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E-grāmata: Rules of Evidence in International Arbitration: An Annotated Guide

(Musick, Peeler & Garrett LLP, Los Angeles, USA)
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Now in a fully updated second edition, Rules of Evidence in International Arbitration: An Annotated Guide remains an invaluable reference for lawyers, arbitrators and in-house counsel involved in cross-border dispute resolution. Drawing on current case law, this book looks at the common issues brought up by the evidentiary procedure in international arbitration.

Features of this book include:











An international scope, which will inform readers from around the world





A focus on evidentiary procedure, with extensive case-based commentary and examples





Extensive annotations, which allow the reader to locate key precedents for use in practice

This book gives essential insight into best practice for practitioners of international arbitration. Readers of this publication will gain a fuller understanding of accepted solutions to difficult procedural issues, as well as the fundamental due process considerations of the use of evidence in international arbitration.
About the Author xvi
Foreword xvii
Preface xxi
Table of cases and arbitrations
xxiii
Table of legislation, conventions and rules
xli
Abbreviations and acronymns xlv
Chapter 1 The Rules Of Evidence And Their Application
1(10)
Are there rules of evidence in international arbitration?
2(2)
What are the rules of evidence in international arbitration?
4(2)
Application of the rules of one jurisdiction to evidentiary procedure
6(2)
The application of the IBA rules of evidence
8(3)
Chapter 2 Depositions, Interrogatories And Judicial Notice
11(12)
Introduction
11(1)
Depositions
11(6)
Arbitration agreements permitting depositions in international arbitration generally
13(2)
The use of depositions to obtain testimony from witnesses unable to attend a hearing
15(1)
Interviewing adverse witnesses prior to the hearing
16(1)
Interrogatories
17(2)
General discussion
17(1)
General guidelines for the use of interrogatories in international arbitration
17(2)
Tribunal involvement in drafting and approving interrogatories
19(1)
Judicial notice
19(4)
Facts of which judicial notice may be taken
20(3)
Chapter 3 Document Production In International Arbitration
23(88)
Introduction
23(1)
General considerations regarding production of documentary evidence
24(7)
General discussion
25(3)
Customary filing deadlines
28(1)
Completion of the document production phase
29(1)
Good faith and voluntary document production
30(1)
No duty to voluntarily disclose adverse evidence
31(1)
A request for document disclosure
31(6)
General discussion
32(1)
Timing of a request for disclosure
32(2)
Conducting document disclosure without the tribunal's involvement
34(1)
Do parties have a right to limited document disclosure?
34(3)
Standards applicable to a request for document disclosure
37(13)
General discussion
38(1)
Ethical considerations for counsel
39(1)
Disclosure in arbitration versus US-style discovery
39(1)
The civil law view of disclosure in international arbitration
40(1)
Categories of documents: the "narrow and specific" standard
41(3)
Narrow and specific: electronic documents
44(2)
Not in possession, custody or control of the requesting party
46(1)
Burdensome for requesting party to produce
46(1)
Demonstrating possession, custody or control
47(2)
Investor-state arbitration
49(1)
Produce or object: the duty to provide good faith answers to a request
50(5)
General discussion
50(1)
Ethical considerations for counsel
51(1)
Multi-parties and document production
51(1)
Duty to provide good faith answers to a request
51(3)
The production of documents under protest
54(1)
Ethical considerations for counsel
54(1)
Requests and objections (general) and the "redfern schedule"
55(2)
General discussion
55(2)
Consultations between parties
57(1)
General discussion
57(1)
Relevance and materiality standard
58(7)
General discussion
58(1)
The "relevance and materiality" standard
