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E-grāmata: Small Towns and Decentralisation in India: Urban Local Bodies in the Making

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This book examines the impact that decentralisation reforms, initiated in the early 1990s, have had on small towns in India. It specifically focuses on small towns in Uttar Pradesh, one of the most densely populated and poorest states in India.

Although considered home to one of the oldest urban civilisations, India remains one of the least urbanised regions in the world. At the same time, the country has many million-strong metropolises that are among the worlds largest megacities, as well as a multitude of small and medium-sized towns and cities. This paradoxical urbanisation, against a backdrop of reforms, has interested the scientific community to gain a more nuanced understanding of the changes and challenges involved. This book analyses an urban environment often overlooked by researchers and public authorities, namely, that of small towns. These towns are of vital importance as this is where the bulk of future urban development will take place. However, decades after implementation of the reforms, the majority of reviews and assessments have focused on large cities and so the impacts of the reform on small towns are still poorly understood. This book includes extensive primary data about political, technical and financial municipal issues in small towns of northern India and, is therefore, of interest to students, researchers and planners working on urban and regional studies in the global South.
1 Understanding the Changing Urban Space in India
1(34)
1.1 Small Towns in the Shadow of Large Cities
3(6)
1.1.1 The Small Town in India, an Overlooked Area of Study
3(4)
1.1.2 The Difficulty of Taking the "Small Town" in India into Account
7(2)
1.2 Enriching the Debate on Urban Decentralisation
9(11)
1.2.1 Is Decentralisation the Panacea?
9(3)
1.2.2 Available Literature Contains Inadequate Assessments of Indian Decentralisation
12(3)
1.2.3 Examining Urban Decentralisation by Looking Beyond the Local Level
15(2)
1.2.4 Understanding the Town Through Its Technical/Public Services
17(3)
1.3 An Analysis of Small Municipality Governance
20(15)
1.3.1 A Comparative Approach
20(2)
1.3.2 "Firsthand" Field Research in Uttar Pradesh
22(2)
1.3.3 The Analysis Matrix Used for the Surveys
24(2)
1.3.4 Structure of This Publication
26(2)
References
28(7)
2 From Theory to Practice: Field Research in Four Small Municipalities in Eastern Uttar Pradesh
35(50)
2.1 In Deepest Uttar Pradesh
37(6)
2.2 The Selection of the Region for Analysis
43(19)
2.2.1 Political and Institutional Context
44(8)
2.2.2 Towns and Cities in a Poor State: Urban Imbalances and Poor Services
52(10)
2.3 Overview of the Four Small Towns
62(18)
2.3.1 Chandauli Nagar Panchayat: A Small Town that is Now the District Capital
64(3)
2.3.2 Phulpur Nagar Panchayat: An Industrial Town with a Large Muslim Population
67(4)
2.3.3 Siddarthnagar Palika Parishad: A Town with Privileged Status in a Poor Region
71(4)
2.3.4 Kushinagar Nagar Panchayat: A Tourist Town with Great Development Potential
75(5)
2.4 Conclusion
80(5)
References
81(4)
3 From Local to Regional Challenges, the Political Profile of the Small Towns' Municipal Councils
85(48)
3.1 Towards a Renewal of Local Powers?
86(15)
3.1.1 Institutions Within the Local Representation System
86(5)
3.1.2 The Representativity of the Municipal Council
91(4)
3.1.3 The Paradoxes and Limitations of Positive Discrimination
95(6)
3.2 The Local Redeployment of Regional Parties
101(7)
3.2.1 The Political Set-up
102(4)
3.2.2 The Incursion of Politicians into Municipal Administration
106(2)
3.3 The Creation of an Entrepreneurial Oligarchy
108(20)
3.3.1 A Municipal Management Method that Favours the Mayor
109(9)
3.3.2 The Indirect Impacts of Decentralisation
118(10)
3.4 Conclusion
128(5)
References
129(4)
4 Between Urban Imbalances and Technical Constraints: The Challenges of Managing Local Public Services
133(52)
4.1 An Overview of the Poor Roads Service
134(27)
4.1.1 Overview of the Roads Service
135(14)
4.1.2 The Roads Department, an Illustration of the Challenges Involved in Reorganising Authority
149(9)
4.1.3 The Reflection of a Multi-Level, Poorly Coordinated and Uncooperative Governance Structure
158(3)
4.2 Focus on the Municipal Water Supply Service
161(20)
4.2.1 Laborious Decentralisation
161(6)
4.2.2 The Service Provided Through the Network Is Inadequate
167(8)
4.2.3 The Myth and Reality of Service Decentralisation
175(6)
4.3 Conclusion
181(4)
References
182(3)
5 From Dependence to Artificial Autonomy: Low Financial Resources of Small Municipalities
185(50)
5.1 Accounting Within the Small Municipalities: Purpose, Accessing Documents and Analysis Methodology
186(11)
5.1.1 Small Municipalities' Accounts are an Unknown Quantity
187(3)
5.1.2 Accounting Practices in the Small Towns Studied
190(3)
5.1.3 "Firsthand" Original Material
193(2)
5.1.4 Terminology: "Decoding" the Financial Data Obtained
195(1)
5.1.5 The Typology of the Municipalities' Expenditure Structure
196(1)
5.2 Small Towns Dependent on Outside Funds
197(21)
5.2.1 "Fiscal Populism": The Impact of Democracy on Local Taxation
199(7)
5.2.2 The Implementation of a "Grant System"
206(12)
5.3 Budgetary Imbalances and Basic Services
218(14)
5.3.1 A Budgetary Capacity that is Much Improved but Remains Insufficient
218(3)
5.3.2 The Specific Features of Each Municipality's Budget Choices
221(5)
5.3.3 Analysis: How Much Budgetary Devolution is There in the Small Towns?
226(6)
5.4 Conclusion
232(3)
References
233(2)
6 Building the Town of Tomorrow: The Difficult Development of Small Municipalities
235(12)
6.1 A Democratic Challenge
236(3)
6.1.1 The Development of Political and Economic Entrepreneurship
236(2)
6.1.2 A Citizenship that is Specific to Small Towns?
238(1)
6.2 A Technical Challenge
239(4)
6.2.1 A Lack of Financial Autonomy
239(1)
6.2.2 A Significant Lack of Human Resources
240(1)
6.2.3 Municipalities have Limited Powers
241(2)
6.3 Conclusion
243(4)
References
246(1)
Appendix 247
Rémi de Bercegol, Ph.D., is a Research Fellow at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). He has a doctorate in Urban Planning from LATTS (research group on technology, territories and societies) at ENPC/UMLV, Paris Est, France. He was a Visiting Researcher at the Centre for Social Sciences and Humanities (CSH) in New Delhi between 2008 and 2012. During this time, he undertook research for his book on small towns and decentralisation reforms in northern India. Beyond the scope of India, his research focuses now on world urbanisation and the transformation of cities in the global South, analysed principally in terms of their essential services (water, sanitation, waste management and energy).