Preface |
|
xv | |
|
|
xxiii | |
|
|
xxxi | |
|
|
xxxiii | |
|
|
xxxvii | |
|
1 Power Electronics in Smart Grid |
|
|
1 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
1.2 Smart Grid, Components and Advantages |
|
|
2 | (3) |
|
1.2.1 Structure of Photovoltaic Intelligent Charging Station (PVCS) Based on SST Solid State Transformer |
|
|
3 | (2) |
|
1.3 Power Electronic Converters in Smart Grids |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
1.4 Application of Power Electronic Technology in Smart Grid |
|
|
6 | (3) |
|
1.4.1 The Application of DC-AC and DC-AC Converters in SG |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
1.4.2 The Application of HVDC Technology in Smart Grid |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
1.4.3 The Application of FACTS Technology in Smart Grid |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
1.5 CPS Attacks Mitigation Approaches on Power Electronic |
|
|
9 | (5) |
|
1.5.1 Architecture of Digitally-Controlled Power Electronic CPSs |
|
|
10 | (4) |
|
1.5.2 CPS Protection Vulnerabilities and the Applications of Power Electronics |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
|
14 | (7) |
|
1.6.1 Topology Detection and Cyber Attack |
|
|
15 | (3) |
|
1.6.2 Vulnerability Analysis of Cyber-attacks in the Control of Voltage Source Converters |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
|
18 | (3) |
|
2 Power Electronics in HVDC Transmission Systems |
|
|
21 | (62) |
|
|
|
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
2.2 HVDC Transmission Systems |
|
|
22 | (11) |
|
2.2.1 Brief Overview on HVDC Transmission Technologies |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
2.2.1.1 Back-to-Back HVDC transmission |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
2.2.1.2 Point-to-Point HVDC transmission |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
2.2.1.3 Multi-Terminal HVDC grids |
|
|
24 | (3) |
|
2.2.2 HVDC Configurations |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
|
28 | (2) |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
2.2.3 Power Electronics Converters in HVDC Transmission Systems |
|
|
31 | (2) |
|
|
33 | (25) |
|
2.3.1 Voltage Source Converters |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
2.3.1.2 Multilevel converters |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
2.3.1.2.1 Monolithic multilevel converters |
|
|
36 | (12) |
|
2.3.2 Current Source Converters |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
|
49 | (2) |
|
2.3.2.2 Modular current source converters |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
2.3.2.2.1 Power electronics current source SMs |
|
|
51 | (2) |
|
2.3.2.2.2 Conventional MCSCs |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
2.3.2.2.3 Modular multilevel current source converters |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
2.3.3 Hybrid Current and Voltage Source Converters |
|
|
56 | (2) |
|
|
58 | (14) |
|
2.4.1 Isolated DC/DC Converters |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
2.4.1.1 Flyback/Forward-based |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
2.4.1.2.2 Cascaded DAB multilevel converter |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
|
62 | (5) |
|
2.4.2 Non Isolated DC/DC Converters |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
2.4.2.1 DC autotransformer |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
2.4.2.2.1 Resonant DC/DC converters |
|
|
68 | (4) |
|
2.5 DC Power Flow Controllers |
|
|
72 | (4) |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
|
76 | (7) |
|
|
77 | (6) |
|
3 Optimal Multi-Objective Energy Management of Renewable Distributed Integration in Smart Distribution Grids Considering Uncertainties |
|
|
83 | (34) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
85 | (2) |
|
3.2 Uncertainty Modeling of RDG Source |
|
|
87 | (4) |
|
3.2.1 Modeling of Load Demand Uncertainty |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
3.2.2 Modeling of Solar DG Uncertainty |
|
|
87 | (3) |
|
3.2.3 Wind Turbine DG Uncertainty Modeling |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
3.3 Multi Objective Indices Evaluation |
|
|
91 | (2) |
|
3.3.1 Multi Objective Indices |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
3.3.2 Equality Constraints |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
3.3.3 Distribution Line Constraints |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
3.4 Distribution Test System |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
3.5 Analysis Results and Comparison |
|
|
93 | (17) |
|
|
110 | (7) |
|
|
111 | (6) |
|
4 Security Challenges in Smart Grid Management |
|
|
117 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
4.2 The Demand for a Smart Grid |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
4.3 Benefits of Smart Grid |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
4.5 Smart Grid Security Challenges |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
4.7 Key Points that Require Special Attention |
|
|
122 | (5) |
|
4.7.1 Requirements for Data and Information Security |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
4.7.2 Extensive use of "Smart" Devices |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
4.7.3 Grid Perimeter and Physical Security |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
4.7.4 Protocols of a Legacy and (in) Secure Communication |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
4.7.5 Many Stakeholders and Synergies with other Services |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
4.7.6 A Lack of Clarity about the Smart Grid Concept and its Security Requirements |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
4.7.7 Lack of Awareness among Smart Grid Stakeholders |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
