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Sciences: An Integrated Approach 9th edition [Mīkstie vāki]

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(George Mason University), (George Mason University)
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 768 pages, height x width x depth: 272x216x31 mm, weight: 1520 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 13-Feb-2023
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1119845785
  • ISBN-13: 9781119845782
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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 768 pages, height x width x depth: 272x216x31 mm, weight: 1520 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 13-Feb-2023
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1119845785
  • ISBN-13: 9781119845782
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
"The Sciences: An Integrated Approach, 9th Edition by James Trefil and Robert Hazen recognizes that science forms a seamless web of knowledge about the universe. This text fully integrates physics, chemistry, astronomy, Earth sciences, and biology and emphasizes general principles and their application to real world situations. The goal of the text is to help students achieve scientific literacy. Applauded by students and instructors for its easy-to-read style and detail appropriate for non-science majors, the ninth edition has been updated to bring the most up-to-date coverage to the students in all areas of science, with increased emphasis on climate change, sustainability, viruses and public health, and an extensively updated chapter on the importanceof bioengineering"--

The Sciences: An Integrated Approach, 9th Edition by James Trefil and Robert Hazen recognizes that science forms a seamless web of knowledge about the universe. This text fully integrates physics, chemistry, astronomy, Earth sciences, and biology and emphasizes general principles and their application to real world situations. The goal of the text is to help students achieve scientific literacy. Applauded by students and instructors for its easy-to-read style and detail appropriate for non-science majors, the ninth edition has been updated to bring the most up-to-date coverage to the students in all areas of science, with increased emphasis on climate change, sustainability, viruses and public health, and an extensively updated chapter on the importance of bioengineering.

FEATURES INCLUDE:

The Science of Life - To help show the interdisciplinary nature of the many concepts introduced in the text, sections on living things are included in most chapters. The chapters that emphasize principles specifically related to life are at the end of the book, but the biological examples appear throughout.

The Ongoing Process of Science - Science is a never-ending process of asking questions and seeking answers. In these features, some of the most exciting questions currently being addressed by scientists are examined.

Mathematical Equations and Worked Examples - Whenever an equation is introduced, it is presented in three steps: first as a sentence, second as a word equation, and finally in its traditional symbolic form. In this way, students can focus on the meaning rather than the abstraction of the mathematics. An appendix on English and SI units is also included.

Science by the Numbers - To help students understand the importance of simple mathematical calculations in areas of magnitude, several nontraditional calculations have been incorporated. For example, how much solid waste is generated in the United States, how long it would take to erode a mountain, and how many people were required to build Stonehenge.

Great Ideas and Great Ideas Concept - Each chapter begins with a statement of a great unifying idea or theme in science and a concept map so that students immediately grasp the chief concept of the chapter and how the idea relates to the different branches of science. These statements are intended to provide a framework for placing everyday experiences into a broad context.

Stop and Think! Questions challenge students to think critically about the implications of a scientific discovery or principle.

Resources for Instructors and Students including practice quizzes, flashcards, lecture slides, an instructor’s manual, images and tables from the book, a test bank, and much more!

1 Science: A Way of Knowing: How do you know what you know?
1(29)
Great Idea: Science is a way of asking and answering questions about the natural universe
1(1)
Science Through the Day: Sunrise
2(1)
1.1 The Role of Science
2(2)
Making Choices
2(1)
Why Study Science?
3(1)
1.2 The Scientific Method
4(11)
Observation
4(1)
Identifying Patterns and Regularities
5(2)
Mathematics: The Language of Science
7(1)
How To Read A Graph
7(1)
Ongoing Process of Science: Redefining the Kilogram
8(1)
Development of a Theory
9(1)
Prediction and Testing
10(1)
The Scientific Method in Operation
11(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science: Free Air Carbon Enrichment
12(1)
Science in the Making: Dimitri Mendeleev and the Periodic Table
13(1)
The Science of Life: William Harvey and the Blood's Circulation
14(1)
Science by the Numbers: The Circulation of the Blood
15(1)
1.3 Other Ways of Knowing
15(4)
Different Kinds of Questions
16(1)
Pseudoscience
16(2)
Science by the Numbers: Astrology
18(1)
1.4 The Organization of Science
19(11)
The Divisions of Science
19(1)
The Branches of Science
20(1)
The Web of Knowledge
21(1)
Basic Research, Applied Research, and Technology
22(1)
Funding for Science
22(1)
Communication Among Scientists
23(2)
Return To The Integrated Question
25(1)
Discovery Lab
26(4)
