Preface |
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xi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xv | |
1 Introduction |
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1 | (15) |
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1.1 Sentiment Analysis Applications |
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4 | (4) |
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1.2 Sentiment Analysis Research |
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8 | (6) |
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1.2.1 Different Levels of Analysis |
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9 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Sentiment Lexicon and Its Issues |
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10 | (1) |
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1.2.3 Analyzing Debates and Comments |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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1.2.5 Opinion Spam Detection and Quality of Reviews |
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12 | (2) |
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1.3 Sentiment Analysis as Mini NLP |
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14 | (1) |
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1.4 My Approach to Writing This Book |
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14 | (2) |
2 The Problem of Sentiment Analysis |
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16 | (31) |
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2.1 Definition of Opinion |
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17 | (12) |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (1) |
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2.1.3 Sentiment of Opinion |
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20 | (2) |
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2.1.4 Opinion Definition Simplified |
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22 | (2) |
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2.1.5 Reason and Qualifier for Opinion |
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24 | (1) |
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2.1.6 Objective and Tasks of Sentiment Analysis |
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25 | (4) |
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2.2 Definition of Opinion Summary |
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29 | (2) |
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2.3 Affect, Emotion, and Mood |
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31 | (8) |
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2.3.1 Affect, Emotion, and Mood in Psychology |
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31 | (5) |
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2.3.2 Affect, Emotion, and Mood in Sentiment Analysis |
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36 | (3) |
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2.4 Different Types of Opinions |
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39 | (6) |
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2.4.1 Regular and Comparative Opinions |
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39 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Subjective and Fact-Implied Opinions |
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40 | (4) |
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2.4.3 First-Person and Non-First-Person Opinions |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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2.5 Author and Reader Standpoint |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (2) |
3 Document Sentiment Classification |
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47 | (23) |
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3.1 Supervised Sentiment Classification |
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49 | (8) |
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3.1.1 Classification Using Machine Learning Algorithms |
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49 | (7) |
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3.1.2 Classification Using a Custom Score Function |
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56 | (1) |
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3.2 Unsupervised Sentiment Classification |
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57 | (4) |
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3.2.1 Classification Using Syntactic Patterns and Web Search |
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57 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Classification Using Sentiment Lexicons |
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59 | (2) |
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3.3 Sentiment Rating Prediction |
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61 | (2) |
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3.4 Cross-Domain Sentiment Classification |
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63 | (2) |
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3.5 Cross-Language Sentiment Classification |
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65 | (2) |
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3.6 Emotion Classification of Documents |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
4 Sentence Subjectivity and Sentiment Classification |
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70 | (20) |
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72 | (1) |
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4.2 Sentence Subjectivity Classification |
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73 | (3) |
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4.3 Sentence Sentiment Classification |
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76 | (4) |
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4.3.1 Assumption of Sentence Sentiment Classification |
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77 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Classification Methods |
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78 | (2) |
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4.4 Dealing with Conditional Sentences |
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80 | (2) |
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4.5 Dealing with Sarcastic Sentences |
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82 | (2) |
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4.6 Cross-Language Subjectivity and Sentiment Classification |
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84 | (2) |
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4.7 Using Discourse Information for Sentiment Classification |
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86 | (1) |
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4.8 Emotion Classification of Sentences |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (2) |
5 Aspect Sentiment Classification |
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90 | (47) |
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5.1 Aspect Sentiment Classification |
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91 | (7) |
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5.1.1 Supervised Learning |
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92 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Lexicon-Based Approach |
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93 | (3) |
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5.1.3 Pros and Cons of the Two Approaches |
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96 | (2) |
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5.2 Rules of Sentiment Composition |
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98 | (18) |
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5.2.1 Sentiment Composition Rules |
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99 | (7) |
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5.2.2 DECREASE and INCREASE Expressions |
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106 | (3) |
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5.2.3 SMALL_OR_LESS and LARGE_OR_MORE Expressions |
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109 | (3) |
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5.2.4 Emotion and Sentiment Intensity |
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112 | (1) |
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5.2.5 Senses of Sentiment Words |
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112 | (2) |
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5.2.6 Survey of Other Approaches |
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114 | (2) |
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5.3 Negation and Sentiment |
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116 | (7) |
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116 | (3) |
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119 | (2) |
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5.3.3 Some Other Common Sentiment Shifters |
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121 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Shifted or Transferred Negations |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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5.4 Modality and Sentiment |
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123 | (4) |
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5.5 Coordinating Conjunction But |
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127 | (2) |
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5.6 Sentiment Words in Non-opinion Contexts |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (2) |
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5.8 Word Sense Disambiguation and Coreference Resolution |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (2) |
6 Aspect and Entity Extraction |
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137 | (52) |
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6.1 Frequency-Based Aspect Extraction |
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138 | (2) |
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6.2 Exploiting Syntactic Relations |
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140 | (9) |
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6.2.1 Using Opinion and Target Relations |
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141 | (6) |
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6.2.2 Using Part-of and Attribute-of Relations |
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147 | (2) |
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6.3 Using Supervised Learning |
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149 | (4) |
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6.3.1 Hidden Markov Models |
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150 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Conditional Random Fields |
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151 | (2) |
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6.4 Mapping Implicit Aspects |
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153 | (4) |
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6.4.1 Corpus-Based Approach |
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153 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Dictionary-Based Approach |
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154 | (3) |
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6.5 Grouping Aspects into Categories |
