|
PART ONE What Is Everything Really Like? |
|
|
1 | (200) |
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
Historical Interlude A: A Worldwide Context for Western Philosophy |
|
|
2 | (11) |
|
Chapter 1 Why Philosophy? |
|
|
13 | (41) |
|
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
The Pre-Socratic Cosmologists |
|
|
14 | (8) |
|
|
|
15 | (2) |
|
How Philosophy Works Worldviews |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
|
|
18 | (2) |
|
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
|
|
22 | (4) |
|
How Philosophy Works Sophistic Logic, or Sophistry |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
Doing Philosophy Shapiro for the Defense |
|
|
24 | (2) |
|
The Classical Period in Greek Philosophy |
|
|
26 | (12) |
|
|
|
26 | (2) |
|
How Philosophy Works The Dialectic |
|
|
28 | (2) |
|
|
|
30 | (2) |
|
Philosophers Speak For Themselves Plato |
|
|
32 | (3) |
|
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
How Philosophy Works Logic---A Method for Evaluating Arguments |
|
|
36 | (2) |
|
Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Axiology in Asian Thought |
|
|
38 | (4) |
|
|
|
38 | (3) |
|
Pan Chao and the Confucian Tradition |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Axiology in African Thought |
|
|
42 | (3) |
|
The Peoples of the Americas |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
|
|
46 | (2) |
|
|
|
48 | (2) |
|
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
|
|
52 | (2) |
|
Chapter 2 Reality and Being |
|
|
54 | (53) |
|
Is What You See What You Get? |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
|
|
54 | (2) |
|
Reality and the Brain: The Visual World and Constructed Reality |
|
|
56 | (2) |
|
How Philosophy Works Reductio Ad Absurdum |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
|
|
58 | (7) |
|
Ontology in Plato and Aristotle |
|
|
58 | (4) |
|
How Philosophy Works The Categorical Syllogism |
|
|
62 | (2) |
|
Doing Philosophy The Riddle of the Nature of Reality |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
|
|
65 | (4) |
|
Buddhism: Reality as Interdependence |
|
|
65 | (2) |
|
Taoism: Reality as the Tao |
|
|
67 | (2) |
|
Materialism: Reality as Purely Material |
|
|
69 | (2) |
|
Pragmatism: Reality as What We Can Know |
|
|
71 | (2) |
|
Contemporary Physics and the Nature of Reality |
|
|
73 | (6) |
|
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
|
|
75 | (2) |
|
Science and Physical Reality |
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
How Philosophy Works The Ship of Theseus Paradox |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
Cosmology: Is There Order and Purpose in the Universe? |
|
|
79 | (3) |
|
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
Philosophers Speak For Themselves Aristotle: The Four Causes |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
Quantum Theory and Astronomy |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
The Possibility of Eternal Dimensions |
|
|
82 | (8) |
|
Hypatia of Alexandria and Neoplatonism |
|
|
82 | (2) |
|
The Peoples of the Americas---Maya, Nahua, Seneca: A Sacred Cosmos |
|
|
84 | (3) |
|
An African View of a Sacred Cosmos |
|
|
87 | (2) |
|
African American Christianity and the Sacred Cosmos |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
|
|
91 | (2) |
|
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
|
|
94 | (3) |
|
Historical Interlude B Philosophy and Early Christianity |
|
|
97 | (10) |
|
|
|
107 | (47) |
|
Who or What Are We, and What Are We Doing Here? |
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
|
|
108 | (3) |
|
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
Is There an Essential Human Nature?---The Avocado View |
|
|
112 | (9) |
|
Is There an Essential Human Nature?---The Artichoke View |
|
|
121 | (5) |
|
Non-Western Views of the Self |
|
|
126 | (11) |
|
From Hinduism and Atman to Buddhism and Anatman |
|
|
127 | (2) |
|
Confucian Socially Molded Self |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
Taoist Five-Element View of the Self |
|
|
130 | (2) |
|
Philosophers Speak For Themselves Tao Te Ching |
|
|
132 | (2) |
|
Nahua Three-Element Balance Model |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
|
|
135 | (2) |
|
|
|
137 | (5) |
|
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
|
|
138 | (2) |
|
How Philosophy Works Inductive Reasoning |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
Doing Philosophy Body/Mind/Bodymind |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
Issues of Human Identity and Freedom |
|
|
142 | (4) |
|
Race and Ethnicity: One Aspect of Identity |
|
|
142 | (2) |
|
Biological Sex and Gender: Another Aspect of Identity |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