2 The Ordered Universe: Why do planets appear to wander slowly across the sky?
30(33)
Great Idea: Newton's laws of motion and gravity predict the behavior of objects on Earth and in space
30(1)
Science Through the Day: Cause and Effect
31(1)
2.1 The Night Sky
31(8)
Stonehenge
32(1)
Science in the Making: The Birth of Archeoastronomy
33(1)
Science in the Making: The Discovery of the Spread of Disease
33(2)
Science by the Numbers: Ancient Astronauts
35(2)
The Birth of Modern Astronomy
37(1)
The Historical Background: Ptolemy and Copernicus
37(1)
Observations: Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler
37(2)
2.2 The Birth of Mechanics
39(8)
Galileo Galilei
39(1)
Science in the Making: The Heresy Trial of Galileo
40(1)
Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration
41(2)
The Founder of Experimental Science
43(3)
The Science of Life: Experiencing Extreme Acceleration
46(1)
2.3 Isaac Newton and the Universal Laws of Motion
47(5)
The First Law
48(1)
The Second Law
48(2)
The Third Law
50(1)
Newton's Laws at Work
51(1)
2.4 Momentum
52(3)
Conservation of Linear Momentum
53(1)
Angular Momentum
54(1)
Technology: Inertlal Guidance System
54(1)
2.5 The Universal Force of Gravity
55(8)
The Gravitational Constant, G
56(1)
Weight and Gravity
57(1)
Big G and Little g
57(2)
Return To The Integrated Question
59(1)
Discovery Lab
60(3)
3 Energy: Why must animals eat to stay alive?
63(29)
Great Idea: The many different forms of energy are interchangeable, and the total amount of energy in an isolated system is conserved
63(1)
Science Through the Day: Morning Routine
64(1)
3.1 The Great Chain of Energy
64(5)
Scientifically Speaking
65(1)
Work
65(2)
Energy
67(1)
Power
67(2)
Science in the Making: James Watt and the Horsepower
69(1)
3.2 Forms of Energy
69(6)
Kinetic Energy
70(1)
Potential Energy
71(1)
Heat or Thermal Energy
72(1)
Science in the Making: Discovering the Nature of Heat
73(1)
Mass as Energy
74(1)
3.3 The Interchangeabllity of Energy
75(3)
The Science of Life: Trophic Levels
76(2)
3.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy Is Conserved
78(3)
Science by the Numbers: Diet and Calories
80(1)
Science in the Making: Lord Kelvin and Earth's Age
80(1)
3.5 Energy Production in the United States
81(11)
Fossil Fuels
81(2)
Technology: Peak Oil and Fracking
83(1)
Renewable Energy
83(1)
Nuclear Energy
84(1)
The Great Conversion
84(2)
Return To The Integrated Question
86(2)
Discovery Lab
88(4)
4 Heat and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Why is it easier to make an omelet from an egg than to make an egg from an omelet?
92(27)
Great Idea: Heat Is a form of energy that flows from warmer to cooler objects
92(1)
Science Through the Day: A Hot Breakfast
93(1)
4.1 Nature's Direction
93(2)
4.2 Coming to Terms with Heat
95(3)
Heat and Temperature
95(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science: The Fahrenheit Temperature Scale
96(1)
Temperature Conversions
96(1)
Technology: Thermometers
97(1)
Specific Heat Capacity
97(1)
4.3 Heat Transfer
98(7)
Conduction
98(2)
Convection
100(2)
Technology: Home Insulation
102(1)
The Science of Life: Animal Insulation: Fur and Feathers
102(1)
Radiation
103(1)
The Science of Life: Temperature Regulation
104(1)
4.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
105(14)
1 Heat Will Not Flow Spontaneously from a Cold to a Hot Body
106(1)
2 You Cannot Construct an Engine That Does Nothing but Convert Heat to Useful Work
106(2)
Science by the Numbers: Efficiency
108(1)
3 Every Isolated System Becomes More Disordered with Time
109(3)
Consequences of the Second Law
112(1)
The Origin of Life
113(1)
Return To The Integrated Question
114(1)
Discovery Lab
115(4)
5 Electricity and Magnetism: What is lightning?
119(32)
Great Idea: Electricity and magnetism are two different aspects of one force---the electromagnetic force
119(1)
Science Through the Day: The Hidden Force
120(1)
5.1 Nature's Other Forces
120(1)
5.2 Static Electricity
120(5)
Science in the Making: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Charge
122(1)
The Movement of Electrons
122(1)
Coulomb's Law
123(1)
Science by the Numbers: Two Forces Compared
124(1)
The Electrical Field
125(1)
5.3 Magnetism
125(3)
Pairs of Poles
127(1)
5.4 Batteries and the Great Conversion
128(10)
The Science of Life: Luigi Galvani and Life's Electrical Force
130(1)
Batteries and Electrical Current
131(1)
Electric Circuits
131(2)
Ohm's Law
133(1)
Science in the Making: The Lightning Rod
134(2)
The Science of Life: The Propagation of Nerve Signals
136(2)
5.5 Connections Between Electricity and Magnetism
138(3)
Magnetic Effects from Electricity
138(1)
The Electromagnet
138(1)
Technology: The Electric Motor
139(1)
The Science of Life: Magnetic Resonance
140(1)
5.6 Electrical Effects from Magnetism
141(10)
Technology: The Electrification of America
142(1)
Science in the Making: Michael Faraday
143(1)
Maxwell's Equations
144(1)
Return To The Integrated Question
145(2)
Discovery Lab
147(4)
6 Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation: What is color?
