Preface |
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xxi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxvii | |
Chapter 1 The Purposes of Punishment and Sentencing |
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1 | (80) |
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A Social Purposes of Sentencing |
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2 | (40) |
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3 | (26) |
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3 | (17) |
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ABA Standards for Criminal Justice, Sentencing 18-2.1 |
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3 | (2) |
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18 United States Code §3553 |
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5 | (1) |
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Tennessee Code §40-35-102 |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (6) |
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Problem 1-1. Richard Graves |
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13 | (1) |
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Montana Code Annotated §46-18-101 |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (5) |
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20 | (9) |
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A Healing Circle in the Innu Community of Sheshashit |
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22 | (5) |
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27 | (2) |
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Problem 1-2. Red Hook Community Court |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (13) |
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Michael Tonry, Purposes and Functions of Sentencing |
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29 | (3) |
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Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison |
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32 | (6) |
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38 | (4) |
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B Purposes in Practical Context |
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42 | (39) |
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1 Use of Purposes in Sentencing an Individual Offender |
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42 | (14) |
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The Queen v. Robert James Arnautovic |
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43 | (7) |
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United States v. Jamie Leann Beam |
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50 | (3) |
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53 | (2) |
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Problem 1-3. Bromley Heath |
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55 | (1) |
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2 Use of Purposes in System Components |
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56 | (7) |
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Simplification Paper: Criminal History |
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56 | (4) |
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60 | (3) |
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3 Politics, Philosophy, and Economics |
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63 | (20) |
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a Equality/Disparity Concerns |
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63 | (3) |
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ABA Standards for Criminal Justice, Sentencing 18-2.5 |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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b Cents and Sentencing Ability |
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66 | (5) |
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The Conservative Case for Reform |
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66 | (3) |
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69 | (2) |
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Problem 14. Sentencing Without Prison or Death |
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71 | (1) |
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Problem 1-5. Sentencing Budgets |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (13) |
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Karen Gelb, Myths and Misconceptions: Public Opinion versus Public Judgment About Sentencing |
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71 | (7) |
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78 | (1) |
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Problem 1-6. Crime in America |
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79 | (2) |
Chapter 2 Who Sentences? |
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81 | (50) |
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A Sentencing in the Courtroom |
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83 | (14) |
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1 Judges in Indeterminate Sentencing |
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84 | (5) |
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Samuel Williams v. New York |
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84 | (3) |
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87 | (1) |
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Problem 2-1. Determining the Indeterminable |
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88 | (1) |
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2 Parole Boards in Indeterminate Sentencing |
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89 | (4) |
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The Parole Process in Georgia |
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89 | (1) |
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Parole Consideration, Eligibility, and Guidelines |
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90 | (1) |
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Problem 2-2. Savings Plan |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (4) |
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Arkansas Code §16-97-101, Bifurcated Sentencing Procedures |
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93 | (1) |
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Arkansas Code §16-97-103, Evidence |
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94 | (1) |
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Arkansas Code §16-90-107, Fixing of Punishment Generally |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (2) |
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B Legislatures and Commissions |
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97 | (16) |
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1 Mandatory Minimum Sentences |
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97 | (8) |
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97 | (1) |
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Mandatory Minimum Penalties in the Federal Criminal Justice System |
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98 | (6) |
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104 | (1) |
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2 Sentencing Commissions and Guidelines |
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105 | (8) |
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ABA Standards for Criminal Justice, Sentencing 18-4.1 |
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107 | (1) |
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Kevin Reitz, Modeling Discretion in American Sentencing Systems |
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108 | (3) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (10) |
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People v. Wayne Robert Stewart |
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113 | (3) |
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Ronald Wright & Marc Miller, The Screening/Bargaining Tradeoff |
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116 | (3) |
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Office of the District Attorney, City of Philadelphia, New Policies Announced February 15, 2018 |
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119 | (3) |
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122 | (1) |
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D Appellate Court Guidance |
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123 | (8) |
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126 | (2) |
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128 | (3) |
Chapter 3 Regulating Discretion |
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131 | (84) |
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A Origins of Sentencing Guideline Structures |
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131 | (9) |
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Marvin E. Frankel, Criminal Sentences: Law Without Order |
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132 | (4) |
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136 | (4) |
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B Development and Structure of State Guideline Systems |
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140 | (16) |
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Dale Parent, Structuring Criminal Sentencing |
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142 | (3) |
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145 | (2) |
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Problem 3-1. The Minnesota Guidelines in a High-Profile Case |
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147 | (3) |
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Richard S. Frase, Sentencing Guidelines in American Courts: A Forty-Year Retrospective |
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150 | (4) |
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154 | (2) |
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C Structure of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines |
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156 | (16) |
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Federal Sentencing Guidelines Manual, Chapter One-Introduction, Authority, and General Application Principles |
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158 | (4) |
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162 | (1) |
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Federal Sentencing: The Basics |
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163 | (6) |
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169 | (3) |
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D Departures and Discretion Under the Federal Guidelines |
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172 | (6) |
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Linda Drazga Maxfield & John H. Kramer, Substantial Assistance: An Empirical Yardstick Gauging Equity in Current Federal Policy and Practice |