Innate or Plastic: One Question in the Free Will versus Determinism Debate |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
|
|
146 | (2) |
|
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
|
|
149 | (5) |
|
Chapter 4 Philosophy and Ultimate Reality |
|
|
154 | (47) |
|
Is There an Ultimate Reality? |
|
|
154 | (2) |
|
|
|
156 | (4) |
|
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
Pantheism and Panentheism |
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
Seeking an Ultimate Reality Using Reason |
|
|
160 | (13) |
|
Knowledge of Ultimate Reality Based on Reason |
|
|
160 | (4) |
|
Imago Dei Based on Reason |
|
|
164 | (3) |
|
How Philosophy Works The Hypothetical Syllogism |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
Philosophers Speak For Themselves Augustine |
|
|
168 | (5) |
|
Seeking an Ultimate Reality Using Intuition |
|
|
173 | (11) |
|
Knowledge of Ultimate Reality Based on Intuition |
|
|
173 | (2) |
|
Imago Dei Based on Intuition |
|
|
175 | (9) |
|
Seeking an Ultimate Reality Beyond Anthropomorphic Images |
|
|
184 | (6) |
|
Beyond Words and Concepts: Web, Tao, Teotl |
|
|
184 | (2) |
|
Is There Life After Death? |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
The Sacred and the Secular |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
Doing Philosophy Speculating on Life After Death |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
Secular Humanism: Human as Ultimate |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
Doing Philosophy Neurotheology---The Biological Basis of Spirituality |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
Implications for Human Nature and Cosmology |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
Deistic, Pantheistic, and Panentheistic Worldviews |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
|
192 | (2) |
|
|
|
194 | (2) |
|
|
|
196 | (5) |
|
PART TWO How Am I to Understand the World? |
|
|
201 | (120) |
|
Questions of Epistemology |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
Historical Interlude C From the Medieval to the Modern World |
|
|
202 | (9) |
|
Chapter 5 Knowledge Sources |
|
|
211 | (39) |
|
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
The Peoples of the Americas: Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
The Rationalist Approach of Rene Descartes |
|
|
213 | (8) |
|
The Use of Methodic Doubt to Examine Knowledge |
|
|
213 | (3) |
|
How Philosophy Works Methodic Doubt (Zero-Based Epistemology) |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
Beyond Solipsism to Belief in a Material World |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
Philosophers Speak For Themselves Rene Descartes |
|
|
217 | (2) |
|
How Philosophy Works Circular Reasoning (Begging the Question) |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
Catholic Free Will in the "Clockwork Universe" of Science |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
Responses to the Mind-Body Problem |
|
|
221 | (3) |
|
Baruch (Benedictus) Spinoza |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Monads |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
Anne Finch, Viscountess Conway |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
The New Science Leads to Empiricism: Isaac Newton |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
|
|
224 | (8) |
|
Creating a Mind-World Connection: John Locke |
|
|
225 | (2) |
|
Reality as Mind Dependent: George Berkeley |
|
|
227 | (2) |
|
Radical Skepticism: David Hume |
|
|
229 | (3) |
|
Implications of Empiricism for Philosophy |
|
|
232 | (9) |
|
Hume's Fork and Logical Positivism |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
Language Analysis and the Limits of Philosophy |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
Challenging the Myth of the Objective Observer |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
Broadening the Definition of Logic in Traditional Societies |
|
|
235 | (2) |
|
How Philosophy Works Calculative Versus Meditative Thinking: Martin Heidegger |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
Doing Philosophy Knowing How to Cure Malaria |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
|
|
238 | (2) |
|
How Philosophy Works Before and After |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
Beyond the Egocentric Predicament: Edmund Husserl |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
|
|
241 | (3) |
|
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
The Non-Western Tradition |
|
|
242 | (2) |
|
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
|
|
247 | (3) |
|
|
|
250 | (33) |
|
Do You Swear to Tell the Truth...? |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
|
|
252 | (10) |
|
