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E-grāmata: In Search of Dark Matter

3.69/5 (62 ratings by Goodreads)
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : Springer Praxis Books
  • Izdošanas datums: 25-Aug-2006
  • Izdevniecība: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780387276182
  • Formāts - PDF+DRM
  • Cena: 47,58 €*
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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : Springer Praxis Books
  • Izdošanas datums: 25-Aug-2006
  • Izdevniecība: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780387276182

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The dark matter problem is one of the most fundamental and profoundly difficult to solve problems in the history of science. Not knowing what makes up most of the known universe goes to the heart of our understanding of the Universe and our place in it. In Search of Dark Matter is the story of the emergence of the dark matter problem, from the initial erroneous discovery of dark matter by Jan Oort to contemporary explanations for the nature of dark matter and its role in the origin and evolution of the Universe.









Written for the educated non-scientist and scientist alike, it spans a variety of scientific disciplines, from observational astronomy to particle physics. Concepts that the reader will encounter along the way are at the cutting edge of scientific research. However the themes are explained in such a way that no prior understanding of science beyond a high school education is necessary.









 

Recenzijas

From the reviews:









"Foremost amongst our talents is deduction. Using logic and reasoning, a truth can be determined without direct evidence. Ken Freeman ands Geoff McNamara in their book showcase this talent. Given the state of unknown portrayed, this book would be a great tool to lure undergraduate students into the field of astronomy. Throughout, there are well appointed photographs to entice the reader . the book will bring fundamental answers about our existence and likely a lot of fame to the finder." (www.universetoday.com, December, 2006)



"Pinning down exactly how much dark matter there is in the Universe, and discovering what this enigmatic stuff is made of, has to be among the most important issues in modern astronomy. Arguments are presented simply so this is a read that is suitable for a beginner without patronizing those already familiar with many of the ideas. In Search of Dark Matter really is an excellent little book." (Alan Longstaff, Astronomy Now, September, 2006)



"In Search of Dark Matter has a textbook feel . It is a concise chronicle of the discovery of dark matter and the efforts to find out what it is and what part it plays in the Universe, from the Big Bang to the present." (Helen Close, Astronomy and Space, January, 2007)



"This little book (158 p.) is an excellent introduction for non-specialists to the search of dark matter, and more generally to modern observational cosmology. More than 30 illustrations, photographs and sketches, accompany the text, in a pleasant and effective way. The book is thus both accessible to readers with little academic training in physics, and useful to physicists to whom it provides a lot of information on this fascinating and rapidly expanding field. I warmly recommend it." (Pierre Marage, Physicalia Magazine, Vol. 29 (2), 2007)

