About the Author |
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xvi | |
Foreword |
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xvii | |
Preface |
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xxi | |
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Table of cases and arbitrations |
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xxiii | |
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Table of legislation, conventions and rules |
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xli | |
Abbreviations and acronymns |
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xlv | |
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Chapter 1 The Rules Of Evidence And Their Application |
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1 | (10) |
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Are there rules of evidence in international arbitration? |
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2 | (2) |
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What are the rules of evidence in international arbitration? |
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4 | (2) |
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Application of the rules of one jurisdiction to evidentiary procedure |
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6 | (2) |
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The application of the IBA rules of evidence |
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8 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Depositions, Interrogatories And Judicial Notice |
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11 | (12) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (6) |
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Arbitration agreements permitting depositions in international arbitration generally |
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13 | (2) |
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The use of depositions to obtain testimony from witnesses unable to attend a hearing |
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15 | (1) |
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Interviewing adverse witnesses prior to the hearing |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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General guidelines for the use of interrogatories in international arbitration |
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17 | (2) |
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Tribunal involvement in drafting and approving interrogatories |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (4) |
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Facts of which judicial notice may be taken |
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20 | (3) |
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Chapter 3 Document Production In International Arbitration |
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23 | (88) |
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23 | (1) |
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General considerations regarding production of documentary evidence |
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24 | (7) |
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25 | (3) |
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Customary filing deadlines |
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28 | (1) |
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Completion of the document production phase |
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29 | (1) |
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Good faith and voluntary document production |
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30 | (1) |
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No duty to voluntarily disclose adverse evidence |
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31 | (1) |
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A request for document disclosure |
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31 | (6) |
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32 | (1) |
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Timing of a request for disclosure |
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32 | (2) |
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Conducting document disclosure without the tribunal's involvement |
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34 | (1) |
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Do parties have a right to limited document disclosure? |
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34 | (3) |
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Standards applicable to a request for document disclosure |
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37 | (13) |
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38 | (1) |
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Ethical considerations for counsel |
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39 | (1) |
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Disclosure in arbitration versus US-style discovery |
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39 | (1) |
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The civil law view of disclosure in international arbitration |
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40 | (1) |
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Categories of documents: the "narrow and specific" standard |
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41 | (3) |
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Narrow and specific: electronic documents |
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44 | (2) |
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Not in possession, custody or control of the requesting party |
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46 | (1) |
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Burdensome for requesting party to produce |
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46 | (1) |
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Demonstrating possession, custody or control |
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47 | (2) |
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Investor-state arbitration |
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49 | (1) |
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Produce or object: the duty to provide good faith answers to a request |
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50 | (5) |
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50 | (1) |
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Ethical considerations for counsel |
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51 | (1) |
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Multi-parties and document production |
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51 | (1) |
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Duty to provide good faith answers to a request |
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51 | (3) |
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The production of documents under protest |
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54 | (1) |
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Ethical considerations for counsel |
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54 | (1) |
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Requests and objections (general) and the "redfern schedule" |
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55 | (2) |
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55 | (2) |
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Consultations between parties |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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Relevance and materiality standard |
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58 | (7) |
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58 | (1) |
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The "relevance and materiality" standard |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (3) |
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"Material to its outcome" |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (1) |
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Failure to meet the requirements of article 3.3 |
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65 | (1) |
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Using experts to resolve document disputes |
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65 | (4) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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The independence and impartiality of an expert |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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Failure by a party to cooperate with expert |
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69 | (1) |
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Court assistance in taking documentary evidence |
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69 | (9) |
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70 | (1) |
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Threshold issues regarding court involvement |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (3) |
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A tribunal's authority over ancillary evidence gathering |
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75 | (2) |
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Treatment of evidence obtained by unauthorised ancillary legal process |
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77 | (1) |
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General powers of a tribunal to order disclosure |
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78 | (5) |
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79 | (1) |