4.7.8 Supply Chain Security |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
4.7.9 Encourage the Interchange of Risk, Vulnerability, and Threat Information |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
4.7.10 International Cooperation |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
4.7.11 Utility Security Management |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
4.8 Smart Grid Security Policies |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
4.9 Corrective Strategies to Improve Smart Grid Protection |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
4.10 Important Areas to Safeguard the Grid |
|
|
128 | (3) |
|
4.10.1 Powerful Digital Identities |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
4.10.2 Mutual Verification |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
4.10.4 Continuous Security Updates |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
|
131 | (4) |
|
|
132 | (3) |
|
5 Differential Protection Scheme along with Backup Blockchain System for DC Microgrid |
|
|
135 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
136 | (3) |
|
|
139 | (2) |
|
5.2.1 Various Power Sources in DC Microgrids |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
5.2.2 Energy Storage Systems in DC Microgrids |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
5.2.3 Power Converters used in DC Microgrids |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
5.3 Challenges in Protection of Smart Grid |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
5.3.1 Protection from Cyber-Attacks |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
5.3.2 Converters with a Low Tolerance |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
5.3.3 Inefficacy of AC Circuit Breakers |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
5.3.4 Fault Current in both Directions |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
|
142 | (3) |
|
5.4.1 Network security cyber attacks |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
5.4.2 GOOSE and SV Messages |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
5.6 Blockchain-Based DC Microgrid Protection Approach |
|
|
146 | (3) |
|
5.6.1 Differential Fault Identification |
|
|
146 | (3) |
|
5.6.2 Blockchain-based Backup and Protection System |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
5.7 Results and Discussion |
|
|
149 | (4) |
|
5.7.1 Detecting and Isolating the Faults without Considering Cyber-Attack |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
5.7.2 Detecting and Isolating Faults when considering a Cyber-Attack |
|
|
151 | (2) |
|
|
153 | (4) |
|
|
153 | (4) |
|
6 Planning Active Distribution Systems Using Microgrid Formation |
|
|
157 | (28) |
|
Shah Mohammad Rezwanul Haque Shawon |
|
|
|
|
|
157 | (2) |
|
6.2 Step 1: Defining the Objectives |
|
|
159 | (3) |
|
6.3 Step 2: Defining the Microgrid Topology |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
6.4 Step 3: System Modeling |
|
|
163 | (5) |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
6.4.1.1 Dispatchable DG model |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
6.4.1.1.1 Diesel engine model |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
6.4.1.1.2 Micro turbine model |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
6.4.1.2 Nondispatchable DG model |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
6.4.1.2.2 Wind turbine modeling |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
6.4.3 Energy Storage System Modeling |
|
|
168 | (1) |
|
6.5 Step 4: Network Optimization |
|
|
168 | (4) |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
|
172 | (5) |
|
6.6.1 Objectives of Switch Placement |
|
|
174 | (2) |
|
6.6.2 Methodology of Switch Placement |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
|
177 | (8) |
|
|
178 | (7) |
|
7 Overview on Reliability of PV Inverters in Grid-connected Applications |
|
|
185 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
186 | (2) |
|
7.2 Power Converters for PV Systems |
|
|
188 | (3) |
|
7.3 Basic Principles of Reliability |
|
|
191 | (2) |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
7.3.2 Mean Time to Failure (MTTF) |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
7.3.3 Mean Time to Repair (MTTR) |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
7.3.4 Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
7.4 Power Module Reliability |
|
|
193 | (4) |
|
7.4.1 Reliability Analysis of IGBT Module |
|
|
194 | (3) |
|
7.5 Capacitor Reliability |
|
|
197 | (2) |
|
7.6 Lifetime Estimation Methods |
|
|
199 | (4) |
|
7.6.1 Parts Stress Method |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
7.6.2 Lifetime Prediction Methods of Power Devices |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
7.6.2.1 Coffin-Manson Lifetime Model |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
7.6.2.2 Coffin-Manson-Arrhenius Lifetime Model |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
7.6.2.3 Norris-Landzberg Lifetime Model |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
7.6.2.4 Semikorn Lifetime Model |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
7.6.2.5 Bayerer Lifetime Model |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
7.6.3 Lifetime Prediction Methods of DC-Link Capacitors |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
|
203 | (8) |
|
|
204 | (7) |
|
|
211 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
211 | (2) |
|
8.2 Installed Capacity in the World |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
8.3 Application of Energy Storage Devices |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
8.4 Classification of Energy Storage Devices |
|
|
215 | (4) |
|
8.4.1 A Variety of Storage Technologies in the Supply Chain to Consume Electricity |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