Authors' preface ix
List of illustrations
xi
Prologue: the quest for darkness xiii
How to Weigh Galaxies
1(10)
Introduction
1(1)
How to weigh galaxies
2(1)
Newtonian gravitation and finding the invisible
2(2)
How to measure stellar motions
4(2)
How galaxies stay inflated
6(1)
Circular motion
7(1)
Random motion
7(1)
The Jeans equations
7(2)
Mass-luminosity relationship
9(1)
Gravitational versus luminous mass
10(1)
The False Dawn
11(10)
Historical background
11(1)
Introducing Oort
12(2)
Oort discovers differential rotation
14(1)
Oort 'discovers' disk dark matter
15(1)
The problem with K stars
16(1)
Thin disk and thick disk
17(1)
Bahcall and the resurgence of interest in disk dark matter
17(1)
Oort's error revealed
18(1)
Not the end of disk dark matter
18(3)
Seeing the Invisible
21(14)
Introducing Zwicky
21(4)
Galaxy clusters
25(1)
Zwicky and Abell cluster catalogues
25(2)
The Coma Cluster
27(1)
Measuring cluster 'pressure'
28(1)
Virial theorem
29(1)
Mass-luminosity relationship
30(1)
Results of studying the Coma and Virgo Clusters
31(1)
Contrast between Oort and Zwicky
32(3)
Dark Halos
35(14)
How to measure dark matter halos
35(1)
Beyond the visible disk: the 21-cm line
36(1)
The first signs of trouble
37(1)
How to suppress bar structures
38(2)
The 21-cm limit
40(1)
Beyond the 21-cm limit
41(3)
Dark matter in elliptical galaxies
44(1)
Importance of planetary nebulae
45(2)
Shape of the dark matter halo
47(1)
Flaring of the hydrogen disk
48(1)
We Are Surrounded!
49(10)
Rotation curve of the Milky Way
49(1)
Escape velocity argument (halo stars)
49(2)
Objective prism reveals halo stars
51(1)
Proper motions reveal halo stars
52(1)
Looking for halo stars in the halo
53(1)
Timing argument
53(1)
The Magellanic Clouds and Galactic dark matter
54(4)
Dark matter in the Large Magellanic Cloud
58(1)
Pieces of the Big Bang
59(10)
About dwarf galaxies
59(1)
Aaronson's pioneering work
59(1)
The density of dark halos: Kormendy and Freeman's work
60(1)
Observing dwarf galaxies
61(3)
Dark matter in dwarf galaxies
64(1)
Why do dwarf galaxies have so much dark matter?
64(1)
Is there a large population of undiscovered dark galaxies?
65(1)
What should we look for?
66(1)
Lack of dark matter in globular clusters still a mystery
67(2)
Cosmic Mirages
69(14)
How gravity deflects starlight
69(3)
The mechanics of gravitational lensing
72(1)
The Einstein radius
72(1)
Probability of lensing events
73(2)
Using gravitational lensing to measure dark matter
75(1)
Strong lensing and the Hubble constant
75(2)
Weak lensing
77(1)
Abell 2218
77(6)
The Baryon Inventory
83(10)
Ω (omega) as a common unit of measurement
83(1)
Ωb
84(1)
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
84(1)
Observing baryonic matter
85(1)
Observing Ωb
86(1)
Ωb at z = 3
86(1)
Ωb in the present epoch
87(1)
Does Ωb match up?
87(1)
Unseen baryonic matter?
88(1)
Baryonic matter in groups and clusters of galaxies
88(1)
The baryon catastrophe
89(1)
Virgo and Coma baryonic matter compared
90(3)
Macho Astronomy
93(12)
Historical build-up
93(3)
The Great Melbourne Telescope
96(2)
Software development
98(1)
The first MACHO event
98(2)
Looking at the centre of the Galaxy
100(1)
Results
100(1)
Problems and uncertainties
100(1)
Magellanic Stream debris
101(1)
Variable stars, if nothing else
102(1)
Searching for extrasolar planets
102(1)
The future of MACHO
102(3)
What Can the Matter Be?
105(12)
Baryonic dark matter: why it is suspected
105(1)
Faint stars
105(1)
Small hydrogen snowballs
106(1)
Massive black holes
106(2)
Small black holes
108(1)
Small dense clouds
109(1)
Brown dwarfs
110(1)
Primordial black holes
110(1)
Between the galaxies
111(1)
How to find intracluster stars
112(2)
Intracluster gas
114(1)
Milgrom's alternative theory of gravity
114(3)
Exploring Exotica: Neutrinos
117(6)
Why non-baryonic dark matter is suspected
117(2)
Classes of non-baryonic dark matter
119(1)
Neutrinos
120(3)
Exploring Exotica: Wimps and Axions
123(8)
WIMPs
123(1)
Fundamental forces and supersymmetry
124(1)
Supersymmetry
125(1)
Neutralinos
125(1)
WIMP searches
126(5)
Axions
In the Beginning...
131(8)
Hot and cold dark matter
131(1)
Creation of large-scale structure
132(1)
Cosmic microwave background
133(2)
HDM or CDM?
135(4)
Towards Omega
139(8)
Critical density preferred
139(1)
An accelerating Universe: dark energy
140(1)
What is the cosmological constant?
141(1)
What is vacuum energy?
141(2)
Cosmological parameters
143(1)
Constraining Ωb, Ωm and ΩΛ
143(2)
Could this be it?
145(2)
Appendix 1 What is matter?
147(6)
Definition of matter
147(1)
Macroscopic: cells
148(1)
Molecules
148(1)
Elements
149(1)
Atoms
149(1)
Structure of the atom: electrons, protons and neutrons
149(1)
Quarks
150(1)
Leptons
150(1)
Energy
150(3)
Appendix 2 Expressing mass
153(2)
Index 155
Ken Freeman is Duffield Professor of Astronomy at the Australian National University (Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Mount Stromlo Observatory) in Canberra. He studied mathematics at the University of Western Australia and theoretical astrophysics at the University of Cambridge, followed by a postdoctoral year at McDonald Observatory (University of Texas) with G. de Vaucouleurs and a year as a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. He returned to Australia in 1967 and has been there ever since.









His research interests are in the formation and dynamics of galaxies and globular clusters, and particularly in the problem of dark matter in galaxies: he was one of the first to point out (1970) that spiral galaxies contain a large fraction of dark matter. Since then, he has written many papers on dark matter in spiral and elliptical galaxies. He was a founding member of the MACHO collaboration which used microlensing techniques to search for galactic darkmatter in the form of compact stellar-mass objects.









For his current research, he uses the optical and radio telescopes in Australia, and also observes with the Hubble Space Telescope and large optical telescopes in Spain, Chile, and Hawaii. He has written about 500 research articles.



Geoff McNamara has been writing about and teaching science and technology since the mid-1980s. He has had approximately 150 articles published in magazines ranging from Electronics Australia, Astronomy, Sky & Space, and Nature Australia.









In 1997 he coauthored a popular level science book "Ripples on a Cosmic Sea - the search for gravitational waves" with Associate Professor David Blair (Allen & Unwin, 1997), and contributed a chapter to "The Universe Revealed" (Mitchell Beazley, 1998).









He taught Ophthalmic Optics at Sydney Institute of Technology from 1987 to 1999, and has presented many courses and talks on astronomy for the public. He has been teaching science at Campbell High School in Canberra since 2000. In 2003 he began teaching Astronomy and the course has continued to grow in popularity. In 2005 the Astronomy courses were completed by approximately 130 students.