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A tribunal's right to request document production from a party |
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80 | (1) |
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A tribunal's authority to compel a party to use "best efforts" to obtain evidence held by "any person or organisation" |
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81 | (1) |
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A tribunal's power to take "any steps" |
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82 | (1) |
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Offering supplemental or rebuttal evidence |
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83 | (2) |
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83 | (2) |
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Originals, copies, forgeries and translations: the authenticity of documentary evidence |
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85 | (8) |
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85 | (3) |
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Questions concerning the accuracy of a reproduction |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (2) |
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The tribunal's authority to order production of an original |
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91 | (2) |
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Confidentiality of disclosed documents |
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93 | (11) |
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93 | (3) |
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Transparency in international investment arbitration and confidentiality |
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96 | (2) |
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Limitation on confidentiality: use of documentary evidence in connection with the arbitration |
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98 | (1) |
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Exceptions to confidentiality: where confidential information is disclosed to "fulfil a legal duty" |
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98 | (1) |
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Exceptions to confidentiality: disclosure where needed to "protect or pursue a legal right" |
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99 | (2) |
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Exceptions to confidentiality: "to enforce or challenge an award" |
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101 | (1) |
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A tribunal's authority to enforce confidentiality |
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101 | (1) |
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Terms of a procedural order on confidentiality |
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102 | (2) |
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Different phases of document production |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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Document disclosure based on a substantive right |
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104 | (2) |
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105 | (1) |
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Application of substantive law standard |
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105 | (1) |
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Award or procedural order |
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106 | (1) |
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Document disclosure and interim measures |
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106 | (5) |
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107 | (1) |
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The purpose of provisional measures relating to documentary evidence |
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107 | (1) |
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The standard applicable to requests for interim measures aimed at obtaining or preserving evidence |
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108 | (3) |
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Chapter 4 Witnesses Of Fact |
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111 | (34) |
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111 | (1) |
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Identification of witnesses |
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111 | (2) |
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112 | (1) |
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Failure to give notice of witness within the specified time |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (5) |
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114 | (1) |
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Testimony by witness with a connection to a party |
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114 | (2) |
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Persons interested in the outcome of proceedings to be treated as a witness |
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116 | (1) |
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Witnesses who have legal obligations of confidentiality to a party |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (3) |
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118 | (1) |
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Ethical considerations for counsel |
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119 | (1) |
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Contacting adverse witnesses and ethical concerns |
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120 | (1) |
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The use of witness statements |
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121 | (3) |
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121 | (1) |
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Ethical issues for counsel and witness statements |
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122 | (1) |
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A party's right to withdraw a witness statement |
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123 | (1) |
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The time frame for submitting a witness statement |
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123 | (1) |
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Contents of a witness statement |
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124 | (5) |
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124 | (1) |
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Disclosure of relationship to a party |
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124 | (1) |
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Full description of the facts |
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125 | (1) |
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Documents accompanying the witness statement |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (1) |
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Rebuttal witness statements |
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129 | (2) |
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129 | (2) |
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Disregarding witness statements |
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131 | (6) |
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131 | (3) |
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Valid reasons for non-attendance at a hearing |
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134 | (2) |
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Exceptional reasons for admitting the testimony of a non-attending witness |
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136 | (1) |
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Failure to call a witness to a hearing |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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Calling non-cooperating witnesses |
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138 | (4) |
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138 | (1) |
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The tribunal's authority over the taking of witness testimony |
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138 | (1) |
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Court assistance in the taking of witness testimony |
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139 | (1) |
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Considerations prior to authorising court involvement/a tribunal is not obliged to act |
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140 | (1) |
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Other steps which are legally available to a tribunal to obtain witness testimony |
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141 | (1) |
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Tribunal's power to call witnesses |
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142 | (3) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Party-Appointed Experts |
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145 | (20) |
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145 | (1) |
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Party-appointed expert's testimony in international arbitration generally |
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146 | (2) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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The contents of the expert report |
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148 | (9) |
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149 | (1) |