151(34)
Great Idea: Whenever an electrically charged object is accelerated, it produces electromagnetic radiation---waves of energy that travel at the speed of light
151(1)
Science Through the Day: The Radio
152(1)
6.1 The Nature of Waves
152(9)
Energy Transfer by Waves
152(1)
The Properties of Waves
153(1)
The Relationship among Wavelength, Frequency, and Velocity
154(1)
The Two Kinds of Waves: Transverse and Longitudinal
155(1)
Science by the Numbers: The Sound of Music
156(3)
The Science of Life: Use of Sound by Animals
159(1)
Interference
160(1)
6.2 The Electromagnetic Wave
161(8)
The Anatomy of the Electromagnetic Wave
162(1)
Light
162(1)
The Energy of Electromagnetic Waves
163(1)
The Doppler Effect
164(2)
Transmission, Refraction, Absorption, Reflection, and Scattering
166(2)
Technology: Fiber Optics
168(1)
The Science of Life: Fiber Optics in Medicine
168(1)
6.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
169(16)
Radio Waves
169(1)
Technology: AM and FM Radio Transmission
170(1)
Microwaves
171(1)
Technology: Microwave Ovens
172(1)
Technology: The Modern Telephone
173(1)
Infrared Radiation
174(1)
Visible Light
175(1)
The Science of Life: The Eye
176(1)
Ultraviolet Radiation
177(1)
X-rays
178(1)
Gamma Rays
178(1)
Return To The Integrated Question
179(2)
Discovery Lab
181(4)
7 Albert Einstein and the Theory of Relativity: Can a human ever travel faster than the speed of light, at "warp speed"?
185(24)
Great Idea: All observers, no matter what their frame of reference, see the same laws of nature
185(1)
Science Through the Day: Waiting at the Stoplight
186(1)
7.1 Frames of Reference
186(3)
Descriptions in Different Reference Frames
187(1)
The Principle of Relativity
187(2)
Relativity and the Speed of Light
189(1)
7.2 Special Relativity
189(9)
Time Dilation
189(1)
Tests of Special Relativity
190(1)
The Size of Time Dilation
191(3)
Distance and Relativity
194(1)
So What about the Train and the Flashlight?
195(1)
Mass and Relativity
195(1)
Mass and Energy
196(1)
Science in the Making: Einstein and the Streetcar
197(1)
Science by the Numbers: How Important Is Relativity?
197(1)
The Science of Life: Space Travel and Aging
198(1)
7.3 General Relativity
198(11)
The Nature of Forces
198(2)
Black Holes
200(1)
Predictions of General Relativity
201(1)
Technology: The Global Positioning System and Relativity
202(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science: Gravitational Waves
203(2)
Return To The Integrated Question
205(1)
Discovery Lab
206(3)
8 The Atom: Why are there so many different materials in the world?
209(25)
Great Idea: All of the matter around us is made of atoms, the chemical building blocks of our world
209(1)
Science Through the Day: A Deep Breath
210(1)
8.1 The Smallest Pieces
210(6)
The Greek Atom
210(1)
Elements
210(2)
Discovering Chemical Elements
212(1)
The Periodic Table of the Elements
213(1)
Periodic Chemical Properties
214(1)
Science in the Making: Are Atoms Real?
214(2)
8.2 The Structure of the Atom
216(2)
The Atomic Nucleus
216(1)
Why the Rutherford Atom Couldn't Work
217(1)
8.3 When Matter Meets Light
218(4)
The Bohr Atom
218(2)
Science in the Making: The Path to the Bohr Atom
220(1)
Photons: Particles of Light
220(2)
8.4 Spectroscopy
222(12)
The Science of Life: Spectra of Life's Chemical Reactions
224(1)
Science in the Making: The Story of Helium
225(1)
Technology: The Laser
225(2)
Why the Periodic Table Works: Electron Shells
227(2)
Return To The Integrated Question
229(1)
Discovery Lab
230(4)
