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E-grāmata: Serotonin: The Mediator that Spans Evolution

Edited by Paul M. Pilowsky (Professor of Physiology, University of Sydney, Australia)

Formāts: EPUB+DRM
Sērija : Molecular Mediators in Health and Disease: How Cells Communicate
Izdošanas datums: 21-Sep-2018
Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9780128005842

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Formāts: EPUB+DRM
Sērija : Molecular Mediators in Health and Disease: How Cells Communicate
Izdošanas datums: 21-Sep-2018
Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9780128005842

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Serotonin: The Mediator That Spans Evolution provides a comprehensive review of the widespread roles for serotonin in respiratory, cardiovascular and thermoregulatory control, and for growth and development in early life. This important resource highlights serotonin’s role in normal (unstressed) conditions, and in response to a variety of physiological stressors. It focuses on new animal models, comparing and contrasting data from mice and rats. In addition, the book compares and contrasts the physiological effects of brain and blood serotonin systems and includes new data suggesting that the influence of serotonin is in part through the regulation of gene expression.

Finally, it discusses the role of serotonin system dysfunction in a variety of pathophysiological conditions, including sleep apnea, obesity and hypertension, and presents compelling evidence that this dysfunction is involved in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).

Includes the latest information on new animal models of serotonin system dysfunction
Explores the wide scope of serotonin’s influence on multiple organ and physiological systems
Highlights the autonomous functioning of the brain and body serotonin systems
Provides compelling evidence of serotonin dysfunction in SIDS, a leading cause of death in infancy

Contributors

Foreword

xix

Part I BIOPHYSICS OF SEROTONIN

Chapter 1 Biophysics of Serotonin and the Serotonin1A Receptor: Fluorescence and Dynamics

(20)

Parijat Sarkar

G. Aditya Kumar

Sreetama Pal

Amitabha Chattopadhyay

1 Serotonin: An Ancient Molecule With Diverse Properties

(1)

2 Serotonin: A Fluorescent Neurotransmitter

(1)

3 The Serotonin ia Receptor: A Representative Member of Serotonin Receptor Family

(4)

4 Receptor Dynamics: The Relevance of Time Scales

(2)

5 Membrane Lateral Dynamics of the SerotoniniA Receptor Utilizing Bleach Area--Dependent FRAP: Consequence of Membrane Domainization

(3)

6 Actin Cytoskeleton--Induced Confined Dynamics of the SerotoniniA Receptor Revealed by zFCS

(3)

7 Conclusion and the Road Ahead

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(6)

Chapter 2 Serotonin in Plants: Origin, Functions, and Implications

(26)

Lauren A.E. Erland

Christina E. Turi

Praveen K. Saxena

Abbreviations

(1)

1 Introduction

(2)

2 Evolution and Occurrence in Plants

(1)

3 Functions in Plants

(9)

3.1 Photosynthesis

(2)

3.2 Growth and Morphogenesis

(2)

3.3 Reproduction

(1)

3.4 Stress

(3)

3.5 Signaling

(1)

4 Serotonin Across Other Kingdoms and Applications Towards Phytoserotonin Research

(4)

4.1 Animalia

(2)

4.2 Fungi

(1)

4.3 Protozoa

(1)

4.4 Archaea

(1)

4.5 Bacteria

(1)

5 Conclusion

(1)

References

(10)

Part II ANATOMY

Chapter 3 Serotonergic Neurons in Vertebrate and Invertebrate Model Organisms (Rodents, Zebrafish, Drosophila melanogaster, Aplysia calif ornica, Caenorhabditis elegans)

(32)

Christina Lillesaar

Patricia Gaspar

1 Introduction

(2)

2 Vertebrate Models

(11)

2.1 Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus

(8)

2.2 Danio rerio

(3)

3 Invertebrates

(8)

3.1 Drosophila melanogaster

(3)

3.2 Aplysia calif ornica

(2)

3.3 Caenorhabditis elegans

(3)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(11)

Chapter 4 5-Hydroxytryptamine in the Endocrine Pancreas

(10)

