|
|
xv | |
|
|
xviii | |
|
|
xx | |
Preface |
|
xxi | |
Acknowledgements |
|
xxvi | |
|
|
xxvii | |
|
1 Theoretical Foundations |
|
|
1 | (29) |
|
1.1 Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition |
|
|
2 | (13) |
|
1.1.1 What Is Linguistics? |
|
|
2 | (3) |
|
1.1.2 Second Language Acquisition: Timing and Context |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
1.1.3 Heritage Speakers: In between First and Second Language Acquisition |
|
|
6 | (3) |
|
1.1.4 Biological Foundations of Language |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
1.1.5 The Role of Input in Language Acquisition |
|
|
10 | (2) |
|
1.1.6 Differences among First Language Learners, Second Language Learners, and Heritage Speakers |
|
|
12 | (3) |
|
1.2 The Explicit vs. Implicit Distinction |
|
|
15 | (12) |
|
1.2.1 Implicit vs. Explicit Knowledge and Learning |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
1.2.2 Characteristics of Implicit vs. Explicit Knowledge |
|
|
17 | (2) |
|
1.2.3 How do Implicit and Explicit Knowledge Interact? |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
1.2.4 Implicit vs. Explicit Instruction and Feedback |
|
|
20 | (2) |
|
1.2.5 Measuring Implicit vs. Explicit Knowledge and Learning |
|
|
22 | (5) |
|
1.2.6 The Explicit vs. Implicit Distinction in Intervention Research |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
|
28 | (2) |
|
2 Intervention Research and Grammar Teaching |
|
|
30 | (27) |
|
2.1 Introduction to Classroom and Lab-Based Intervention Research |
|
|
30 | (15) |
|
2.1.1 Where to Start: Pedagogical vs. Theoretical Starting Points |
|
|
31 | (2) |
|
2.1.2 The Learning Environment: Foreign Language vs. Immersive |
|
|
33 | (2) |
|
2.1.3 Components of Intervention Research Studies |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
2.1.4 Control Group vs. Comparison Group Design |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
2.1.5 (Quasi-)Experimental Design |
|
|
38 | (3) |
|
2.1.6 Timeline of Intervention Research Studies |
|
|
41 | (2) |
|
2.1.7 Summary: The Logic of Intervention Research |
|
|
43 | (2) |
|
2.2 Approaches to Grammar Teaching |
|
|
45 | (8) |
|
2.2.1 Naturalistic vs. Instructed Second Language Acquisition |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
2.2.2 Choices in Second Language Grammar Instruction |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
2.2.3 Content-Based Language Teaching |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
2.2.4 Traditional Focus on FormS Instruction |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
2.2.5 Communicative Language Teaching |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
2.2.6 Focus on Form Approaches |
|
|
49 | (2) |
|
2.2.7 Processing Instruction |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
2.2.8 Summary: Approaches to Second Language Instruction and Sample Application |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
2.3 A Preview of the Next Eight Chapters |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
|
55 | (2) |
|
|
57 | (26) |
|
|
57 | (8) |
|
3.1.1 Count vs. Mass Nouns, and Article Omission |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
|
59 | (2) |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
|
62 | (2) |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
3.1.6 Summary: Articles in Second Language Acquisition |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
3.2 Intervention Studies on Articles in English as a Second Language |
|
|
65 | (12) |
|
3.2.1 Intervention Studies with a Focus on Particular Instructional Techniques |
|
|
67 | (5) |
|
3.2.2 Intervention Studies with a Focus on Particular Theoretical Approaches to Articles |
|
|
72 | (5) |
|
3.3 Summary and Implications |
|
|
77 | (2) |
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
3.5 Applications Questions |
|
|
79 | (2) |
|
|
81 | (2) |
|
4 Verb Placement and Question Formation |
|
|
83 | (36) |
|
|
84 | (6) |
|
4.1.1 Functional Categories and Features |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
4.1.2 The Verb Movement Parameter |