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
How Philosophy Works Informal Fallacies---Part One |
|
|
253 | (2) |
|
|
|
255 | (2) |
|
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
|
|
258 | (3) |
|
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
Truth and the Really Real |
|
|
262 | (3) |
|
|
|
262 | (2) |
|
Truth in Religions of the Book |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Philosophers Speak For Themselves Hadewijch of Antwerp (a mystical vision) |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
|
|
265 | (4) |
|
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
How Philosophy Works Design Thinking: Charles Sanders Peirce and Abductive Reasoning |
|
|
266 | (2) |
|
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
|
|
269 | (3) |
|
The Changing Definition of History |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
Race, Class, and Gender in Historical Interpretation |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
Research Methods of Social History |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Truth in Texts: The Deconstruction Test of Truth |
|
|
272 | (4) |
|
Doing Philosophy Deconstruction: Where Do We Stop? |
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
The Elusive Nature of Truth |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
|
|
278 | (2) |
|
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
|
281 | (2) |
|
Chapter 7 Aesthetic Experience |
|
|
283 | (38) |
|
Is Truth Beauty and Beauty Truth? |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
|
|
283 | (2) |
|
How Philosophy Works Informal Fallacies---Part Two |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Functions of Art in Society |
|
|
285 | (9) |
|
Art as Representation of Reality |
|
|
285 | (2) |
|
The Role of the Artist in Western Society |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
Philosophers Speak For Themselves Plato and Aristotle |
|
|
287 | (2) |
|
The Role of the Artist in Asian Society |
|
|
289 | (4) |
|
The Role of the Artist in African Society |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
|
295 | (4) |
|
Truth and Beauty in the West |
|
|
295 | (2) |
|
|
|
297 | (2) |
|
Truth and Beauty in Western Philosophy |
|
|
299 | (9) |
|
Overcoming the Subject-Object Split: Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling |
|
|
300 | (2) |
|
Escaping the Force of Will: Arthur Schopenhauer |
|
|
302 | (2) |
|
Combining the Merging of Dionysus and the Separation of Apollo: Friedrich Nietzsche |
|
|
304 | (2) |
|
Viewing Truth as Unconcealment: Martin Heidegger |
|
|
306 | (2) |
|
Art as a Vehicle for Experiencing the World Differently |
|
|
308 | (6) |
|
Doing Philosophy Music and the Mind |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
|
317 | (4) |
|
PART THREE By What Values Shall I Live in the World? |
|
|
321 | (158) |
|
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Historical Interlude D From the Modern to the Postmodern World |
|
|
322 | (8) |
|
Chapter 8 Political Philosophy |
|
|
330 | (38) |
|
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
|
330 | (2) |
|
Theories of the Right to Rule |
|
|
332 | (13) |
|
The Philosopher-King: Plato |
|
|
333 | (2) |
|
How Philosophy Works The Hypothetical Chain Argument |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Natural Law: The Stoics, Aristotle, and Thomas Aquinas |
|
|
335 | (3) |
|
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Doing Philosophy The Fuzzy Social Contract |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
Philosophers Speak For Themselves John Locke |
|
|
340 | (3) |
|
Doing Philosophy Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence |
|
|
343 | (2) |
|
Natural Rights and Feminism |
|
|
345 | (4) |
|
Gender Equality: Mary Wollstonecraft |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
"Declaration of Sentiments": Elizabeth Cady Stanton |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
The Struggle for Suffrage: Susan B. Anthony |
|
|
347 | (2) |
|
|
|
349 | (7) |
|
The Absolute: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel |
|
|
349 | (3) |
|
The Mandate of Heaven: Rule in China |
|
|
352 | (2) |
|
|
|
354 | (2) |
|
Sovereignty and Citizenship: (Re)Negotiating the Social Contract |
|
|
356 | (3) |
|
Personhood and Citizenship |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Political Order and Sovereignty |
|
|
357 | (2) |
|
|
|
359 | (4) |
|
Liberalism and Conservatism |
|
|
360 | (2) |
|
American Constitutional Theory and Civil Rights |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
366 | (2) |
|
Chapter 9 Social Philosophy |
|
|
368 | (51) |
|
Am I My Brother's or My Sister's Keeper? |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
|
368 | (2) |
|