9 Quantum Mechanics: How can the electron behave like both a particle and a wave?
234(20)
Great Idea: At the subatomic scale, everything is quantized. Any measurement at that scale significantly alters the object being measured
234(1)
Science Through the Day: Digital Pictures
235(1)
9.1 The World of the Very Small
235(4)
Measurement and Observation in the Quantum World
236(1)
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
237(1)
Science by the Numbers: Uncertainty in the Newtonian World
238(1)
9.2 Probabilities
239(2)
Science in the Making: A Famous Exchange
240(1)
9.3 Wave-Particle Duality
241(2)
The Double-Slit Test
241(2)
Technology: The Photoelectric Effect
243(1)
9.4 Wave-Particle Duality and the Bohr Atom
243(4)
Quantum Weirdness
244(1)
Technology: Quantum Computing
245(2)
Science by the Numbers: Quantum Encryption
247(1)
9.5 Quantum Entanglement
247(7)
Technology: Quantum Teleportation
248(1)
Science in the Making: Teleporting the Venus of Willendorf
249(1)
Return To The Integrated Question
250(1)
Discovery Lab
251(3)
10 Atoms in Combination: The Chemical Bond: How does blood clot?
254(35)
Great Idea: Atoms bind together in chemical reactions by the rearrangement of electrons
254(1)
Science Through the Day: Throwing Things Away
255(1)
10.1 Our Material World
255(1)
10.2 Electron Shells and Chemical Bonds
255(1)
10.3 Types of Chemical Bonds
256(8)
Ionic Bonds
257(2)
Metallic Bonds
259(1)
Covalent Bonds
260(2)
Polarization and Hydrogen Bonds
262(1)
Van der Waals Forces
263(1)
10.4 States of Matter
264(6)
Gases
264(1)
Plasma
264(1)
Liquids
265(1)
Solids
265(3)
Science in the Making: The Discovery of Nylon
268(1)
Technology: Liquid Crystals and Your Hand Calculator
268(1)
Changes of State
269(1)
10.5 Chemical Reactions and the Formation of Chemical Bonds
270(3)
Chemical Reactions and Energy: Rolling Down the Chemical Hill
272(1)
10.6 Common Chemical Reactions
273(7)
Oxidation and Reduction
273(2)
Precipitation--Solution Reactions
275(1)
Acid--Base Reactions
276(1)
The Science of Life: Antacids
277(1)
Polymerization and Depolymerization
277(2)
Science in the Making: Polymers and the Origins of Life
279(1)
10.7 Building Molecules: The Hydrocarbons
280(9)
Technology: Refining Petroleum
280(2)
The Science of Life: The Clotting of Blood
282(1)
Return To The Integrated Question
283(2)
Discovery Lab
285(4)
11 Materials and Their Properties: How have computers gotten so much faster?
289(27)
Great Idea: A material's properties result from its constituent atoms and the arrangements of chemical bonds that hold those atoms together
289(1)
Science Through the Day: Hauling Gear
290(1)
11.1 Materials and the Modern World
290(1)
11.2 The Strengths of Materials
291(3)
Different Kinds of Strength
292(1)
Composite Materials
293(1)
11.3 Electrical Properties of Materials
294(4)
Conductors
294(1)
Insulators
295(1)
Semiconductors
295(2)
Superconductors
297(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science: Searching for New Superconductors
297(1)
11.4 Magnetic Properties of Materials
298(2)
11.5 Microchips and the Information Revolution
300(7)
Doped Semiconductors
300(1)
Diodes
301(1)
Technology: Photovoltaic Cells and Solar Energy
302(1)
Technology: Light-Emitting Diodes
303(1)
The Transistor
303(2)
Microchips
305(1)
Technology: Jim Trefil Gives His Car a Tune-Up
306(1)
11.6 Information
307(9)
Science by the Numbers: Is a Picture Really Worth a Thousand Words?
308(1)
Computers
309(1)
The Science of Life: The Computer and the Brain
310(2)
Return To The Integrated Question
312(1)
Discovery Lab
313(3)
12 The Nucleus of the Atom: How do scientists determine the age of the oldest human fossils?
316(30)
Great Idea: Nuclear energy depends on the conversion of mass into energy
316(1)
Science Through the Day: Radioactivity Around Us
317(1)
12.1 Empty Space, Explosive Energy
317(2)
Science by the Numbers: Mass and Energy
319(1)
12.2 The Organization of the Nucleus
319(4)
Element Names and Atomic Numbers
320(1)
Isotopes and the Mass Number
320(2)
The Strong Force
322(1)
12.3 Radioactivity
323(11)
What Is Radioactive?
