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E-grāmata: Science, Pseudo-science, Non-sense, and Critical Thinking: Why the Differences Matter

(The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel),
  • Formāts: 164 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 21-Nov-2018
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351402507
  • Formāts - PDF+DRM
  • Cena: 32,55 €*
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  • Formāts: 164 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 21-Nov-2018
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351402507

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Science, Pseudo-science, Non-sense, and Critical Thinking shines an unforgiving light on popular and lucrative miraculous practices that promise to offer answers during times of trouble. Throughout the book, the authors unfold the fallacies underlying these practices, as well as consumers need and desire to believe in them.

Adopting a scientific approach, the book critically evaluates research into cold-reading practices, such as those that claim to be able to communicate with the afterlife or posess supernatural powers, before considering a range of pseudo-sciences including graphology and polygraph interrogation, exposing the pretensions of these practices in a clear and logical fashion. The book seeks to encourage critical thinking throughout, asking whether there is any scientific evidence to support these practitioners abilities to supply us with reliable answers, and discussing the various factors that comprise the psychological mechanism of belief.

Written in a fluent and accessible style, Science, Pseudo-science, Non-sense, and Critical Thinking is aimed at interested professionals and the public at large.

Recenzijas

"In our post-modern era in which the distinction between truth and fiction is increasingly blurred and practices offering quick solutions are more popular than ever, Science, Pseudo-science, Non-sense, and Critical Thinking is a must read. In accessible and often humorous language, Barr and Ben-Shakhar debunk practices based on mysticism and pseudoscience, offer illuminating insights into our beliefs, and demonstrate the promise of critical thinking. Reading this book was sheer pleasure. I will recommend it to all my students because critical thinking is important not just for science, it is important for our everyday life." - Ram Frost, Professor of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel

Preface ix
Acknowledgments xv
Introduction 1(4)
1 You have great unfulfilled potential: cold (psychic) reading
5(30)
What is cold reading?
5(3)
Tarot cards
8(2)
Cold reading and psychological science
10(4)
How does it work?
14(5)
Why does it work?
19(4)
How much does it cost?
23(9)
Bibliography
32(3)
2 "They love you and you know that": astrology
35(10)
An overview of astrology
35(2)
Astrology and science
37(7)
Bibliography
44(1)
3 Show me your handwriting and I'll tell you who you are: graphology
45(26)
Science and Pseudo science
46(3)
History of graphology
49(3)
The use of graphology
52(1)
Is handwriting truly a mirror of our personality?
53(1)
The "theoretical" approach
54(2)
The "empirical" approach
56(2)
The validity of graphology
58(11)
Comparison to reality
59(2)
Contamination of handwritten samples with biographical data
61(1)
The difficulty in quantifying graphologists' evaluations
61(8)
Bibliography
69(2)
4 Pinocchio's nose: the truth behind the lie detector
71(44)
Oops, an innocent man has been condemned to life imprisonment
71(1)
Lying, honesty, and the desire to tell them apart
72(4)
The truth will out: a brief history of the polygraph
76(1)
The relevant/irrelevant questions test
77(1)
The comparison question test (CQT)
78(8)
The directed lie test
86(1)
The concealed information test (CIT)
86(4)
The CQT versus the CIT -- where is the scientific basis?
90(10)
Accuracy of the CQT versus the CIT
100(3)
The use of the polygraph in screening and classification processes
103(6)
The use of integrity tests as an alternative to the CQT
109(3)
Bibliography
112(3)
5 "Since man cannot live without miracles, he will provide himself with miracles of his own making": the belief in practices based on cold reading, mysticism, and pseudo-science
115(26)
The need to believe
115(1)
Abuse of the need to believe
116(1)
Popular beliefs
117(1)
Bias in human judgment
118(3)
The clients' belief
121(1)
The burden of doubt and incertitude
121(2)
The need to remove personal responsibility
123(1)
The influence of the Barnum effect
124(1)
Bias for positive evidence
124(1)
Social and cultural influences (conformity)
125(3)
Shifting the burden of proof
128(1)
The practitioners' belief
128(10)
The confirmation bias
130(6)
Illusory validity
136(2)
Bibliography
138(3)
6 A final word
141(2)
Index 143
Gershon Ben-Shakhar is a Professor Emeritus in the Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and a leading expert in the psychophysiological detection of deception.

Marianna Barr studied English and Comparative Literature. She has written and translated poetry as well as translated numerous theoretical books, essays, and short stories.