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The independence of a party-appointed expert |
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149 | (4) |
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Factual assumptions and documents relied upon |
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153 | (1) |
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Disclosure of an expert's instructions |
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154 | (1) |
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Affirmation of an expert's genuine belief in the opinions expressed |
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155 | (2) |
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Ethical guidance for counsel regarding expert witness reports |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (2) |
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158 | (1) |
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Ordering party-appointed experts to meet and confer |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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Summoning a party-appointed expert to an evidentiary hearing |
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160 | (5) |
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160 | (1) |
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Failure by an expert to attend a hearing |
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161 | (1) |
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Determining not to call or cross-examine an expert witness |
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162 | (3) |
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Chapter 6 Tribunal-Appointed Experts And Inspections |
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165 | (36) |
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165 | (1) |
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Appointment and mandate of tribunal-appointed expert |
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166 | (14) |
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166 | (2) |
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Determining when "specific issues" have arisen |
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168 | (6) |
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Applying the tribunal's own expertise to determine "specific issues" |
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174 | (2) |
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When a tribunal-appointed expert is required by mandatory law |
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176 | (1) |
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Expert's terms of reference |
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177 | (3) |
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Formalities that accompany the expert's appointment and time for raising objections |
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180 | (5) |
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181 | (1) |
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Independence of the expert |
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181 | (2) |
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The expert's professional qualifications |
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183 | (2) |
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Raising objections after the expert has been appointed |
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185 | (1) |
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Investigations by tribunal-appointed expert and inspections generally |
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185 | (6) |
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186 | (1) |
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The production of evidence at the request of the expert |
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187 | (1) |
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Right to be heard and impartiality in the conduct of an investigation |
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188 | (1) |
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Equal treatment and the right to be heard in the conduct of an inspection |
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189 | (2) |
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A party's right to review and comment on the expert report and related matters |
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191 | (4) |
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191 | (1) |
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Failure to allow the parties to respond to an expert's report |
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192 | (2) |
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The right to review the information relied upon by the expert |
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194 | (1) |
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Opportunity to examine the tribunal-appointed expert |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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Weighing the probative value of the expert report |
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196 | (4) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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Adopting the full findings of the expert |
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199 | (1) |
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Costs of tribunal-appointed expert |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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Chapter 7 Assessing The Evidence, Burden Of Proof, Adverse Inferences And Procedural Good Faith |
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201 | (36) |
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The general authority of the tribunal to admit and weigh evidence |
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201 | (8) |
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202 | (1) |
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A tribunal's general authority to determine admissibility and the limits of discretion |
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202 | (3) |
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205 | (4) |
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Burden of proof, standards of proof and shifting the burden |
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209 | (14) |
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209 | (1) |
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The burden of proof: Onus Probandi Actori Incumbit |
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210 | (4) |
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Substantive law and the burden of proof |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (4) |
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Prima facie evidence and shifting of the burden of proof |
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219 | (4) |
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Adverse inferences in international arbitration |
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223 | (7) |
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224 | (1) |
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Adverse inferences relate to the merits of the case |
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225 | (1) |
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Accepted rules for drawing an adverse inference |
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226 | (4) |
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230 | (7) |
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231 | (1) |
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The duty to act in "good faith" and the "duty to cooperate" |
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231 | (3) |
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The duty of good faith and the equality of arms |
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234 | (1) |
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Document production generally and costs |
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235 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 Evidentiary Hearing |
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237 | (42) |
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237 | (1) |
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Notification of witnesses and the right to a hearing |
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238 | (10) |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (5) |
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Hearing of witnesses after submission of a written witness statement |
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243 | (2) |
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Which party may call witnesses? |
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245 | (1) |
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Testifying by video conference |
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246 | (2) |
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A tribunal's control over the hearing |
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248 | (13) |
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248 | (1) |
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Excluding witnesses from a hearing and due process |
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249 | (2) |
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Raising objections during an evidentiary hearing |
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251 | (3) |
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Irrelevant or immaterial questioning |
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254 | (3) |
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Avoiding duplicative testimony (direct testimony) |