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173 | (2) |
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175 | (3) |
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E Advisory Guidelines: The Aftermath of Booker |
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178 | (28) |
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United States v. Freddie j Booker |
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179 | (10) |
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189 | (3) |
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Derrick Kimbrough v. United States |
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192 | (11) |
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203 | (3) |
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F Departures and Variances in Federal Practice |
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206 | (9) |
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U.S. Sentencing Commission, The Influence of the Guidelines on Federal Sentencing Outcomes: National Sentencing Practices from 2005-2017 |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (2) |
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Problem 3-2. New Constitutional Guidelines |
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212 | (3) |
Chapter 4 Sentencing Inputs: The Crime and Its Effects |
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215 | (74) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (26) |
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1 Real Offense versus Conviction Offense |
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216 | (14) |
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U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual |
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218 | (1) |
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United States v. Vernon Watts |
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219 | (4) |
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Charles Frederick Barr v. State |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (5) |
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Problem 4-2. Rob Anon Revisited |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (6) |
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231 | (1) |
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North Carolina General Statutes §15A-1340.15 |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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Problem 4-4. Predisposed to Prison |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (3) |
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3 Role in a Group Offense |
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236 | (6) |
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U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual |
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236 | (1) |
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United States v. Donald Carpenter |
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237 | (3) |
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240 | (1) |
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Problem 4-5. Rob Anon Revisited |
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241 | (1) |
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B Assessing Offense Seriousness |
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242 | (37) |
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U.S. Senate Report No. 98-225 |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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1 Qualitative Assessments of Harm |
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244 | (19) |
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Ehrlich Anthony Coker v. Georgia |
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245 | (3) |
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248 | (1) |
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Patrick Kennedy v. Louisiana |
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249 | (8) |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (1) |
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U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (2) |
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Problem 4-6. Rob Anon Revisited |
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263 | (1) |
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2 Quantitative Assessments of Harm |
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263 | (8) |
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Richard Chapman v. United States |
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263 | (4) |
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267 | (4) |
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Problem 4-7. Getting Tough on Drunk Drivers |
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271 | (1) |
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3 The Role of Mens Rea and Motive |
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271 | (8) |
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a Strict Liability Sentencing Factors |
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271 | (4) |
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United States v. Ana Marin de Velasquez |
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272 | (2) |
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274 | (1) |
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b Hate Crimes and the Relevance of Motive |
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275 | (16) |
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Wisconsin v. Todd Mitchell |
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275 | (2) |
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277 | (2) |
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Problem 4-8. Rob Anon (aka Jean Valjean?) Revisited |
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279 | (1) |
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C The Role of Victims and the Community |
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279 | (10) |
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State v. Rasheed Muhammad |
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280 | (5) |
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285 | (4) |
Chapter 5 Sentencing Inputs: The Defendant's Record and Background |
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289 | (92) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (27) |
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1 "Strikes" Laws and Other Mandatory Rules |
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291 | (8) |
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291 | (7) |
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298 | (1) |
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2 Complicated Criminal Records |
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299 | (6) |
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United States v. Antonio Robertson |
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299 | (4) |
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303 | (2) |
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3 "Violent Crime" Recidivist Enhancements |
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305 | (6) |
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Samuel Johnson v. United States |
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306 | (4) |
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310 | (1) |
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4 The First-Time Offender |
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311 | (6) |
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Washington Revised Code §9.94A.650 |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (3) |
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315 | (2) |
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B The Cooperative Defendant |
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317 | (14) |
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1 Acceptance of Responsibility and Plea Bargains |
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318 | (7) |
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318 | (3) |
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U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual |
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321 | (1) |
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Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (3) |
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325 | (6) |
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United States v. Amanda Williams |
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326 | (1) |
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Nevada Revised Statutes §453.3405(2) |
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327 | (1) |
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Problem 5-2. Helping Others |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (2) |
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C The Defendant's Background and Circumstances |
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331 | (39) |
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Problem 5-4. Turning Guidance into Guidelines |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (2) |
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1 Immutable Characteristics |
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334 | (15) |
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ABA Standards for Criminal Justice, Sentencing 18-3.4(d) |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (10) |
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345 | (4) |
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2 Circumstances Within the Defendant's Control |
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349 | (10) |
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Brian Michael Gall v. United States |
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349 | (6) |
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Problem 5-5. Treatment and Timing |
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355 | (1) |
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Problem 5-6. Restitution and Rehabilitation |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (2) |
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3 Social Context of the Defendant |
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359 | (11) |
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United States v. Fadya Husein |
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359 | (7) |
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366 | (2) |
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Problem 5-7. Pillar of the Community |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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D The Persistent Effects of the Defendant's Race |
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370 | (11) |
