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E-grāmata: Semiconductor Basics - A qualitative, non-mathematical explanation of how semiconductors work and how they are used: A Qualitative, Non-mathematical Explanation of How Semiconductors Work and How They are Used [Wiley Online]

  • Formāts: 320 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 03-Sep-2020
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1119597129
  • ISBN-13: 9781119597124
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
  • Wiley Online
  • Cena: 98,75 €*
  • * this price gives unlimited concurrent access for unlimited time
  • Formāts: 320 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 03-Sep-2020
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1119597129
  • ISBN-13: 9781119597124
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
"An accessible guide to how semiconductor electronics work and how they are manufactured, for professionals and interested readers with no electronics engineering background Semiconductor Basics is an accessible guide to how semiconductors work. It is written for readers without an electronic engineering background. Semiconductors are the basis for almost all modern electronic devices. The author, an expert on the topic, explores the fundamental concepts of what a semiconductor is, the different types inuse, and how they are different from conductors and insulators. The book has a large number of helpful and illustrative drawings, photos, and figures. The author uses only simple arithmetic to help understand the device operation and applications. The book reviews the key devices that can be constructed using semiconductor materials such as diodes and transistors and all the large electronic systems based on these two component such as computers, memories, LCDs and related technology like Lasers LEDs andinfrared detectors. The text also explores integrated circuits and explains how they are fabricated. The author concludes with some projections about what can be expected in the future"--

An accessible guide to how semiconductor electronics work and how they are manufactured, for professionals and interested readers with no electronics engineering background

Semiconductor Basics is an accessible guide to how semiconductors work. It is written for readers without an electronic engineering background. Semiconductors are the basis for almost all modern electronic devices. The author—an expert on the topic—explores the fundamental concepts of what a semiconductor is, the different types in use, and how they are different from conductors and insulators. The book has a large number of helpful and illustrative drawings, photos, and figures.

The author uses only simple arithmetic to help understand the device operation and applications. The book reviews the key devices that can be constructed using semiconductor materials such as diodes and transistors and all the large electronic systems based on these two component such as computers, memories, LCDs and related technology like Lasers LEDs and infrared detectors. The text also explores integrated circuits and explains how they are fabricated. The author concludes with some projections about what can be expected in the future. This important book: 

  • Offers an accessible guide to semiconductors using qualitative explanations and analogies, with minimal mathematics and equations
  • Presents the material in a well-structured and logical format
  • Explores topics from device physics fundamentals to transistor formation and fabrication and the operation of the circuits to build electronic devices and systems
  • Includes information on practical applications of p-n junctions, transistors, and integrated circuits to link theory and practice 

Written for anyone interested in the technology, working in semiconductor labs or in the semiconductor industry, Semiconductor Basics offers clear explanations about how semiconductors work and its manufacturing process.