Malin Fex

1 Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine) in the Islets of Langerhans

(1)

2 5-HT Synthesis, Vesicular Loading, Uptake, and Breakdown in Pancreatic P-Cells

(2)

3 Islet Hormone Secretion and 5-Hydroxytryptamine

(2)

4 Functional Impact of Species Differences

(1)

References

(4)

Chapter 5 Serotonin in Platelets

(30)

Jessica A. Maclean

Simone M. Schoenwaelder

Abbreviations

(1)

1 Introduction: A Brief History of Platelets and Serotonin

(1)

1.1 The Discovery of Platelets and Their Association With Serotonin

(1)

2 The Biology of Platelets

(8)

2.1 Major Platelet Receptors and Their Ligands

(4)

2.2 Platelet Agonists

(1)

2.3 Platelet Storage Granules

(3)

3 Serotonin Within the Platelet

101

(7)

3.1 Storage of Serotonin Within the Platelet

101

(3)

3.2 The Action of Serotonin on the Platelet

104

(1)

3.3 Physiological and Pathological Consequences of Serotonin in Platelets, Hemostasis, and Thrombosis

105

(3)

4 Clinical Manifestations of Altered Platelet Serotonin

108

(3)

4.1 Elevated Serotonin and Platelet Hyperactivity

108

(1)

4.2 Serotonin in Hypertension

109

(1)

4.3 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and an Increased Risk of Bleeding

109

(1)

4.4 Targeting of the 5-ht2a Serotonin Receptor Subtype for Cardiovascular Indications

110

(1)

5 Conclusion

111

(1)

References

111

(10)

Chapter 6 Anatomy of the Serotonin Transporter

121

(16)

Kate Beecher

Arnauld Belmer

Selena E. Bartlett

1 Introduction

121

(2)

1.1 Historical Background

121

(1)

1.2 Topological Structure

121

(1)

1.3 Function

122

(1)

2 Anatomical Distribution of the 5-HTT in the Central Nervous System

123

(5)

2.1 5-HTT Expression in Raphe Serotonin Neurons

123

(3)

2.2 Distribution of the 5-HTT-Binding Sites

126

(1)

2.3 Subcellular Localization of the 5-HTT by Electron Microscopy

127

(1)

3 Expression and Localization of the 5-HTT in Nonserotonin Neurons or Glia

128

(1)

4 Anatomical Distribution of the 5-HTT in the Peripheral Nervous System

128

(1)

5 Absence of Serotonin Transporter in a Subset of Serotonin Axons

129

(1)

6 Conclusion

129

(1)

References

130

(7)

Part III PHYSIOLOGY IN THE PERIPHERY

Chapter 7 Cellular Regulation of Peripheral Serotonin

137

(18)

Alyce M. Martin

Richard L. Young

Lex Leong

Geraint B. Rogers

Nick J. Spencer

Claire F. Jessup

Damien J. Keating

1 Introduction

137

(1)

2 Secretory Mechanisms of 5-Hydroxytryptamine Release From Enterochromaffin Cells

138

(1)

3 Neurochemical and Mechanical Stimulation of Enterochromaffin Cells

139

(2)

3.1 Neurochemical Stimuli

139

(1)

3.2 Mechanical Stimuli

140

(1)

4 Enterochromaffin Cells Are Nutrient Sensors

141

(2)

5 Intestinal Bacteria Mediate Host Physiology Through Enterochromaffin Cell 5-Hydroxytryptamine

143

(3)

6 Gastrointestinal Hormonal Cross Talk With Enterochromaffin Cells

146

(1)

7 Concluding Remarks

146

(1)

References

147

(8)

Chapter 8 Role of 5-Hydroxytryptamine in the Control of Gut Motility

155

(12)

Nick J. Spencer

Alyce M. Martin

Damien J. Keating

1 Introduction

155

(1)

2 Release of 5-Hydroxytryptamine From the Mucosa

156

(1)

3 Real-Time Recordings of 5-Hydroxytryptamine Release During Intestinal Motor Activities

156

(1)

4 Mucosal Compression and Activation of Peristalsis

157

(3)