323(1)
Science in the Making: The Discovery of Radioactivity
324(1)
The Science of Life: The CAT Scan
325(1)
The Kinds of Radioactive Decay
325(1)
1 Alpha Radiation
326(1)
Science in the Making: Understanding Alpha Particles
326(2)
2 Beta Radiation
328(1)
3 Gamma Radiation
328(1)
Radiation and Health
328(1)
The Science of Life: Robert Hazen's Broken Wrist
329(1)
Half-Life
330(1)
Radiometric Dating
331(1)
Science by the Numbers: Dating a Frozen Mammoth
332(1)
Decay Chains
333(1)
Indoor Radon
334(1)
12.4 Energy from the Nucleus
334(1)
Nuclear Fission
334(2)
Reactor Accidents
336(1)
Science in the Making: Robert Hazen and the Japanese Earthquake
336(1)
Fusion
337(9)
Technology: ITER
338(1)
Science in the Making: Transuranic Elements
339(2)
Return To The Integrated Question
341(2)
Discovery Lab
343(3)
13 The Ultimate Structure of Matter: How can antimatter be used to probe the human brain?
346(23)
Great Idea: All matter is made of quarks and leptons, which are the most fundamental building blocks of the universe that we know
346(1)
Science Through the Day: Looking at Sand
347(1)
13.1 Of What Is the Universe Made?
347(2)
The Library
347(1)
Reductlonism
348(1)
The Building Blocks of Matter
349(1)
13.2 Discovering Elementary Particles
349(6)
Cosmic Rays
350(1)
Technology: Detecting Elementary Particles
351(1)
Particle Accelerators: The Essential Tool
351(2)
Technology: The Large Hadron Collider
353(1)
Science in the Making: The International Linear Collider
354(1)
The Science of Life: Accelerators in Medicine
355(1)
13.3 The Elementary Particle Zoo
355(4)
Leptons
355(1)
Hadrons
355(1)
Antimatter
356(1)
Science in the Making: The Discovery of Antimatter
356(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science: How Does the Brain Work?
357(1)
Quarks
358(1)
Quarks and Leptons
359(1)
13.4 The Four Fundamental Forces
359(10)
Force as an Exchange
360(1)
Unified Field Theories
361(1)
The Standard Model
362(1)
Science in the Making: Now What?
363(1)
Return To The Integrated Question
364(2)
Discovery Lab
366(3)
14 The Stars: How much longer can the Sun sustain life on Earth?
369(27)
Great Idea: The Sun and other stars use nuclear fusion reactions to convert mass into energy. Eventually, when a star's nuclear fuel is depleted, the star must burn out
369(1)
Science Through the Day: Sunshine
370(1)
14.1 The Nature of Stars
370(6)
Measuring the Stars with Telescopes and Satellites
371(1)
Technology: The Story of Telescopes
371(3)
Orbiting Observatories
374(2)
14.2 The Anatomy of Stars
376(5)
The Structure of the Sun
376(2)
The Science of Life: Why Is the Visible Spectrum Visible?
378(1)
Technology: Space Weather
378(1)
The Sun's Energy Source: Fusion
379(1)
Technology: The Ice Cube Neutrino Detector
380(1)
14.3 The Variety of Stars
381(3)
The Astronomical Distance Scale
381(2)
The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
383(1)
14.4 The Life Cycles of Stars
384(12)
The Birth of Stars
384(1)
The Main Sequence and the Death of Stars
385(1)
Stars Much Less Massive Than the Sun
385(1)
Stars about the Mass of the Sun
385(2)
Very Large Stars
387(2)
Neutron Stars and Pulsars
389(2)
Return To The Integrated Question
391(1)
Discovery Lab
392(4)
15 Cosmology: Will the universe end?
396(26)
Great Idea: The universe began billions of years ago in the big bang, and it has been expanding ever since
396(1)
Science Through the Day: A Glowing Charcoal Fire
397(1)
15.1 Edwin Hubble and the Discovery of Galaxies
397(1)
The Nebula Debate
397(1)
Kinds of Galaxies
398(2)
15.2 The Redshift and Hubble's Law
400(4)
The Conning Collision
403(1)
Science by the Numbers: Analyzing Hubble's Data
403(1)
15.3 The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe
404(6)
The Big Bang
406(1)
Some Useful Analogies
406(1)
Evidence for the Big Bang
407(3)
15.4 The Evolution of the Universe
410(3)
Some General Characteristics of an Expanding Universe
410(3)
15.5 Of What Is the Universe Made?
413(9)
Dark Matter
413(2)
The Ongoing Process of Science: Dark Matter Searches
415(1)
Dark Energy
415(3)
Return To The Integrated Question
418(1)
Discovery Lab
419(3)
16 Earth and Other Planets: Is Earth the only planet with life?
422(36)
Great Idea: Earth, one of the planets that orbit the Sun, formed 4.5 billion years ago from a great cloud of dust
422(1)
Science Through the Day: The Sun and the Moon
423(1)
16.1 The Formation of the Solar System
423(2)
A Word About Distances
425(1)
The Science of Life: Gravity and Bones
425(1)
16.2 The Nebular Hypothesis
426(32)
The Frost Line and the Formation of the Terrestrial Planets
427(2)
The Formation of the Moon
429(1)
The Science of Life: When Could Life Begin?
429(1)
Exploring the Terrestrial Planets
429(1)
Mercury
430(1)
Venus
430(3)
Technology: The Mars Sample Return Mission
433(2)
The Science of Life: Why Look for Life on Mars?