59(1)
"Relevant to the case"
59(3)
"Material to its outcome"
62(2)
Other standards
64(1)
Failure to meet the requirements of article 3.3
65(1)
Using experts to resolve document disputes
65(4)
General discussion
65(1)
Appointing an expert
66(1)
The independence and impartiality of an expert
67(1)
The role of an expert
68(1)
Failure by a party to cooperate with expert
69(1)
Court assistance in taking documentary evidence
69(9)
General discussion
70(1)
Threshold issues regarding court involvement
71(1)
The scope of article 3.9
72(3)
A tribunal's authority over ancillary evidence gathering
75(2)
Treatment of evidence obtained by unauthorised ancillary legal process
77(1)
General powers of a tribunal to order disclosure
78(5)
General discussion
79(1)
A tribunal's right to request document production from a party
80(1)
A tribunal's authority to compel a party to use "best efforts" to obtain evidence held by "any person or organisation"
81(1)
A tribunal's power to take "any steps"
82(1)
Offering supplemental or rebuttal evidence
83(2)
General discussion
83(2)
Originals, copies, forgeries and translations: the authenticity of documentary evidence
85(8)
General discussion
85(3)
Questions concerning the accuracy of a reproduction
88(1)
Allegations of forgery
89(2)
The tribunal's authority to order production of an original
91(2)
Confidentiality of disclosed documents
93(11)
General discussion
93(3)
Transparency in international investment arbitration and confidentiality
96(2)
Limitation on confidentiality: use of documentary evidence in connection with the arbitration
98(1)
Exceptions to confidentiality: where confidential information is disclosed to "fulfil a legal duty"
98(1)
Exceptions to confidentiality: disclosure where needed to "protect or pursue a legal right"
99(2)
Exceptions to confidentiality: "to enforce or challenge an award"
101(1)
A tribunal's authority to enforce confidentiality
101(1)
Terms of a procedural order on confidentiality
102(2)
Different phases of document production
104(1)
General discussion
104(1)
Document disclosure based on a substantive right
104(2)
General discussion
105(1)
Application of substantive law standard
105(1)
Award or procedural order
106(1)
Document disclosure and interim measures
106(5)
General discussion
107(1)
The purpose of provisional measures relating to documentary evidence
107(1)
The standard applicable to requests for interim measures aimed at obtaining or preserving evidence
108(3)
Chapter 4 Witnesses Of Fact
111(34)
Introduction
111(1)
Identification of witnesses
111(2)
General discussion
112(1)
Failure to give notice of witness within the specified time
112(1)
Who may be a witness
113(5)
General discussion
114(1)
Testimony by witness with a connection to a party
114(2)
Persons interested in the outcome of proceedings to be treated as a witness
116(1)
Witnesses who have legal obligations of confidentiality to a party
117(1)
Preparing witnesses
118(3)
General discussion
118(1)
Ethical considerations for counsel
119(1)
Contacting adverse witnesses and ethical concerns
120(1)
The use of witness statements
121(3)
General discussion
121(1)
Ethical issues for counsel and witness statements
122(1)
A party's right to withdraw a witness statement
123(1)
The time frame for submitting a witness statement
123(1)
Contents of a witness statement
124(5)
General discussion
124(1)
Disclosure of relationship to a party
124(1)
Full description of the facts
125(1)
Documents accompanying the witness statement
126(1)
Witness affirmation
127(2)
Signature of the witness
129(1)
Rebuttal witness statements
129(2)
General discussion
129(2)
Disregarding witness statements
131(6)
General discussion
131(3)
Valid reasons for non-attendance at a hearing
134(2)
Exceptional reasons for admitting the testimony of a non-attending witness
136(1)
Failure to call a witness to a hearing
137(1)
General discussion
137(1)
Calling non-cooperating witnesses
138(4)
General discussion
138(1)
The tribunal's authority over the taking of witness testimony
138(1)
Court assistance in the taking of witness testimony