5 Enterochromaffin Cells Release Many Substances

160

(1)

6 Serotonin--A Neurotransmitter in the Enteric Nervous System?

161

(1)

7 5-HT Antagonists Can Block Peristalsis in Preparations Depleted of All 5-HT

162

(1)

8 Concluding Remarks

163

(1)

Acknowledgments

163

(1)

References

164

(3)

Chapter 9 Phenotype of Mice Lacking Tryptophan Hydroxylase 1

167

(14)

Michael Bader

1 Introduction

167

(1)

2 Platelets, Immune System, and Inflammation

168

(2)

3 Erythropoietic System

170

(1)

4 Liver

171

(1)

5 Pancreas and Fat

171

(1)

6 Embryogenesis and Heart

172

(1)

7 Lung

173

(1)

8 Mammary Gland

173

(1)

9 Gut

173

(1)

10 Bone

174

(1)

11 Conclusions

174

(1)

References

175

(6)

Chapter 10 Serotonin and the Immune System

181

(16)

Anne Roumier

Catherine Bechade

Luc Maroteaux

1 Introduction

181

(1)

1.1 How Do Immune Cells Encounter Serotonin?

181

(1)

1.2 Serotonin and Hematopoiesis

181

(1)

1.3 Serotonin and the Immune Tolerance

182

(1)

2 Serotonin and the Innate Immune Response

182

(7)

2.1 Serotonin and Neutrophils

184

(1)

2.2 Serotonin and Monocytes

184

(3)

2.3 Serotonin and Dendritic Cells

187

(1)

2.4 Serotonin and Eosinophils

188

(1)

2.5 Serotonin and Mast Cells

189

(1)

3 Serotonin and Adaptive Immunity

189

(3)

3.1 Serotonin and T Lymphocytes

190

(1)

3.2 Serotonin and B Lymphocytes

191

(1)

4 Concluding Remarks

192

(1)

References

192

(5)

Chapter 11 Serotonin and Adipocyte Function

197

(6)

Malin Fex

Karin G. Stenkula

1 Adipose Tissue

197

(1)

2 Impact of Serotonin on Metabolic Regulation

197

(1)

3 Adipose Tissue-Specific Effects of 5-Hydroxytryptamine

198

(1)

4 Impact of 5-Hydroxytryptamine on Adipokine Secretion

199

(1)

5 5-Hydroxytryptamine-Mediated Effects on Preadipocyte Differentiation

200

(1)

References

200

(3)

Chapter 12 Serotonin and Cardiovascular Diseases

203

(36)

Laurent Monassier

Luc Maroteaux

1 Introduction

203

(2)

2 Serotonin in Cardiac Morphogenesis

205

(2)

2.1 Expression and Function 5-ht2a and 5-ht2b Receptors in Embryonic Heart

205

(1)

2.2 Expression and Function of 5-ht4 in Embryonic Heart

206

(1)

2.3 Expression and Function of Serotonin Transporter in Embryonic Heart

206

(1)

2.4 Maternal Origin of Serotonin

206

(1)

3 Adult Origin of Serotonin

207

(1)

4 Role of 5-HT2B Receptors in Postnatal Maturation and Cardiovascular Development

207

(1)

5 Serotonin in Adult Heart

208

(2)

5.1 Serotonin Origin in Adult Heart

208

(1)

5.2 Depression and Cardiovascular Risk

209

(1)

6 Serotonin in Carcinoid Heart

210

(5)

6.1 Echocardiography Identification of Carcinoid Heart Lesions

211

(1)

6.2 Anatomopathologic and Histologic Properties of Carcinoid Heart Lesions

212

(1)

6.3 Implication of Serotonin in Carcinoid Heart Lesions

212

(1)

6.4 Pharmacological Mechanisms in Carcinoid Heart

213

(2)

7 Serotonin in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Failure

215

(6)

7.1 Serotonin and Its Receptors in Cardiac Remodeling

217

(2)

7.2 Serotonin and Its Receptors in Cardiac Hemodynamics and Failure

219

(2)