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157 | (2) |
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6.6 Exploiting Topic Models |
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159 | (20) |
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6.6.1 Latent Dirichlet Allocation |
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160 | (3) |
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6.6.2 Using Unsupervised Topic Models |
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163 | (5) |
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6.6.3 Using Prior Domain Knowledge in Modeling |
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168 | (3) |
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6.6.4 Lifelong Topic Models: Learn as Humans Do |
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171 | (3) |
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6.6.5 Using Phrases as Topical Terms |
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174 | (5) |
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6.7 Entity Extraction and Resolution |
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179 | (7) |
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6.7.1 Problem of Entity Extraction and Resolution |
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179 | (4) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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6.7.4 Entity Search and Linking |
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185 | (1) |
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6.8 Opinion Holder and Time Extraction |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (2) |
7 Sentiment Lexicon Generation |
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189 | (13) |
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7.1 Dictionary-Based Approach |
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190 | (3) |
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7.2 Corpus-Based Approach |
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193 | (6) |
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7.2.1 Identifying Sentiment Words from a Corpus |
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194 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Dealing with Context-Dependent Sentiment Words |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Some Other Related Work |
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198 | (1) |
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7.3 Desirable and Undesirable Facts |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (2) |
8 Analysis of Comparative Opinions |
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202 | (16) |
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202 | (4) |
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8.2 Identify Comparative Sentences |
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206 | (1) |
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8.3 Identifying the Preferred Entity Set |
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207 | (2) |
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8.4 Special Types of Comparison |
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209 | (6) |
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8.4.1 Nonstandard Comparison |
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209 | (2) |
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8.4.2 Cross-Type Comparison |
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211 | (1) |
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8.4.3 Single-Entity Comparison |
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212 | (2) |
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8.4.4 Sentences Involving Compare and Comparison |
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214 | (1) |
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8.5 Entity and Aspect Extraction |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (2) |
9 Opinion Summarization and Search |
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218 | (13) |
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9.1 Aspect-Based Opinion Summarization |
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219 | (2) |
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9.2 Enhancements to Aspect-Based Summary |
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221 | (3) |
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9.3 Contrastive View Summarization |
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224 | (1) |
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9.4 Traditional Summarization |
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225 | (1) |
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9.5 Summarization of Comparative Opinions |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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9.7 Existing Opinion Retrieval Techniques |
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227 | (2) |
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229 | (2) |
10 Analysis of Debates and Comments |
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231 | (19) |
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10.1 Recognizing Stances in Debates |
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232 | (3) |
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10.2 Modeling Debates/Discussions |
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235 | (11) |
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236 | (4) |
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10.2.2 JTE-R Model: Encoding Reply Relations |
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240 | (3) |
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10.2.3 JTE-P Model: Encoding Pair Structures |
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243 | (2) |
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10.2.4 Analysis of Tolerance in Online Discussions |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (2) |
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248 | (2) |
11 Mining Intentions |
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250 | (9) |
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11.1 Problem of Intention Mining |
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250 | (4) |
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11.2 Intention Classification |
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254 | (2) |
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11.3 Fine-Grained Mining of Intentions |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (1) |
12 Detecting Fake or Deceptive Opinions |
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259 | (44) |
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12.1 Different Types of Spam |
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262 | (7) |
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12.1.1 Harmful Fake Reviews |
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262 | (1) |
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12.1.2 Types of Spammers and Spamming |
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263 | (2) |
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12.1.3 Types of Data, Features, and Detection |
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265 | (2) |
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12.1.4 Fake Reviews versus Conventional Lies |
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267 | (2) |
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12.2 Supervised Fake Review Detection |
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269 | (3) |
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12.3 Supervised Yelp Data Experiment |
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272 | (3) |
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12.3.1 Supervised Learning Using Linguistic Features |
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273 | (1) |
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12.3.2 Supervised Learning Using Bahavioral Features |
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274 | (1) |
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12.4 Automated Discovery of Abnormal Patterns |
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275 | (7) |
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12.4.1 Class Association Rules |
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276 | (1) |
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12.4.2 Unexpectedness of One-Condition Rules |
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277 | (3) |
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12.4.3 Unexpectedness of Two-Condition Rules |
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280 | (2) |
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12.5 Model-Based Behavioral Analysis |
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282 | (3) |
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12.5.1 Spam Detection Based on Atypical Behaviors |
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282 | (1) |
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12.5.2 Spain Detection Using Review Graph |
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283 | (1) |
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12.5.3 Spam Detection Using Bayesian Models |
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284 | (1) |
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12.6 Group Spam Detection |
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285 | (6) |
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12.6.1 Group Behavior Features |
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288 | (2) |
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12.6.2 Individual Member Behavior Features |
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290 | (1) |
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12.7 Identifying Reviewers with Multiple Userids |
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291 | (7) |
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12.7.1 Learning in a Similarity Space |
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292 | (1) |
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12.7.2 Training Data Preparation |
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293 | (1) |
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12.7.3 d-Features and s-Features |
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294 | (1) |
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12.7.4 Identifying Userids of the Same Author |
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295 | (3) |
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12.8 Exploiting Burstiness in Reviews |
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298 | (2) |
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12.9 Some Future Research Directions |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (2) |
13 Quality of Reviews |
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303 | (6) |
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13.1 Quality Prediction as a Regression Problem |
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303 | (2) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (2) |
14 Conclusions |
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309 | (6) |
Appendix |
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315 | (12) |
Bibliography |
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327 | (36) |
Index |
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363 | |