8.4.2 Electrical storage technologies |
|
|
216 | (3) |
|
8.5 Superconducting Magnetic Storage (SMES) |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
8.6 Mechanical Storage Method |
|
|
220 | (4) |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
8.6.2 Compressed Air Storage |
|
|
221 | (2) |
|
8.6.3 Flight Wheel Storage |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
8.7 Thermal Storage Method |
|
|
224 | (2) |
|
8.7.1 Reasonable Thermal Energy Storage Systems |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
8.7.2 Sensible thermal energy storage systems |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
8.8 Chemical Storage Method |
|
|
226 | (6) |
|
8.8.1 Chemical Storage Systems with Internal Storage |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
8.8.1.1 Hydrogen storage system (HES) |
|
|
226 | (2) |
|
8.8.1.2 GAT power system: Artificial natural gas methanation |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
8.8.1.3 Current batteries |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
8.8.2 Chemical Storage Systems with External Storage |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
8.8.2.1 Lithium-ion battery |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
8.8.2.2 Lead-acid battery |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
8.8.2.3 High-temperature batteries (sulfur - sodium) |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
8.8.2.4 Nickel (nickel-cadmium) battery |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
8.8.2.5 Status of energy storage technologies |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
8.10 Criteria for Determining Appropriate Energy Storage Technologies |
|
|
233 | (4) |
|
|
234 | (3) |
|
9 A Comprehensive Review of Techniques for Enhancing Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network |
|
|
237 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
238 | (2) |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
9.1.5 Energy/Power Preservation |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
9.2 Intricacy while Deployment of Manet |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
9.3 Wireless Sensor Networks |
|
|
240 | (2) |
|
9.3.1 Sensor Network Communication Architecture |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
9.4 Coverage Problem in Sensor Network |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
9.5 Lifetime Maximization of Wireless Sensor Networks |
|
|
243 | (3) |
|
9.6 Overview of Optimization Techniques Employed to Maximize |
|
|
246 | (2) |
|
|
248 | (5) |
|
|
248 | (5) |
|
10 Soft Open Points in Active Distribution Systems |
|
|
253 | (34) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
10.2 Basic Concept of SOP |
|
|
254 | (4) |
|
|
256 | (2) |
|
10.3 Comparison of SOPs with other Power Electronic Devices |
|
|
258 | (2) |
|
10.4 Principle and Modeling of SOPs in Active Distribution Networks |
|
|
260 | (4) |
|
10.4.1 Mathematical Modeling of SOPs in Active Distribution Networks |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
10.5 Classification of Existing SOP Configurations |
|
|
264 | (3) |
|
10.5.1 Two-Terminal Soft Open Points |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
10.5.2 Multi-Terminal Soft Open Points |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
10.5.3 Soft Open Points with Energy Storage |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
10.5.4 DC Soft Open Points |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
10.6 Planning for Sizing and Placement of SOPs in Distribution Networks |
|
|
267 | (5) |
|
10.6.1 SOP Coordinated Optimization |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
10.6.1.1 SOP Coordinated Optimization in Balanced Distribution Networks |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
10.6.1.2 SOP Coordinated Optimization in Unbalanced Distribution Networks |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
10.7 Operation of SOPs in Distribution Networks |
|
|
272 | (7) |
|
10.7.1 Operation of SOPs under Normal Conditions |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
10.7.1.1 Control Block Diagram for Power Flow Control Mode Operation of SOPs |
|
|
273 | (2) |
|
10.7.2 Operation of SOP during Abnormal Condition (Supply Restoration) |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
10.7.2.1 Control Block Diagram for Supply Restoration Mode of SOPs |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
10.7.2.2 Supply Restoration Approaches Using SOPs |
|
|
276 | (3) |
|
10.8 Conclusion and Future Research Direction |
|
|
279 | (8) |
|
|
279 | (8) |
|
11 Future Advances in Wind Energy Engineering |
|
|
287 | (22) |
|
|
|
288 | (3) |
|
11.1.1 Airborne Wind Energy |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
11.1.1.1 Ground-Gen airborne wind energy systems |
|
|
288 | (2) |
|
11.1.1.2 Fly-Gen airborne wind energy systems |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
11.2 Offshore Floating Wind Concepts |
|
|
291 | (2) |
|
11.2.1 Floating hybrid energy platforms |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
11.3 Smart Rotors Technology |
|
|
293 | (3) |
|
11.3.1 Passive and active control systems |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
11.3.2 Degree of development, challenges and potential of smart rotors |
|
|
294 | (2) |
|
11.4 Wind Turbine with TIP Rotors |
|
|
296 | (2) |
|
11.5 Multi Rotor Wind Turbine |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
11.6 Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbines |
|
|
299 | (2) |
|
11.7 Other Small Wind Turbine Technologies |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
11.8 Wind Induced Energy Harvesting from Aeroelastic Phenomena |
|
|
302 | (7) |
|
|
305 | (4) |
Index |
|
309 | (2) |
About the Editors |
|
311 | |