435(1)
Asteroid Belt
436(1)
Exploring the Outer Solar System
436(1)
Jupiter
436(2)
Technology: Drilling Through Europa's Ice
438(1)
Saturn
439(1)
The Grand Tack
439(1)
Uranus and Neptune
440(1)
Science in the Making: The Discovery of Pluto
440(1)
The Outer Reaches: Pluto and the Kuiper Belt
441(1)
Science in the Making: The Voyager Satellites
442(1)
Asteroids, Comets, and Meteors
443(1)
The Science of Life: Comets and Life on Earth
444(1)
Exoplanets
444(1)
Thinking About Exoplanets
444(1)
Detecting Exoplanets
445(1)
The Radial Velocity Method
445(1)
Science in the Making: The First Exoplanets
446(1)
The Transit Method
447(1)
Technology: The Kepler Satellite
448(1)
Spectra
449(1)
Technology: Successors to Kepler
449(1)
The Diversity of Exoplanets
450(1)
Science by the Numbers: How Many Exoplanets Exist?
450(1)
The Science of Life: The CHZ and the "Goldilocks Planet"
450(2)
Science in the Making: The Fermi Paradox
452(1)
Return To The Integrated Question
453(1)
Discovery Lab
454(4)
17 Plate Tectonics: Can we predict destructive earthquakes?
458(29)
Great Idea: Earth is changing due to the slow convection of soft, hot rocks deep within the planet
458(1)
Science Through the Day: Windblown Sand
459(1)
17.1 Dynamic Earth
459(10)
Science by the Numbers: How Long Could a Mountain Last?
460(1)
The Case of the Disappearing Mountains
461(1)
Volcanoes and Earthquakes---Evidence of Earth's Inner Forces
461(3)
The Movement of the Continents
464(4)
New Support for the Theory
468(1)
Science by the Numbers: The Age of the Atlantic Ocean
468(1)
17.2 Plate Tectonics: A Unifying View of Earth
469(8)
The Convecting Mantle
470(2)
Science in the Making: Reactions to Plate Tectonics
472(1)
Plate Boundaries
472(4)
The Science of Life: Upright Posture
476(1)
The Geological History of North America
476(1)
17.3 Another Look at Volcanoes and Earthquakes
477(10)
Plates and Volcanism
478(1)
Earthquakes
479(1)
Seismology: Exploring Earth's Interior with Earthquakes
480(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science: Seismic Tomography
481(1)
Technology: The Design of Earthquake-Resistant Buildings
481(1)
Return To The Integrated Question
482(2)
Discovery Lab
484(3)
18 Earth's Many Cycles: Will we ever run out of fresh water?
487(33)
Great Idea: All matter above and beneath Earth's surface moves in cycles
487(1)
Science Through the Day: A Sea Breeze
488(1)
18.1 Cycles Small and Large
488(2)
Recycling
489(1)
The Nature of Earth's Cycles
489(1)
18.2 The Hydrologic Cycle
490(9)
Reservoirs of Water
490(1)
Movements of Water Between Reservoirs
491(2)
The Science of Life: Sobering Facts about Water
493(1)
Chemical Cycles In the Oceans
493(2)
The Science of Life: Element Residence Times
495(1)
Science by the Numbers: The Ocean's Gold
495(1)
Ice Ages
496(1)
Milankovitch Cycles
496(3)
Science in the Making: Milankovitch Decides on His Life's Work
499(1)
18.3 The Atmospheric Cycle
499(7)
Air Masses: Reservoirs of the Atmosphere
499(1)
Weather
500(2)
The General Circulation of the Atmosphere
502(1)
Common Storms and Weather Patterns
503(1)
Climate
504(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science: How Steady Is Earth's Climate?
505(1)
Understanding Climate
505(1)
Technology: Doppler Radar
506(1)
18.4 The Rock Cycle
506(14)
Igneous Rocks
508(1)
Sedimentary Rocks
509(2)
The Science of Life: Coral Reefs
511(1)
Metamorphic Rocks
511(1)
The Story of Marble
512(1)
Science in the Making: Hutton and the Discovery of "Deep Time"
513(1)
The Interdependence of Earth's Cycles
514(1)
Return To The Integrated Question
515(2)
Discovery Lab
517(3)