Classical Theories of Justice |
|
|
370 | (3) |
|
Justice in the Polis: Plato |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Molding Citizens for Society: Aristotle |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Utilitarianism as a Measure of Justice |
|
|
373 | (5) |
|
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
|
|
375 | (2) |
|
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Justice Expressed as Fairness |
|
|
378 | (8) |
|
The Alienation of Workers: Karl Marx |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
The Equal Liberty and Difference Principles: John Rawls |
|
|
380 | (3) |
|
The Theory of Entitlement: Robert Nozick |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Justice in a Planned City: Columbia, Maryland |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
African American Social Philosophy |
|
|
386 | (6) |
|
Assimilation or Separatism? |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
The Dilemma of Being Both an African and an American: W. E. B. Du Bois |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
How Philosophy Works The Disjunctive Syllogism |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
The Nineteenth-Century Debate: Martin Delany and Frederick Douglass |
|
|
389 | (2) |
|
A Twentieth-Century Approach: Cornel West, Malcolm X, and Martin Luther King Jr. |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Mexican American Social Philosophy |
|
|
392 | (5) |
|
Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers |
|
|
392 | (3) |
|
Doing Philosophy Cesar Chavez: An Open Letter to the Grape Industry |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales and La Raza Unida |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Feminist Social Philosophy |
|
|
397 | (4) |
|
Woman as "Other": Simone de Beauvoir |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Philosophers Speak For Themselves Mary Wollstonecraft |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
An Approach to Economic Independence: Charlotte Perkins Oilman |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Women Redefining Difference: Audre Lorde |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
War and Its Justifications |
|
|
401 | (5) |
|
Christian Just War Theory |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
|
404 | (2) |
|
|
|
406 | (3) |
|
Human Rights in a Communitarian Perspective: Ignacio Ellacuria, S.J. |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
The Ethics of Authenticity: Charles Taylor |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Communitarianism in Africa |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Cosmopolitanism: The Ultimate in Communitarianism |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
|
409 | (2) |
|
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
414 | (5) |
|
|
|
419 | (60) |
|
What Will It Be: Truth or Consequences? |
|
|
419 | (2) |
|
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
|
422 | (12) |
|
Consequentialist, or Teleological, Ethical Theories |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Nonconsequentialist, or Deontological, Ethical Theories |
|
|
423 | (2) |
|
Philosophers Speak For Themselves Immanuel Kant |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
How Philosophy Works Fuzzy Logic |
|
|
427 | (2) |
|
|
|
429 | (2) |
|
Virtue Ethics: Ancient and Modern |
|
|
431 | (3) |
|
Asian and African Ethical Theories |
|
|
434 | (5) |
|
|
|
435 | (2) |
|
|
|
437 | (2) |
|
The Question of Human Freedom: How Much Do We Have? |
|
|
439 | (7) |
|
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Existentialism: A Radical Concept of Freedom |
|
|
441 | (2) |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Radical Evil and the Question of Punishment |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
The Question of Human Freedom: How Much Should We Have? |
|
|
446 | (9) |
|
The Human Genome Project, Cloning, and In Vitro Fertilization |
|
|
447 | (2) |
|
Maternal Obligations to Fetuses |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Our Obligations to One Another |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
|
451 | (2) |
|
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Doing Philosophy The Great Ape Project |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Environmental Ethics: Healing the Greek Division |
|
|
455 | (4) |
|
|
|
456 | (2) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
459 | (2) |
|
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
|
464 | (4) |
|
Historical Interlude E A Revolution in Philosophy? |
|
|
468 | (11) |
|
|
|
|
A Few Final Words About Philosophy |
|
|
479 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Glossary |
|
483 | (6) |
| Index |
|
489 | |