|
|
85 | (2) |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
4.1.4 Wh-movement: Question Formation |
|
|
88 | (2) |
|
4.2 Adverb Placement in Second Language Acquisition |
|
|
90 | (15) |
|
4.2.1 The Verb Movement Parameter in Second Language Acquisition |
|
|
90 | (2) |
|
4.2.2 Classroom Intervention Studies on Adverb-Verb Placement in English |
|
|
92 | (7) |
|
4.2.3 Intervention Studies on Negative Adverb Placement in English as a Second Language |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
4.2.4 Intervention Studies on Verb Placement in Spanish as a Second Language |
|
|
100 | (2) |
|
4.2.5 Summary: Intervention Studies with Adverbs |
|
|
102 | (3) |
|
4.3 Question Formation in Second Language Acquisition |
|
|
105 | (9) |
|
4.3.1 Question Formation: Findings from Second Language Acquisition Research |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
4.3.2 Intervention Studies on Question Formation |
|
|
106 | (8) |
|
4.4 Summary and Implications |
|
|
114 | (3) |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
4.6 Applications Questions |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
5 Inflectional Morphology |
|
|
119 | (34) |
|
|
119 | (3) |
|
5.2 Inflectional Morphology in Second Language Acquisition: Experimental Findings and Theoretical Implications |
|
|
122 | (4) |
|
5.2.1 Errors with Inflectional Morphology as a Representation vs. Processing Problem |
|
|
123 | (2) |
|
5.2.2 Psycholinguistic Studies on Inflectional Morphology in Second Language Acquisition |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
5.3 Intervention Research Studies on Inflectional Morphology |
|
|
126 | (23) |
|
5.3.1 Processing Instruction Studies on Tense Marking |
|
|
126 | (9) |
|
5.3.2 Explicit vs. Implicit Knowledge and Instruction in the Domain of Verbal Morphology |
|
|
135 | (6) |
|
5.3.3 Differential Effects of Corrective Feedback Types on Grammatical Gender |
|
|
141 | (8) |
|
5.4 Summary and Implications |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
5.6 Applications Questions |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
|
153 | (41) |
|
|
154 | (7) |
|
6.1.1 Indicative vs. Subjunctive Mood |
|
|
154 | (2) |
|
6.1.2 The Subjunctive in Spanish |
|
|
156 | (4) |
|
6.1.3 The Subjunctive Mood in Linguistic Theory |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
6.2 First and Second Language Acquisition Studies on the Subjunctive |
|
|
161 | (7) |
|
6.2.1 The Subjunctive in First Language Acquisition |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
6.2.2 The Subjunctive in Second Language Acquisition |
|
|
162 | (6) |
|
6.3 Second Language Intervention Research Studies on the Subjunctive |
|
|
168 | (15) |
|
6.3.1 Processing Instruction Studies with the Subjunctive |
|
|
168 | (8) |
|
6.3.2 Instruction with the Subjunctive in Adverbial Clauses |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
6.3.3 The Use of Psycholinguistic Methods in Intervention Studies with the Subjunctive |
|
|
177 | (6) |
|
6.4 Studies of the Subjunctive with Heritage Speakers of Romance Languages |
|
|
183 | (7) |
|
6.4.1 Experimental Studies on Knowledge of the Subjunctive in Heritage Speakers |
|
|
183 | (2) |
|
6.4.2 Intervention Studies on the Subjunctive with Heritage Spanish Speakers |
|
|
185 | (5) |
|
6.5 Summary and Implications |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
6.7 Applications Questions |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
192 | (2) |
|
|
194 | (38) |
|
7.1 Terminology and Linguistic Background |
|
|
194 | (10) |
|
|
195 | (2) |
|
|
197 | (4) |
|
7.1.3 Intransitive Verbs and the Unaccusative Hypothesis |
|
|
201 | (3) |
|
7.2 The Acquisition of Passives |
|
|
204 | (10) |
|
7.2.1 Passives in Second Language Acquisition |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
7.2.2 Classroom Intervention Studies on the Passive |
|
|
205 | (9) |
|
7.3 The Acquisition of Unaccusativity |
|
|
214 | (15) |
|
7.3.1 Unaccusatives and Overpassivization |
|
|
215 | (2) |
|