19 Ecology, Ecosystems, and the Environment: Are human activities affecting the global environment?
520(27)
Great Idea: Ecosystems are interdependent communities of living things that recycle matter while energy flows through
520(1)
Science Through the Day: Life Under the Sand
521(1)
19.1 Ecology and Ecosystems
521(4)
Characteristics of Ecosystems
522(3)
19.2 The Law of Unintended Consequences
525(3)
Science in the Making: The Aral Sea Disaster
526(1)
Science in the Making: Island Biogeography
527(1)
19.3 Threats to the Global Ecosystem and Environment
528(11)
The Problem of Urban Landfills
528(1)
Science by the Numbers: Trash
529(1)
Technology: The Science In Recycling
529(2)
Technology: Microplastlcs
531(1)
The Process of Recycling
531(1)
Acid Rain and Urban Air Pollution
532(1)
The Effects of Air Pollution and Acid Rain
532(2)
Dealing with Air Pollution
534(1)
The Ozone Problem
534(1)
The Ozone Layer
535(1)
The Ozone Hole
536(1)
Dealing with the Threat to the Ozone Layer
537(1)
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
538(1)
19.4 The Consensus about Global Climate Change
539(8)
The Ongoing Process of Science: Dealing with Climate Change
540(1)
Technology: Carbon Capture
541(1)
Return To The Integrated Question
542(1)
Discovery Lab
543(4)
20 Strategies of Life: What is life?
547(29)
Great Idea: Living things use many different strategies to deal with the problems of acquiring and using matter and energy
547(1)
Science Through the Day: The Diversity of Life
548(1)
20.1 The Organization of Living Things
548(2)
Ways of Thinking about Living Things
548(2)
20.2 What Is Life?
550(2)
The Characteristics of Life
550(2)
Science in the Making: Measuring Plant Growth
552(1)
20.3 Classifying Living Things
552(8)
Cataloging Life
553(3)
Different Divisions of Life
556(1)
Science by the Numbers: How Many Species Are There?
556(2)
Ongoing Process of Science: Classifying Fungi
558(1)
Classifying Human Beings
558(1)
Implications of Linnaean Classification
559(1)
20.4 Survival: A New Look at the Life Around You
560(16)
Strategies of Fungi
561(1)
Science in the Making: The Discovery of Penicillin
562(1)
Strategies of Plants
563(1)
The Simplest Plants
563(1)
Vascular Plants
564(2)
Strategies of Animals
566(1)
Invertebrates
567(1)
Vertebrates
568(1)
The Science of Life: The Microbiome
569(2)
Return To The Integrated Question
571(1)
Discovery Lab
572(4)
21 The Living Cell: What is the smallest living thing?
576(24)
Great Idea: Life is based on chemistry, and chemistry takes place in cells
576(1)
Science Through the Day: Sunburn!
577(1)
21.1 The Nature and Variety of Cells
577(1)
Science in the Making: The Discovery of Cells
578(1)
21.2 The Cell Theory
578(3)
Observing Cells: The Light Microscope
579(1)
The Electron Microscope
580(1)
21.3 How Does a Cell Work?
581(6)
Cell Membranes
581(3)
The Nucleus
584(2)
The Energy Organelles: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
586(1)
Cytoskeleton
587(1)
21.4 Metabolism: Energy and Life
587(6)
The Cell's Energy Currency
588(1)
Photosynthesis
589(1)
Glycolysis: The First Step in Energy Generation in the Cell
590(1)
Fermentation: A Way to Keep Glycolysis Going
590(2)
The Final Stages of Respiration
592(1)
21.5 Cell Division
593(7)
Mitosis
593(1)
Meiosis
594(2)
Return To The Integrated Question
596(2)
Discovery Lab
598(2)
22 Molecules of Life: What constitutes a healthy diet?
600(27)
Great Idea: A cell's major parts are constructed from a few simple molecular building blocks
600(1)
Science Through the Day: An Afternoon Snack
601(1)
22.1 Organic Molecules
601(3)
Four Basic Characteristics
601(2)
Chemical Shorthand
603(1)
Science in the Making: The Synthesis of Urea
604(1)
22.2 Proteins: The Workhorses of Life
604(4)
Amino Acids: The Building Blocks of Proteins
604(2)
The Structure of Proteins
606(1)
Science by the Numbers: How Many Proteins Can You Make?
607(1)
22.3 Proteins as Enzymes
608(4)
The Ongoing Process of Science: Computing protein folding with artificial intelligence
610(1)
The Science of Life: Proteins and Diet
610(2)
How Drugs Work
612(1)
22.4 Carbohydrates
612(2)
22.5 Lipids
614(4)
Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
615(1)
Technology: Nonfattening Fats and Meatless Meats
616(1)
Cell Membranes
617(1)
22.6 Minerals and Vitamins
618(9)
Minerals
619(1)
Vitamins
619(3)
Return To The Integrated Question
622(2)
Discovery Lab
624(3)
23 Classical and Modern Genetics: Why do offspring resemble their parents?
627(26)
Great Idea: All living things use the same genetic code to guide the chemical reactions in every cell
627(1)
Science Through the Day: A Family Resemblance
628(1)
23.1 Classical Genetics
628(5)
The Rules of Classical Genetics
632(1)
Qualitative versus Quantitative Genetics
632(1)
Science in the Making: Mendel Lost and Found
633(1)
23.2 DNA and the Birth of Molecular Genetics
633(5)
Nucleotides: The Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids
634(1)
DNA Structure
635(1)
RNA Structure
636(1)
The Replication of DNA
636(2)
23.3 The Genetic Code
638(5)
Transcription of DNA
638(1)
The Synthesis of Proteins
639(3)
Mutations and DNA Repair
642(1)
Why Are Genes Expressed?