7.3 Atrial Fibrillation and 5-HT4 Receptors

221

(1)

8 Vascular Responses to Serotonin

221

(7)

8.1 Hypertension

221

(1)

8.2 Coronaropathy and Ischemic Preconditioning

222

(2)

8.3 Migraine

224

(1)

8.4 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

225

(3)

References

228

(11)

Chapter 13 Involvement of 5-HT in Cardiovascular Afferent Modulation of Brainstem Circuits Involved in Blood Pressure Maintenance

239

(32)

Patrick S. Hosford

Andrew G. Ramage

Abbreviations

239

(1)

1 Introduction

240

(2)

2 Nucleus Tractus Solitarii

242

(11)

2.1 5-HTi Receptors

242

(1)

2.2 5-HTib/id Receptors

243

(1)

2.3 5-HT2 Receptors

244

(1)

2.4 5-HT3 Receptors

244

(7)

2.5 5-HT4 Receptors

251

(1)

2.6 5-HT5A and 5-HT6 Receptors

251

(1)

2.7 5-HT? Receptors

251

(2)

3 Overview

253

(1)

4 Parasympathetic Nuclei--Nucleus Ambiguus and Dorsal Vagal Nucleus

254

(6)

5 Sympathetic Premotor Neurones--Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla

260

(1)

6 Conclusion

261

(1)

References

261

(10)

Chapter 14 Regulation of Nociceptor Signaling by Serotonin

271

(36)

Isabella Salzer

Stefan Boehm

1 Terminology

271

(1)

1.1 Pain

271

(1)

1.2 Nociception

271

(1)

1.3 Hyperalgesia

272

(1)

1.4 Allodynia

272

(1)

2 The Pain Pathway

272

(1)

3 Serotonin Receptors

273

(5)

3.1 G Protein--Coupled Receptors

273

(4)

3.2 Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

277

(1)

4 Ion Channels Involved in Nociception

278

(10)

4.1 Ion Channels Sensing Noxious Signals

278

(7)

4.2 Ion Channels Involved in the Transmission of Noxious Signals

285

(3)

5 Serotonergic Modulation of Nociception

288

(7)

5.1 Central Modulation of Nociception--Serotonergic-Descending Pathway

288

(1)

5.2 Peripheral Sensitization of Nociception

288

(2)

5.3 Interactions Between G-Protein--Coupled Receptors and Ion Channels

290

(5)

References

295

(12)

Part-IV PHYSIOLOGY IN THE BRAIN

Chapter 15 Brain Serotonin and Energy Homeostasis

307

(28)

Pingwen Xu

Yanlin He

Yong Xu

1 Introduction

307

(1)

2 Serotonin Receptors Regulate Feeding Behavior and Energy Expenditure

308

(4)

2.1 5-HT1R Family

308

(1)

2.2 5-HT2R Family

309

(1)

2.3 5-HT3R Family

310

(1)

2.4 5-HT4R Family

310

(1)

2.5 5-HT5R Family

311

(1)

2.6 5-HT6R Family

311

(1)

2.7 5-HT7R Family

311

(1)

3 Neuroanatomy of Serotonin Circuits With Relevance to Energy Homeostasis

312

(4)

3.1 Hypothalamic Serotonin Circuits

312

(3)

3.2 Extrahypothalamic Serotonin Circuits

315

(1)

4 Serotonin Drugs and Obesity

316

(3)

4.1 Fenfluramine and Dexfenfluramine

317

(1)

4.2 Fluoxetine

317

(1)

4.3 Sibutramine

318

(1)

4.4 mCPP

318

(1)

4.5 Lorcaserin

318

(1)

5 Conclusions

319

(1)

References

319

(16)

Chapter 16 Serotonin in Central Cardiovascular Regulation: Ex Uno Plum (From One Comes Many)

335

(14)

Paul M. Pilowsky

1 Anatomy of Serotonin Cell Bodies and Fibers

335

(3)

2 Serotonin in the Brain and Reflexes

338

(1)

3 Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons and Serotonin Inputs

339

(1)