7.3.2 The Unaccusativity Hierarchy |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
7.3.3 Intervention Studies with English Unaccusatives |
|
|
218 | (2) |
|
7.3.4 Acquisition of Spanish Unaccusatives |
|
|
220 | (9) |
|
7.4 Summary and Implications |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
7.6 Application Questions |
|
|
229 | (2) |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
8 Direct and Indirect Objects |
|
|
232 | (37) |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
8.2 The English Double Object Construction in Second Language Acquisition |
|
|
233 | (13) |
|
8.2.1 Background on Double Objects: Theory and First Language Acquisition |
|
|
234 | (2) |
|
8.2.2 Second Language Acquisition Experimental Research on English Double Object Constructions |
|
|
236 | (2) |
|
8.2.3 Intervention Studies with English Double Object Constructions |
|
|
238 | (8) |
|
8.2.4 Summary and Implications: English Double Object Constructions |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
8.3 The Expression of Objects in the Second Language Acquisition of Spanish |
|
|
246 | (20) |
|
8.3.1 Background: Object Expression in Spanish |
|
|
248 | (4) |
|
8.3.2 Studies on Object Expression in Spanish as a Second Language |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
8.3.3 Intervention Studies of Spanish Object Expression |
|
|
253 | (13) |
|
8.3.4 Summary and Implications: Object Expression in Spanish |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
8.5 Applications Questions |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
9 Word Order and Related Syntactic Phenomena |
|
|
269 | (32) |
|
9.1 Sentence-Level Word Order |
|
|
269 | (12) |
|
9.1.1 Noncanonical Word Orders Cross-Linguistically and in Second Language Acquisition |
|
|
273 | (2) |
|
9.1.2 Processing Instruction Studies on the Comprehension of Non-Canonical Word Orders |
|
|
275 | (6) |
|
|
281 | (3) |
|
9.2.1 Adjective Ordering in Linguistic Theory and in Second Language Acquisition |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
9.2.2 Intervention Studies with Adjective Ordering |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
|
284 | (8) |
|
9.3.1 Relative Clauses in Linguistics and in Second Language Acquisition |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
9.3.2 Intervention Studies on Relative Clauses and the Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy in English as a Second Language |
|
|
286 | (2) |
|
9.3.3 Intervention Studies on English Relative Clauses, and the Role of Learner Output |
|
|
288 | (3) |
|
9.3.4 Intervention Studies with Japanese Relative Clauses |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
292 | (6) |
|
9.4.1 Quantifier Scope: Linguistic Background and Terminology |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
9.4.2 Second Language Acquisition and Intervention Studies with Quantifier Scope |
|
|
294 | (4) |
|
9.5 Summary and Implications |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
9.7 Applications Questions |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
301 | (24) |
|
10.1 Efficacy of Different Instructional Approaches |
|
|
302 | (7) |
|
10.1.1 Efficacy of Explicit Output-Based Instruction |
|
|
303 | (2) |
|
10.1.2 Efficacy of Implicit Instruction |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
10.1.3 Efficacy of Structured Input and Input Processing Instruction |
|
|
306 | (2) |
|
10.1.4 Efficacy of Different Feedback Types |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
10.2 Intervention Research and Linguistic Representations |
|
|
309 | (9) |
|
10.2.1 The Role of the First Language |
|
|
309 | (3) |
|
10.2.2 Linguistic Theory and Intervention Research |
|
|
312 | (6) |
|
10.3 Suggestions for Future Research |
|
|
318 | (5) |
|
10.3.1 Issues of Scope, Generalizability, and Study Length |
|
|
318 | (2) |
|
10.3.2 Nature of Intervention Activities |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
321 | (2) |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
324 | (1) |
Glossary |
|
325 | (17) |
References |
|
342 | (38) |
Index |
|
380 | |