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257 | (2) |
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Leading questions on direct examination |
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259 | (1) |
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Sequestration of witnesses |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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The presentation of oral testimony |
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261 | (11) |
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262 | (1) |
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Right to cross-examination |
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263 | (2) |
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Examining witnesses using documents |
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265 | (1) |
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Re-direct and re-cross-examinations |
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266 | (1) |
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Examination of a tribunal-appointed expert |
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266 | (1) |
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Language of an evidentiary hearing |
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267 | (1) |
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Questions by the tribunal |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (2) |
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Affirmations and confirmations |
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272 | (4) |
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273 | (1) |
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The administration of affirmations or oaths to witnesses |
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273 | (3) |
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Confirmation of statement |
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276 | (1) |
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Witness statements to serve as direct testimony |
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276 | (1) |
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A tribunal's authority to call a witness on its own motion |
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276 | (3) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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No duty to order attendance |
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278 | (1) |
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Chapter 9 Disclosure And Admissibility Of Evidence |
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279 | (60) |
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279 | (1) |
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Relevance and materiality objections to the admissibility of evidence |
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280 | (5) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (2) |
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Material to the outcome of the case |
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283 | (2) |
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285 | (21) |
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286 | (1) |
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Guiding principles in determining the appropriate rule of privilege |
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287 | (11) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (2) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (2) |
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Other approaches to determining an applicable rule of privilege |
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305 | (1) |
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Objections to production based on burden |
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306 | (4) |
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306 | (1) |
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Objective factors to consider when assessing the reasonableness of the burden |
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307 | (2) |
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Vague or overly broad requests for the production of documents |
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309 | (1) |
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A parry's jurisdictional background |
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309 | (1) |
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Lost or destroyed evidence |
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310 | (3) |
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310 | (1) |
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Evidence which has been lost due to passing of time |
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310 | (2) |
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Loss or destruction of evidence resulting from civil disturbance or other disaster |
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312 | (1) |
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Objections based upon commercial and technical confidentiality |
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313 | (3) |
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313 | (1) |
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Documents subject to confidentiality agreements with third-parties |
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314 | (1) |
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Resolving objections raised over commercial or technical confidentiality |
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315 | (1) |
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Objections based on the special political or institutional sensitivity of the information |
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316 | (11) |
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317 | (1) |
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Domestic laws on governmental privilege and article 9.2(f) |
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318 | (2) |
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Which governmental privileges are considered "compelling" and when |
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320 | (4) |
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324 | (3) |
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Example of the improper assertion of governmental privilege |
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327 | (1) |
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Objections based on procedural economy, fairness and equal treatment |
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327 | (24) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (3) |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (5) |
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|
336 | (15) |
Appendix 1 Iba Rules On The Taking Of Evidence In International Arbitration: The Rules |
|
339 | (12) |
APPENDIX 2 Uncitral Arbitration Rules (2010): Resolution Adopted By The General Assembly [ On The Report Of the Sixth Committee (A/65/465)] 65/22. UNCITRAL ARBITRATION RULES AS REVISED IN 2010 |
|
351 | (22) |
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351 | (2) |
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Uncitral Arbitration Rules |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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Section I Introductory Rules |
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353 | (4) |
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Section II Composition of the arbitral tribunal |
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357 | (3) |
|
Section III Arbitral proceedings |
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360 | (7) |
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367 | (4) |
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371 | (8) |
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Model arbitration clause for contracts |
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371 | (8) |
Appendix 3 Hwang Model Procedural Order On Confidentiality |
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373 | (4) |
Appendix 4 The Confidentiality Undertaking For Third-Party Experts -- Chemtura Corporation V Government Of Canada |
|
377 | (2) |
Appendix 5 Iba Guidelines On Party Representation In International Arbitration |
|
379 | (12) |
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379 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
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Application of Guidelines |
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381 | (1) |
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Comments to Guidelines 1-3 |
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382 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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Comments to Guidelines 4-6 |
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383 | (1) |
|
Communications with Arbitrators |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Comments to Guidelines 7-8 |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Submissions to the Arbitral Tribunal |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Comments to Guidelines 9-11 |
|
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385 | (1) |
|
Information Exchange and Disclosure |
|
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386 | (1) |
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Comments to Guidelines 12-17 |
|
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386 | (1) |
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|
387 | (1) |
|
Comments to Guidelines 18-25 |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Comments to Guidelines 26-27 |
|
|
389 | (2) |
Index |
|
391 | |