139(1)
Considerations prior to authorising court involvement/a tribunal is not obliged to act
140(1)
Other steps which are legally available to a tribunal to obtain witness testimony
141(1)
Tribunal's power to call witnesses
142(3)
General discussion
142(1)
"Best efforts"
143(2)
Chapter 5 Party-Appointed Experts
145(20)
Introduction
145(1)
Party-appointed expert's testimony in international arbitration generally
146(2)
General discussion
146(1)
Identifying the expert
147(1)
The expert report
147(1)
The contents of the expert report
148(9)
General discussion
149(1)
The independence of a party-appointed expert
149(4)
Factual assumptions and documents relied upon
153(1)
Disclosure of an expert's instructions
154(1)
Affirmation of an expert's genuine belief in the opinions expressed
155(2)
Ethical guidance for counsel regarding expert witness reports
157(1)
Rebuttal expert reports
157(2)
General discussion
158(1)
Ordering party-appointed experts to meet and confer
159(1)
General discussion
159(1)
Summoning a party-appointed expert to an evidentiary hearing
160(5)
General discussion
160(1)
Failure by an expert to attend a hearing
161(1)
Determining not to call or cross-examine an expert witness
162(3)
Chapter 6 Tribunal-Appointed Experts And Inspections
165(36)
Introduction
165(1)
Appointment and mandate of tribunal-appointed expert
166(14)
General discussion
166(2)
Determining when "specific issues" have arisen
168(6)
Applying the tribunal's own expertise to determine "specific issues"
174(2)
When a tribunal-appointed expert is required by mandatory law
176(1)
Expert's terms of reference
177(3)
Formalities that accompany the expert's appointment and time for raising objections
180(5)
General discussion
181(1)
Independence of the expert
181(2)
The expert's professional qualifications
183(2)
Raising objections after the expert has been appointed
185(1)
Investigations by tribunal-appointed expert and inspections generally
185(6)
General discussion
186(1)
The production of evidence at the request of the expert
187(1)
Right to be heard and impartiality in the conduct of an investigation
188(1)
Equal treatment and the right to be heard in the conduct of an inspection
189(2)
A party's right to review and comment on the expert report and related matters
191(4)
General discussion
191(1)
Failure to allow the parties to respond to an expert's report
192(2)
The right to review the information relied upon by the expert
194(1)
Opportunity to examine the tribunal-appointed expert
195(1)
General discussion
195(1)
Weighing the probative value of the expert report
196(4)
General discussion
197(1)
Attributes of a report
198(1)
Adopting the full findings of the expert
199(1)
Costs of tribunal-appointed expert
200(1)
General discussion
200(1)
Chapter 7 Assessing The Evidence, Burden Of Proof, Adverse Inferences And Procedural Good Faith
201(36)
The general authority of the tribunal to admit and weigh evidence
201(8)
General discussion
202(1)
A tribunal's general authority to determine admissibility and the limits of discretion
202(3)
Weighing the evidence
205(4)
Burden of proof, standards of proof and shifting the burden
209(14)
General discussion
209(1)
The burden of proof: Onus Probandi Actori Incumbit
210(4)
Substantive law and the burden of proof
214(1)
Standard of proof
215(4)
Prima facie evidence and shifting of the burden of proof
219(4)
Adverse inferences in international arbitration
223(7)
General discussion
224(1)
Adverse inferences relate to the merits of the case
225(1)
Accepted rules for drawing an adverse inference
226(4)
Procedural good faith
230(7)
General discussion
231(1)
The duty to act in "good faith" and the "duty to cooperate"
231(3)
The duty of good faith and the equality of arms
234(1)
Document production generally and costs
235(2)
Chapter 8 Evidentiary Hearing
237(42)
Introduction
237(1)
Notification of witnesses and the right to a hearing
238(10)
General discussion
238(1)
Right to a hearing
238(5)
Hearing of witnesses after submission of a written witness statement
243(2)
Which party may call witnesses?