643(1)
23.4 The Human Genome
643(10)
Science in the Making: Connecting Genes and DNA
645(1)
Science by the Numbers: The Human Book of Life
645(1)
Technology: New Ways to Sequence
646(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science: Epigenetics
647(1)
Return To The Integrated Question
648(2)
Discovery Lab
650(3)
24 The New Science of Life: How did scientists develop a vaccine for COVID 19?
653(32)
Great Idea: Our new understanding of genetic mechanisms is leading to enormous technological advances in medicine and other aspects of our lives
653(1)
Science Through the Day: A Break in the Case
654(1)
24.1 The Rise of Genetic Technologies
654(2)
Technology: The PCR Process
654(1)
DNA Fingerprinting
655(1)
24.2 Genetic Engineering
656(3)
24.3 DNA Repair in the Cell
659(3)
The Fall and Rise of Gene Therapy
661(1)
24.4 CRISPR---The Wave of the Future
662(2)
24.5 Stem Cells, Cloning, and Regenerative Medicine
664(3)
Science in the Making: Cloning Dolly the Sheep
665(2)
24.6 Cancer---A Different Kind of Genetic Disease
667(1)
24.7 Unraveling the Past: Mitochondrial DNA
668(1)
Mitochondrial Eve
669(1)
24.8 Viruses and the Great Pandemic
669(16)
What is a virus?
670(2)
The Science of Life: Why Don't Ordinary Antibiotics Work on Viruses?
672(1)
The Human Immune System
672(3)
Vaccines
675(1)
Science in the Making: The History of Vaccinations
675(2)
Technology: From Lab to the Doctor's Office
677(1)
Science by the Numbers: Double-Blind Clinical Trials
677(1)
Science by the Numbers: Herd Immunity
678(1)
Return To The Integrated Question
679(2)
Discovery Lab
681(4)
25 Evolution: How did life emerge on the ancient Earth?
685(1)
Great Idea: All life on Earth evolved from single-celled organisms by the process of natural selection
685(1)
Science Through the Day: Day's End
686(1)
25.1 The Fact of Evolution
686(4)
The Fossil Record
687(2)
The Biochemical Evidence
689(1)
Evidence from Anatomy: Vestigial and Adapted Organs
689(1)
25.2 Chemical Evolution
690(4)
Black Smokers
692(1)
RNA Enzymes
693(1)
25.3 The Window of Opportunity
694(4)
The First Cell
694(1)
Science by the Numbers: Cell Division
695(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science: Did Life Also Originate on Mars?
696(2)
25.4 Natural Selection and the Development of Complex Life
698(3)
Natural Selection
698(2)
Science in the Making: The Reception of Darwin's Theory
700(1)
25.5 The Story of Life
701(7)
Geological Time
704(1)
The Ongoing Process of Science: The Evolution of Whales
705(1)
Mass Extinctions and the Rate of Evolution
706(2)
25.6 The Evolution of Human Beings
708(4)
Return To The Integrated Question
712(1)
Discovery Lab
713
Index 1
James S. Trefil is the Clarence J Robinson Professor of Physics at George Mason University and author of more than fifty books. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the AAAS, and the World Economic Forum. Much of his published work focuses on science for the general audience. He regularly gives presentations to judges and public officials about the intersections between science and the law. His most recent books are Cosmic Queries, with Neil deGrasse Tyson, which deals with fundamental questions about the universe and was on the New York Times best seller list, and Imagined Life with Michael Summers, which examines the possibility of life on newly discovered exoplanets.

Robert M. Hazen is Senior Staff Scientist at the Carnegie Institution's Geophysical Laboratory and Clarence Robinson Professor of Earth Sciences, Emeritus, at George Mason University. He is author of more than 400 articles and 25 books on science, history, and music. His book The Story of Earth (Viking-Penguin), was finalist in the Royal Society and Phi Beta Kappa science book competitions. A Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Geochemical Society, the American Geophysical Union, and the Geological Society of America, he received the 2021 IMA Medal, the 2016 Roebling Medal, the Mineralogical Society of America Award and MSA's Distinguished Public Service Medal, and the American Chemical Society Ipatieff Prize. In 2012 he was recipient of Virginia's Outstanding Faculty Award. He has presented numerous named lectures and was Distinguished Lecturer for Sigma Xi and MSA, for which he is a past President. The biomineral "hazenite" and the fossil dolphin Cammackacetus hazenorum were named in his honor.