Acknowledgements xiii
Introduction xv
1 The Bohr Atom
1(18)
Objectives of This
Chapter
1(1)
1.1 Sinusoidal Waves
1(2)
1.2 The Case of the Missing Lines
3(1)
1.3 The Strange Behavior of Spectra from Gases and Metals
4(1)
1.4 The Classifications of Basic Elements
5(1)
1.5 The Hydrogen Spectrum Lines
5(2)
1.6 Light is a Particle
7(1)
1.7 The Atom's Structure
8(2)
1.8 The Bohr Atom
10(3)
1.9 Summary and Conclusions
13(1)
Appendix 1.1 Some Details of the Bohr Model
14(2)
Appendix 1.2 Semiconductor Materials
16(1)
Appendix 1.3 Calculating the Rydberg Constant
16(3)
2 Energy Bands
19(16)
Objectives of This
Chapter
19(1)
2.1 Bringing Atoms Together
19(3)
2.2 The Insulator
22(1)
2.3 The Conductor
23(1)
2.4 The Semiconductor
24(3)
2.5 Digression: Water Analogy
27(1)
2.6 The Mobility of Charges
27(1)
2.7 Summary and Conclusions
28(1)
Appendix 2.1 Energy Gap in Semiconductors
29(1)
Appendix 2.2 Number of Electrons and the Fermi Function
29(6)
3 Types of Semiconductors
35(16)
Objectives of This
Chapter
35(1)
3.1 Semiconductor Materials
35(1)
3.2 Short Summary of Semiconductor Materials
36(3)
3.2.1 Silicon
36(1)
3.2.2 Germanium
37(2)
3.2.3 Gallium Arsenide
39(1)
3.3 Intrinsic Semiconductors
39(1)
3.4 Doped Semiconductors: n-Type
40(3)
3.5 Doped Semiconductors: p-Type
43(2)
3.6 Additional Considerations
45(2)
3.7 Summary and Conclusions
47(1)
Appendix 3.1 The Fermi Levels in Doped Semiconductors
48(2)
Appendix 3.2 Why All Donor Electrons go to the Conduction Band
50(1)
4 Infrared Detectors
51(18)
Objectives of This
Chapter
51(1)
4.1 What is Infrared Radiation?
51(3)
4.2 What Our Eyes Can See
54(1)
4.3 Infrared Applications
55(3)
4.4 Types of Infrared Radiation
58(1)
4.5 Extrinsic Silicon Infrared Detectors
58(4)
4.6 Intrinsic Infrared Detectors
62(1)
4.7 Summary and Conclusions
63(1)
Appendix 4.1 Light Diffraction
64(2)
Appendix 4.2 Blackbody Radiation
66(3)
5 The pn-Junction
69(20)
Objectives of This
Chapter
69(1)
5.1 The pn-Junction
69(3)
5.2 The Semiconductor Diode
72(4)
5.3 The Schottky Diode
76(1)
5.4 The Zener or Tunnel Diode
77(4)
5.5 Summary and Conclusions
81(1)
Appendix 5.1 Fermi Levels of a pn-Junction
81(1)
Appendix 5.2 Diffusion and Drift Currents
82(1)
Appendix 5.3 The Thickness of the Transition Region
83(2)
Appendix 5.4 Work Function and the Schottky Diode
85(4)
6 Other Electrical Components
89(16)
Objectives of This
Chapter
89(1)
6.1 Voltage and Current
89(1)
6.2 Resistance
90(3)
6.3 The Capacitor
93(3)
6.4 The Inductor
96(2)
6.5 Sinusoidal Voltage
98(1)
6.6 Inductor Applications
99(3)
6.7 Summary and Conclusions
102(1)
Appendix 6.1 Impedance and Phase Changes
102(3)
7 Diode Applications
105(12)
Objectives of This
Chapter
105(1)
7.1 Solar Cells
105(1)
7.2 Rectifiers
106(3)
7.3 Current Protection Circuit
109(1)
7.4 Clamping Circuit
109(1)
7.5 Voltage Clipper
110(1)
7.6 Half-wave Voltage Doubler
111(2)
7.7 Solar Cells Bypass Diodes
113(1)
7.8 Applications of Schottky Diodes
113(1)
7.9 Applications of Zener Diodes
114(1)
7.10 Summary and Conclusions
115(1)
Appendix 7.1 Calculation of the Current Through an RC Circuit
115(2)
8 Transistors
117(18)
Objectives of This
Chapter
117(1)
8.1 The Concept of the Transistor
117(1)
8.2 The Bipolar Junction Transistor
118(6)
8.3 The Junction Field-effect Transistor
124(4)
8.4 The Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET
128(4)
8.5 Summary and Conclusions
132(2)
Appendix 8.1 Punch Trough
134(1)
9 Transistor Biasing Circuits
135(24)
Objectives of This
Chapter
135(1)
9.1 Introduction
135(1)
9.2 Emitter Feedback Bias
136(4)
9.3 Sinusoidal Operation of a Transistor with Emitter Bias
140(4)
9.4 The Fixed Bias Circuit
144(3)
9.5 The Collector Feedback Bias Circuit
147(1)
9.6 Power Considerations
148(1)
9.7 Multistage Transistor Amplifiers
149(1)
9.8 Operational Amplifiers
150(3)
9.9 The Ideal OpAmp
153(2)
9.10 Summary and Conclusions
155(1)
Appendix 9.1 Derivation of the Stability of the Collector Feedback Circuit
156(3)
10 Integrated Circuit Fabrication
159(28)
Objectives of This
Chapter
159(1)
10.1 The Basic Material
159(1)
10.2 TheBoule
160(2)
10.2.1 The Czochralski Method
160(1)
10.2.2 The Flow-zone Method
