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E-grāmata: Scientific History: Experiments in History and Politics from the Bolshevik Revolution to the End of the Cold War

  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 02-Apr-2021
  • Izdevniecība: University of Chicago Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780226761411
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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 02-Apr-2021
  • Izdevniecība: University of Chicago Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780226761411

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"Increasingly, scholars in the humanities are calling for a re-engagement with the natural sciences. We are experiencing a "scientific turn" in the first decades of the twenty-first century, and against this backdrop, Elena Aronova argues that there was a "scientific turn" in history at every turn, for at least a century. Bigger History maps out the submerged history of historians' continuous engagement with the methods, tools, and values of the natural sciences by examining several waves of experimentation with the scale of history and its method, each of which surged highest at perceived times of trouble, from the crisis-ridden decades around 1900 to the ruptures of the Cold War"--

Increasingly, scholars in the humanities are calling for a reengagement with the natural sciences. Taking their cues from recent breakthroughs in genetics and the neurosciences, advocates of &;big history&; are reassessing long-held assumptions about the very definition of history, its methods, and its evidentiary base. In Scientific History, Elena Aronova maps out historians&; continuous engagement with the methods, tools, values, and scale of the natural sciences by examining several waves of their experimentation that surged highest at perceived times of trouble, from the crisis-ridden decades of the early twentieth century to the ruptures of the Cold War. 

The book explores the intertwined trajectories of six intellectuals and the larger programs they set in motion: Henri Berr (1863&;1954), Nikolai Bukharin (1888&;1938), Lucien Febvre (1878&;1956), Nikolai Vavilov (1887&;1943), Julian Huxley (1887&;1975), and John Desmond Bernal (1901&;1971). Though they held different political views, spoke different languages, and pursued different goals, these thinkers are representative of a larger motley crew who joined the techniques, approaches, and values of science with the writing of history, and who created powerful institutions and networks to support their projects. 

In tracing these submerged stories, Aronova reveals encounters that profoundly shaped our knowledge of the past, reminding us that it is often the forgotten parts of history that are the most revealing.

Recenzijas

"Aronova illuminates intellectual cross-fertilizations of science and historiography by zooming in on the practices of scientists and scientist historians. . . . Aronova's thoroughly researched book uncovers largely submerged historiographical approaches that have emphasized the shared features of all modern knowledge-seeking endeavors ranging from the natural sciences to the humanities. It is a significant contribution to our understanding of both the natural sciences and the humanities. Its originality and sometimes surprising comparisons are thought-provoking for historians of all fields of study, and it is to be hoped that they will stimulate especially the much-needed methodological reflection in the historiography of science." * Journal of the History of Economic Thought * With extensive source material and broad geographical range, Aronova gives us a tight and interwoven sense of trajectories of past big historical and big data ambitions and practices, relating these to shifting cultural and political contexts and observing the striking historical ironies these trajectories reveal. The book is significant in canvassing so much diverse material so efficiently and expertly, uncovering unexpected and disregarded historical connections while presenting the material engagingly and accessibly. It is a satisfying, impressive piece of scholarship that provides an explicit, extended, transnational historicization of big history." -- Nasser Zakariya, author of A Final Story: Science, Myth, and Beginnings "Where do today's dreams of writing history scientifically come from? Not from David Christian and Bill Gates, Anthropocene scholars, apostles of digital humanities, apologists for big data, amateur neuroscientists, or latterday cliometricians. Aronova provides a deeper genealogy of today's data-driven obsessions, rooted instead in twentieth-century Russian ambitions for a scientific Marxism. Using 'Russia-as-method' to examine Soviet visions of history as a materialist science, Aronova's sparklingly subversive narrative excavates foundational fights over how to write the history of science, how to practice the science of history, and how to tell the story of mankind. A work of wit, grace, and profundity." -- James Delbourgo, James Westfall Thompson Distinguished Professor of History, Rutgers University "A captivating tale of Clio becoming a scientist! Animated by a commanding multinational cast of characters, Scientific History offers the first broad-ranging analysis of why and how the methods, approaches, values, and frameworks advanced within the natural sciencesranging from biogeography to mathematics to geneticsbecame part of historians armamentarium and profoundly influenced twentieth-century historical thought and practice. This engaging account ventures with enviable ease from the editorial offices of the Annales to the sessions of international history congresses, through the corridors of UNESCO to computer rooms at the scientific information institutes in Philadelphia and Moscow. Aronova uncovers the forgotten and sometimes deliberately obscured but deep and thoroughly transnational roots of present-day historians fascination with big data, quantification, and big history. Meticulously researched and refreshingly free from Cold Warera polarizing biases, this book is a must read for anyone interested in history, science, and their intricate connections." -- Nikolai Krementsov, author of Revolutionary Experiments: The Quest for Immortality in Bolshevik Science and Fiction [ Aronova] demonstrates the complex interactions between science and history. Vivid passages describe the Soviet government's corruption of academic disciplines: social sciences, biology, and agronomy. A demanding but highly informative read. * Choice * "Scientific History by Elena Aronova uncovers a previously hidden history of the interactions and experiments of scientists and historians who sought to produce unified knowledge of the human past. . . . Aronova has done much to overcome our collective amnesia about such scientific histories and has made an important contribution to the burgeoning literature that explores the history of the relationship between science and history." * Journal of Modern History *

Preface vii
Introduction 1(5)
Russia as Method 6(6)
1 The Quest for Scientific History
12(21)
Two Unity of Science Movements
14(6)
Positivism, History, and Henri Berr's Historical Synthesis
20(5)
Historical Synthesis and the History of Science
25(4)
The Internationalist Politics of Synthesis
29(4)
2 Scientific History and the Russian Locale
33(27)
Russia and the West
34(3)
Russian Historiography on the World Stage
37(4)
Marxism and History
41(6)
The Great Break
47(4)
Bukharin and the History of Science
51(3)
London 1931
54(6)
3 Nikolai Vavilov, Genogeography, and History's Past Future
60(27)
The Geographies of History and the Genetic Archive
62(3)
The Mendeleev of Biology
65(6)
Vavilov's Genogeography and the Bolsheviks' Geopolitics
71(7)
A "New Kind of History"
78(4)
The Politics of History
82(5)
4 Julian Huxley's Cold Wars
87(23)
Julian Huxley's Two Careers
88(6)
A Journey to a Utopian Future
94(4)
The Crisis in Soviet Genetics and Julian Huxley's Cold Wars
98(8)
Huxley's Evolutionary History
106(4)
5 The UNESCO "History of Mankind: Cultural and Scientific Development" Project
110(22)
History by Committee
111(8)
Febvre's Cahiers: Historical Journals and the Making of Historical Knowledge
119(5)
Cold War Internationalism and the Writing of History
124(8)
6 Information Socialism, Historical Informatics, and the Markets
132(25)
Bernal's Information Socialism: From London 1931 To Cold War America, via Russia
133(6)
Envisioning History as Data Science
139(6)
Historians and Computers
145(3)
The Socialist Market for a Capitalist Data Product
148(9)
Epilogue 157(3)
Past Futures of the History of Science 160(3)
List of Archive Abbreviations 163(2)
Notes 165(64)
Index 229
Elena Aronova is assistant professor of the history of science at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She is the coeditor of Osiris, Volume 32: Data Histories and Science Studies during the Cold War and Beyond: Paradigms Defected.