement, and Methods
386
Social Support Theory
386
Social Support Measurement
386
Methods for Testing Stress and Coping Social Support Theory
388
Empirical Research on Social Support and Depression
389
Cross-sectional Studies of Social Support and Depression
389
Prospective Studies of Social Support and Depression
390
Studies of Depression Remission Following Treatment
394
Implications for Social Support Theory and Research
396
Other Theoretical Approaches
397
Are Prospective Studies Appropriate For Testing Alternative Theories?
399
Alternative Research Designs
400
Summary and Conclusions
403
18 STRESS GENERATION AND DEPRESSION
409
CONSTANCE HAMMEN AND JOSEPHINE H. SHIH
Defining the Risk Factor
409
General Models of Person–Environment Transactions
410
Hypothesized Mechanism of Action
411
Effects of Prior and Current Depression on Stress Generation
411
Effects of Clinical Factors on Stress Generation
414
Effects of Other Vulnerability Factors on Stress Generation
414
Onset vs. Recurrence of depression
418
Role of Self-generated (Dependent) Stress on Depression
418
Specificity of Stress Generation in Relation to Depression
420
Implications for Resilience and Treatment
422
Conclusions and Directions for Future Research
423
19 REASSURANCE SEEKING AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SEEKING
429
KATHERINE A. TIMMONS AND THOMAS E. JOINER, JR.
Risk Factor Models
430
Excessive Reassurance Seeking
431
ERS and Rejection
432
ERS and Depression
433
ERS: Future Directions
436
Negative Feedback Seeking
437
NFS and Rejection
438
NFS and Depression
440
NFS: Future Directions
441
Reassurance and NFS: Integrations and Future Directions
441
An Integrative Model of Risk for Rejection
441
Reassurance and NFS as Maintenance Factors
442
Interpersonal Risk Factors for Depression?
443
20 AVOIDANCE
447
NICOLE D. OTTENBREIT AND KEITH S. DOBSON
Introduction
447
The Construct of Avoidance
447
Literature Review
448
Theories That Posit a Role for Avoidance in the Context of Depression
448
Empirical Investigations of the Relationship Between Avoidance and Depression
454
Conceptual and Methodological Issues in the Study of Avoidance and Depression
458
Commonalities and Distinctions Between Avoidance and Other Concepts
462
Directions for Future Research and Clinical Implications
464
SUBJECT INDEX 471
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