4 Conclusion

339

(1)

References

340

(9)

Chapter 17 5-HT3 Receptor-Mediated Neural Transmission of Cardiorespiratory Modulation by the Nucleus of the Tractus Solitarius

349

(20)

Caroline Sevoz-Couche

1 Introduction

349

(3)

2 Role of NTS 5-HT3 Receptors in the Cardiovascular Regulation

352

(6)

2.1 Modulation of Blood Pressure

352

(2)

2.2 Modulation of Reflex Bradycardia

354

(1)

2.3 Role of the NTS 5-HT3 Receptor in the Modulation of Stress-Induced Cardiovascular Responses

355

(3)

3 Role of NTS 5-HT3 Receptors in the Respiratory Regulation During Stress

358

(3)

4 Conclusion

361

(1)

References

361

(8)

Chapter 18 Serotonin Receptors as the Therapeutic Target for Central Nervous System Disorders

369

(22)

Yukihiro Ohno

1 Introduction

369

(1)

2 Serotonergic System in the Brain

370

(2)

3 Therapeutic Role of 5-HT Receptors in CNS Disorders

372

(10)

3.1 Schizophrenia

372

(5)

3.2 Anxiety Disorders

377

(1)

3.3 Depression

378

(2)

3.4 Parkinson's Disease

380

(2)

4 Summary

382

(1)

Acknowledgments

382

(1)

References

383

(8)

Chapter 19 Serotonin and the Control of Eupneic Breathing

391

(14)

Daniel B. Zoccal

1 Breathing Generation and Neuromodulation

391

(2)

2 Control of Resting Breathing by Serotonin

393

(2)

3 Serotonin and Chemoreflex Control of Breathing

395

(1)

4 Serotonin and Plasticity of Respiratory Circuitries

396

(2)

5 Perspectives

398

(1)

References

399

(6)

Chapter 20 Life Without Brain Serotonin: Phenotypes of Animals Deficient in Central Serotonin Synthesis

405

(16)

Valentino Mosienko

Natalia Alenina

1 Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2: Serotonin-Synthesizing Enzyme in the Brain

405

(1)

2 Genetically Modified Animal Models With Complete Loss of or Partial Reduction in TPH2 Activity

406

(1)

3 Impact of Central Serotonin Deficiency on Neurotransmitter Systems and Formation of Serotonergic Neurons and Neuronal Circuitry

407

(2)

4 Physiological Consequences of Central 5-Hydroxytryptamine Deficiency

409

(3)

4.1 Growth Retardation During Early Postnatal Life

409

(1)

4.2 Metabolism and Control of Autonomic Functions

410

(2)

5 Behavioral Consequences of Central Serotonin Deficiency

412

(2)

5.1 Behavioral Consequences of Tph2 Deficiency

412

(2)

6 Conclusions

414

(1)

References

415

(6)

Index

421

Paul M Pilowsky began BMedSci(Hons), BMBS, PhD his career as a graduate student investigating, inter alia, the role of brainstem and spinal cord pathways in the control of blood pressure with a focus on serotonin. His work has now been cited more than 5000 times and published in major Journals including the Journal of Neuroscience, the Journal of Comparative Neurology and the British Journal of Pharmacology. A hallmark of his work has been the adoption of, and combination of, novel approaches to address difficult questions. He pioneered the use of combining single cell electrophysiology in vivo with immunohistochemistry. His development of isotype selective monoclonal antibodies to phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase enabled the detection of tyrosine hydroxylase positive presympathetic neurons in the brainstem that had become excited. He was responsible for the initial development of a new medical school at Macquarie University in Sydney. His service to Neuroscience was recognised by the award of the Australian Neuroscience Medal. He mentored 26 graduate students to on-time completion, and mentored 24 post-Doctoral Fellows, many of whom now have their own established careers. In imagining this book, it was felt that a departure from the usual highly focussed text would be of interest. Hence, a multi-Author volume has been created that reveals the multiple facets of a neurotransmitter with very broad actions.

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E-grāmata: Serotonin: The Mediator that Spans Evolution

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