E-grāmata: Social Exclusion and the Way Out: An individual and community response to human social dysfunction

About the Author		ix
Preface		xi
Acknowledgements		xiii
Introduction		xv
About this Book		xix
PART I: INDIVIDUAL FUNCTIONING AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION
Chapter 1 Exclusion from Society		3
What is Social Exclusion?		3
Social Policy Perspectives on Social Exclusion		4
Who is Responsible?		6
Poverty and Social Exclusion		8
Social Groups: Behavioural Perspectives		10
Social Identification		13
Chapter 2 Individual Functioning		19
The Concept of Self		19
The Mind, Body and Soul		21
Contemporary Views on Brain Function		23
Consciousness: A Unique Function of the Human Brain		27
Consciousness and Nonconsciousness		29
Human Motivation and Reward		31
Chapter 3 Life-Cycle Perspectives on Social Exclusion		37
Inherited and Environmental Influences on Human Development		38
Neuropsychological Development		39
Social Deprivation and Human Development		41
The Origins of Social Anxiety		46
Anxiety, Fear and Early Development		47
PART II: HEALTH AND ILLNESS IN SOCIAL GROUPS
Chapter 4 Physical Health		55
The Changing Concept of Health		55
Homelessness and Ill Health		56
Health, Poverty, Employment and Community Development		58
Health Status		59
Mortality and Morbidity		60
Infections		62
Sexual Transmission		63
Chapter 5 Stress and Socially Excluded Groups		67
Stress and Health		67
Social Support		69
What is Stress?		70
Measuring Stress		72
Stress in Children and Families		73
Stress in the Elderly		76
Anxiety, Socialisation and Mental Health		78
Chapter 6 Mental Illness		83
Understanding and Responding to Mental Illness		83
Mental Health Problems in the Community		85
Classification and Problem Identification		87
The Aetiology of Depression		88
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder		93
Chapter 7 The Neurobiological Basis of Maladaptive Behaviours		99
Biological Perspectives		99
Neurotransmission and Information Management		104
Neurotransmission and Maladaptive Behaviours		107
The Malfunctioning Brain		113
Neurobiological Basis of Substance Use and Dependence		114
Neurobiological Basis of Mental Illness		116
Chapter 8 Alcohol and Drug Problems		123
Substance Misuse and Social Exclusion		123
Substance Misuse and Mental Health		125
Substance Misuse and Neurocognitive Dysfunction		130
Alcohol and Neurocognitive Development		131
Alcohol and Neurocognitive Dysfunction		133
Chapter 9 Nutrition in Vulnerable Groups		141
Nutrition and Social Deprivation		141
Nutrition and the Homeless		142
Homeless Women		144
Nutrition in the Elderly		146
Assessing and Monitoring Nutritional Status in the Community		148
Specific Nutrient Deficiencies		151
Alcohol and Nutrition		152
PART III: ADDRESSING SOCIAL EXCLUSION: THE WAY OUT?
Chapter 10 Needs Assessment of Socially Excluded Populations		159
Engagement and Initial Screening		159
Assessment and Monitoring		161
Assessing Well-Being		162
Comprehensive Assessments		163
General and Specific Assessments		165
Assessment of Mental Health Status		166
Cognitive Dysfunction		167
Biomedical Assessments		168
The Management of Screening and Assessment		171
Chapter 11 Interventions: Changing Behaviour		177
Delivering Services		177
Philosophy of Care		178
The Process of Change		180
Maintaining Change		183
Interventions for Addictive Behaviours		184
Dual Diagnosis		186
Capacity for Change		187
Cognitive Functioning in the Homeless and Socially Excluded		189
Nutritional Support and Behavioural Change		190
Chapter 12 Interventions: Supporting Vulnerable People		195
Accommodation		195
Modern Housing Policy		198
Income Support and Homelessness		199
Building and Maintaining Community		200
Employment		203
Education and Training		204
Chapter 13 Health and Social Care in the Community		207
The Development of Healthcare in the UK		207
Health Services for the Homeless and Socially Excluded		210
Anti-Substance Misuse Strategies		212
Mental Health Support in the Community		214
Joined-up Strategies		216
Chapter 14 Social Exclusion: Is There a Way Out?		221
Understanding Social Exclusion		221
Community Responses		222
Faith as Social Capital		225
Believing is Belonging		227
In Darkest England		229
From Darkest England to Cool Britannia		234
Conclusion		237
Appendix A International Statistics of The Salvation Army (SA) (with Permission from The Salvation Army Year Book, 2006)		241
Appendix B Summary of Assessments for Socially Excluded Population		245
Index		253

Dr Adrian Bonner is Reader in the Institute of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Kent. As founder and director of the Addictive Behaviour Group he has facilitated the development of undergraduate and postgraduate teaching and research activities aimed at practitioners and managers working in social and healthcare services. He has been a member of various UK government working groups, including Skills for Health, a workforce development group set up to support the UK Anti-Drugs Strategy and is a director of the Institute for Alcohol Studies. Adrian's principal research has focused on mechanisms of brain damage and the role of nutritional factors in cognitive function. This biomedical research has become more integrated with psychological and social approaches during the development of innovative screening, assessment and outcome monitoring systems for use in the delivery of services for vulnerable people. Adrian provides health-related support for The Salvation Army Social Services in the UK; he also represents The International Salvation Army on various bodies, including the United Nations (UN).