161(1)
10.3 Wafers and Epitaxial Growth
162(1)
10.4 Photolithography
162(1)
10.5 The Fabrication of a pnp Transistor on a Silicon Wafer
163(3)
10.6 A Digression on Doping
166(4)
10.6.1 Thermal Diffusion
166(1)
10.6.2 Implantation
167(3)
10.7 Resume the Transistor Processing
170(2)
10.7.1 The Contacts
170(1)
10.7.2 Metallization
170(1)
10.7.3 Multiple Interconnects
171(1)
10.8 Fabrication of Other Components
172(2)
10.8.1 The Integrated Resistor
172(1)
10.8.2 The Integrated Capacitor
173(1)
10.8.3 The Integrated Inductor
173(1)
10.9 Testing and Packaging
174(4)
10.10 Clean Rooms
178(2)
10.11 Additional Thoughts About Processing
180(1)
10.12 Summary and Conclusions
181(2)
Appendix 10.1 Miller Indices in the Diamond Structure
183(4)
11 Logic Circuits
187(24)
Objectives of This
Chapter
187(1)
11.1 Boolean Algebra
187(1)
11.2 Logic Symbols and Relay Circuits
188(2)
11.3 The Electronics Inside the Symbols
190(2)
11.3.1 Diode Implementation
191(1)
11.3.2 CMOS Implementation
192(1)
11.4 The Inverter or NOT Circuit
192(1)
11.5 The NOR Circuit
193(2)
11.6 The NAND Circuit
195(1)
11.7 The XNOR or Exclusive NOR
196(1)
11.8 The Half Adder
197(1)
11.9 The Full Adder
198(1)
11.10 Adding More than Two Digital Numbers
198(1)
11.11 The Subtractor
199(2)
11.12 Digression: Flip-flops, Latches, and Shifters
201(2)
11.13 Multiplication and Division of Binary Numbers
203(1)
11.14 Additional Comments: Speed and Power
204(2)
11.15 Summary and Conclusions
206(1)
Appendix 11.1 Algebraic Formulation of Logic Modules
206(1)
Appendix 11.2 Detailed Analysis of the Full Adder
207(1)
Appendix 11.3 Complementary Numbers
208(1)
Appendix 11.4 Dividing Digital Numbers
209(1)
Appendix 11.5 The Author's Symbolic Logic Machine Using Relays
210(1)
12 VLSI Components
211(18)
Objectives of This
Chapter
211(1)
12.1 Multiplexers
211(2)
12.2 Demultiplexers
213(1)
12.3 Registers
214(2)
12.4 Timing and Waveforms
216(2)
12.5 Memories
218(9)
12.5.1 Static Random-access Memory
219(3)
12.5.2 Dynamic Random-access Memory
222(2)
12.5.3 Read-only Memory
224(1)
12.5.4 Programable Read-only Memory
225(2)
12.6 Gate Arrays
227(1)
12.7 Summary and Conclusions
227(1)
Appendix 12.1 A NAND implementation of a 2 to 1 MUX
228(1)
13 Optoelectronics
229(14)
Objectives of This
Chapter
229(1)
13.1 Photoconductors
229(1)
13.2 PIN Diodes
230(1)
13.3 LASERS
231(7)
13.3.1 Laser Action
231(3)
13.3.2 Solid-state Lasers
234(1)
13.3.3 Semiconductor LASERS
234(3)
13.3.4 LASER Applications
237(1)
13.4 Light-emitting Diodes
238(2)
13.5 Summary and Conclusions
240(1)
Appendix 13.1 The Detector Readout
240(3)
14 Microprocessors and Modem Electronics
243(14)
Objectives of This
Chapter
243(1)
14.1 The Computer
243(5)
14.1.1 Computer Architecture
243(1)
14.1.2 Memories
244(2)
14.1.3 Input and Output Units
246(1)
14.1.4 The Central Processing Unit
246(2)
14.2 Microcontrollers
248(1)
14.3 Liquid Crystal Displays
249(6)
14.3.1 Liquid Crystal Materials
249(2)
14.3.2 Contacts
251(1)
14.3.3 Color Filters
251(1)
14.3.4 Thin-film Transistors
251(2)
14.3.5 The Glass
253(1)
14.3.6 Polarizers
253(1)
14.3.7 The Source of Light
254(1)
14.3.8 The Entire Operation
254(1)
14.4 Summary and Conclusions
255(1)
Appendix 14.1 Keyboard Codes
256(1)
15 The Future
257(16)
Objectives of This
Chapter
257(1)
15.1 The Past
257(5)
15.2 Problems with Silicon-based Technology
262(3)
15.3 New Technologies
265(3)
15.3.1 Nanotubes
265(1)
15.3.2 Quantum Computing
266(2)
15.3.3 Biocomputing
268(1)
15.4 Silicon Technology Innovations
268(4)
15.4.1 Process Improvements
269(1)
15.4.2 Vertical Integration
269(2)
15.4.3 The FinFET
271(1)
15.4.4 The Tunnel FET
271(1)
15.5 Summary and Conclusions
272(1)
Epilogue 273(2)
Appendix A Useful Constants 275(2)
Appendix B Properties of Silicon 277(2)
Appendix C List of Acronyms 279(6)
Additional Reading and Sources 285(4)
Index 289
George Domingo, PhD, has worked in consulting and management, and as a teacher. He was Professor of Electrical Engineering - Solid State, Networks and Electronics at Northrop University, USA, for 11 years and spent 31 years in various roles in infrared systems for industry and for NASA's astronomical observatories.