245(1)
Testifying by video conference
246(2)
A tribunal's control over the hearing
248(13)
General discussion
248(1)
Excluding witnesses from a hearing and due process
249(2)
Raising objections during an evidentiary hearing
251(3)
Irrelevant or immaterial questioning
254(3)
Avoiding duplicative testimony (direct testimony)
257(2)
Leading questions on direct examination
259(1)
Sequestration of witnesses
259(1)
In camera hearings
260(1)
The presentation of oral testimony
261(11)
General discussion
262(1)
Right to cross-examination
263(2)
Examining witnesses using documents
265(1)
Re-direct and re-cross-examinations
266(1)
Examination of a tribunal-appointed expert
266(1)
Language of an evidentiary hearing
267(1)
Questions by the tribunal
268(1)
Witness conferencing
269(1)
Hearing schedule
270(2)
Affirmations and confirmations
272(4)
General discussion
273(1)
The administration of affirmations or oaths to witnesses
273(3)
Confirmation of statement
276(1)
Witness statements to serve as direct testimony
276(1)
A tribunal's authority to call a witness on its own motion
276(3)
General discussion
276(1)
"Any person"
277(1)
No duty to order attendance
278(1)
Chapter 9 Disclosure And Admissibility Of Evidence
279(60)
Introduction
279(1)
Relevance and materiality objections to the admissibility of evidence
280(5)
General discussion
280(1)
Relevance to the case
281(2)
Material to the outcome of the case
283(2)
Evidentiary privileges
285(21)
General discussion
286(1)
Guiding principles in determining the appropriate rule of privilege
287(11)
Closest connection test
298(1)
The "survey" method
299(2)
Consent
301(1)
Earlier disclosure
302(1)
Affirmative use
303(2)
Other approaches to determining an applicable rule of privilege
305(1)
Objections to production based on burden
306(4)
General discussion
306(1)
Objective factors to consider when assessing the reasonableness of the burden
307(2)
Vague or overly broad requests for the production of documents
309(1)
A parry's jurisdictional background
309(1)
Lost or destroyed evidence
310(3)
General discussion
310(1)
Evidence which has been lost due to passing of time
310(2)
Loss or destruction of evidence resulting from civil disturbance or other disaster
312(1)
Objections based upon commercial and technical confidentiality
313(3)
General discussion
313(1)
Documents subject to confidentiality agreements with third-parties
314(1)
Resolving objections raised over commercial or technical confidentiality
315(1)
Objections based on the special political or institutional sensitivity of the information
316(11)
General discussion
317(1)
Domestic laws on governmental privilege and article 9.2(f)
318(2)
Which governmental privileges are considered "compelling" and when
320(4)
Sensitive documents
324(3)
Example of the improper assertion of governmental privilege
327(1)
Objections based on procedural economy, fairness and equal treatment
327(24)
General discussion
327(1)
Procedural economy
328(3)
Proportionality
331(1)
Fairness
331(5)
Equality
336(15)
Appendix 1 Iba Rules On The Taking Of Evidence In International Arbitration: The Rules 339(12)
APPENDIX 2 Uncitral Arbitration Rules (2010): Resolution Adopted By The General Assembly [ On The Report Of the Sixth Committee (A/65/465)] 65/22. UNCITRAL ARBITRATION RULES AS REVISED IN 2010 351(22)
The general assembly
351(2)
Uncitral Arbitration Rules
353(1)
(As revised in 2010)
353(1)
Section I Introductory Rules
353(4)
Section II Composition of the arbitral tribunal
357(3)
Section III Arbitral proceedings
360(7)
Section IV The award
367(4)
Annex
371(8)
Model arbitration clause for contracts
371(8)
Appendix 3 Hwang Model Procedural Order On Confidentiality 373(4)
Appendix 4 The Confidentiality Undertaking For Third-Party Experts -- Chemtura Corporation V Government Of Canada 377(2)
Appendix 5 Iba Guidelines On Party Representation In International Arbitration 379(12)
The guidelines
379(1)
Preamble
379(1)
Definitions
380(1)
Application of Guidelines
381(1)
Comments to Guidelines 1-3
382(1)
Party Representation
382(1)
Comments to Guidelines 4-6
383(1)
Communications with Arbitrators
383(1)
Comments to Guidelines 7-8
383(1)
Submissions to the Arbitral Tribunal
384(1)
Comments to Guidelines 9-11
385(1)
Information Exchange and Disclosure
386(1)
Comments to Guidelines 12-17
386(1)
Witnesses and Experts
387(1)
Comments to Guidelines 18-25
388(1)
Remedies for Misconduct
389(1)
Comments to Guidelines 26-27
389(2)
Index 391
Nathan D. OMalley has acted as counsel or arbitrator in international arbitrations seated throughout Europe, the Middle East, Central and North America, including matters conducted under the auspices of the ICC, NAI, JAMS, WIPO, AAA/ICDR and the Permanent Court of Arbitration, and ad hoc arbitrations. He is currently a partner and chair of the International Arbitration & Litigation Practice Group with the Los Angeles law firm of Musick Peeler & Garrett, previously practice for over a decade in Europe. In addition to private practice, Nathan OMalley serves as an adjunct professor at the University of Southern California. Nathan OMalley holds an LL.M. in international trade and business law from Erasmus University of Rotterdam, and a J.D. from the University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law.