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William J. Sabol, Thaddeus L. Johnson & Alexander Caccavale, Trends in Correctional Control by Race and Sex |
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370 | (5) |
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375 | (2) |
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.8 | |
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The Crack-Powder Differential |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (3) |
Chapter 6 Procedure and Proof at Sentencing |
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381 | (50) |
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A Formal Trial, Informal Sentencing |
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381 | (19) |
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Dynel McMillan v. Pennsylvania |
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384 | (3) |
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387 | (4) |
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391 | (8) |
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399 | (1) |
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B The Resurgent Jury Trial Right |
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400 | (18) |
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Ralph Blakely, Jr. v. Washington |
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401 | (9) |
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410 | (3) |
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Problem 6-1. Moving Violations 390 |
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413 | (1) |
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Problem 6-2. The Capital Jury |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (3) |
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C Rebuilding Guideline Procedures |
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418 | (13) |
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418 | (5) |
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Problem 6-3. Prior Juvenile Adjudications |
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423 | (1) |
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424 | (7) |
Chapter 7 Sentencing Outcomes: The Scale of Imprisonment |
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431 | (70) |
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431 | (10) |
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1 The Prison as an American Innovation |
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431 | (5) |
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Norval Morris, The Future of Imprisonment |
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432 | (2) |
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434 | (2) |
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436 | (5) |
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437 | (4) |
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B Competing Explanations for Growth |
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441 | (18) |
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1 Crime Control and Social Conditions |
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441 | (14) |
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The Growth of Incarceration Rates in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |
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442 | (7) |
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449 | (6) |
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2 Constraining Influences |
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455 | (4) |
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North Carolina General Statutes §120-36.7(d) |
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456 | (1) |
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Kansas Statutes §74-9101(b) |
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456 | (1) |
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457 | (2) |
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C The Human Experience of Prison |
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459 | (11) |
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Norval Morris, The Contemporary Prison, 1965-Present |
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459 | (3) |
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462 | (8) |
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D Limiting Imprisonment Under the Eighth Amendment |
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470 | (20) |
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471 | (1) |
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Problem 7-2. Family Business |
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472 | (1) |
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Problem 7-3. Enough Is Enough |
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473 | (1) |
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473 | (3) |
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Terrance Jamar Graham v. Florida |
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476 | (11) |
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487 | (3) |
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E Reconsidering Mass Incarceration |
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490 | (11) |
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Don Stemen, The Prison Paradox: More Incarceration Will Not Make Us Safer |
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491 | (4) |
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Chris Mai & Ram Subramanian, The Price of Prisons: Examining State Spending Trends, 2010-2015 |
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495 | (2) |
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497 | (4) |
Chapter 8 Sentences Reconsidered |
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501 | (86) |
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A Judicial Reconsideration of Sentences |
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501 | (28) |
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1 Sentencing Judge at Initial Hearing |
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502 | (6) |
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California v. Superior Court of San Diego County (Jesus Romero, Real Party in Interest) |
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502 | (4) |
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506 | (2) |
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2 Direct Appeal of Sentences |
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508 | (8) |
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42 Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes §9781 |
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509 | (1) |
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Problem 8-1. How Appealing? |
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509 | (1) |
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Problem 8-2. Waiving Good-bye to an Appeal? |
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510 | (1) |
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511 | (5) |
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3 Second-Look Sentencing by Judges |
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516 | (13) |
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518 | (1) |
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519 | (2) |
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United States v. Thomas McCoy |
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521 | (5) |
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526 | (3) |
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Problem 8-3. Second Thoughts About Second Looks? |
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529 | (1) |
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B Executive Reconsideration of Sentences |
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529 | (58) |
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530 | (20) |
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a Parole Commissions and Guidelines |
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531 | (10) |
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Iowa Code §§904A.1, 904A.2 |
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532 | (1) |
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Colorado Revised Statutes §17-22.5-404 |
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532 | (2) |
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Michael McDermott v. James McDonald |
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534 | (4) |
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538 | (3) |
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541 | (4) |
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Alaska Statutes §33.16.150 |
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541 | (2) |
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Colorado Revised Statutes §16-11.7-105(2) |
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543 | (1) |
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543 | (1) |
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Problem 8-5. Computer Condition |
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543 | (1) |
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544 | (1) |
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545 | (8) |
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People v. Andras Peter Schaffer |
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546 | (3) |
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549 | (1) |
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2 Prosecutorial Reconsideration |
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550 | (3) |
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3 Pardons, Commutations, Clemencies, and Amnesties |
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553 | (34) |
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U.S. Constitution Art. II, §2, Cl. |
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554 | (1) |
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Alabama Constitution Art. V, §124 |
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554 | (1) |
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Washington Revised Code §9.94A.728 |
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554 | (1) |
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Ohio Adult Parole Authority v. Eugene Woodard |
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554 | (4) |
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558 | (5) |
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Remarks of Deputy Attorney General James M. Cole at the Press Conference Announcing the Clemency Initiative |
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563 | (2) |
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565 | (6) |
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571 | (10) |
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Table of Statutes, Rules, and Guidelines |
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581 | (6) |
Index |
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587 | |