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E-grāmata: Rugby Union and Professionalisation: Elite Player Perspectives

(University of Portsmouth, UK)
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The game of rugby has changed significantly in the course of its history. In the early part of the 19th century it evolved from a folk game played by the working class to a recreational activity for public schoolboys. From the 1820s rugby represented an opportunity for gentlemen to demonstrate physical prowess and masculinity and in more recent times it has developed into an activity that reflects the changing attitudes towards professional sport. For the most part of the last one hundred years, rugby union became an important international sport that represented the nationalistic ideals of a number of countries. However, a number of developments, including the increasing influence of a business ethos within sport during the latter decades of the twentieth century, exposed rugby union to the realities of commercialism and all the factors associated with it, especially the demands of a more diverse spectating public.

Drawing on interview material with forty-eight elite level rugby union players from England, Wales, Scotland, France, Ireland, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia who participated in elite level rugby union either before, in the overlapping period or after the declaration of professionalism, this book traces the evolution of attitudes towards professionalism from a players perspective and develops a critical review of the impact that professionalism has had upon the sport of rugby union.

Rugby Union and Professionalisation: Elite Player Perspectives is fascinating reading for all students and scholars with an interest in rugby union, sport history, sport policy, sport management and the sociology of sport.
List of figures
vii
List of tables
viii
List of abbreviations
x
Preface xii
1 Introduction: creating the rugby landscape
1(44)
1 Introduction
1(4)
2 Constitutional developments
5(1)
3 Rugby School: Muscular Christianity and Dr Thomas Arnold
6(2)
4 Cultural transmission
8(3)
5 The formation of the Football Association and the Rugby Football Union
11(3)
6 British developments: the `trendsetters'
14(2)
7 Professionalism vs. amateurism; the development of a professional attitude
16(3)
8 The game in Great Britain and Ireland
19(3)
9 The Antipodes
22(6)
10 The First World War: rugby union's gain
28(2)
11 Changing tides
30(1)
12 International inconsistencies: northern and southern hemisphere differences
31(5)
a The Antipodean battleground and the rise of South Africa
32(2)
b The French revolution
34(2)
13 Summary
36(9)
2 The power of ignorance: rugby in the last period of amateurism
45(31)
1 Commercial opportunities and initial resistance
45(1)
2 Law changes and rule adaptations
46(5)
3 Television and its impact on rugby union
51(3)
4 Developing `entertaining' competitions
54(4)
5 Growth and development of the professional attitude
58(3)
6 The introduction of the Rugby World Cup
61(7)
7 Summary: the path to professionalisation
68(8)
3 Rugby goes professional: rugby union's strategies of resistance, adaptation and integration
76(14)
1 Commercial opportunities and initial resistance
76(3)
2 The RFU's struggle for authority and power
79(11)
4 Creating the Rugby Spectacle: glitz, glamour and glory
90(28)
1 Establishing league structures and competitions
90(10)
2 Consumption and identity
100(5)
3 The international game
105(13)
Summary
111(7)
5 New `business' horizons: growth, asset development and creating competitive advantage
118(26)
1 The player market
118(10)
2 Players as assets
128(4)
3 The match official
132(3)
4 Growing the game: exploring new markets
135(4)
5 Summary
139(5)
6 Future directions for elite-level rugby union
144(29)
1 The future of the Rugby World Cup
144(3)
2 Rugby sevens and the 2016 Olympics
147(4)
3 The British and Irish Lions: 2017 and beyond
151(4)
4 Key findings
155(10)
a Key finding 1 -- rugby union is now part of the entertainment business
156(1)
b Key finding 2 -- cash and player flow: the northern hemisphere club `scene'
157(2)
c Key finding 3 -- tension -- club vs. country
159(4)
d Key finding 4 -- opportunities to develop the international game
163(2)
5 Recommendations and suggested actions deriving from the research
165(3)
6 Future study
168(1)
7 Concluding comments
168(5)
Index 173
Mike Rayner is a Senior Lecturer in Sports Management in the Department of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Portsmouth, UK