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E-grāmata: Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, and Bullying

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Edited by (Purdue University), Edited by (University of New South Wales), Edited by
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Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, and BullyingPalielināt
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This book focuses on the ubiquitous and powerful effects of ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying. Human beings are an intrinsically gregarious species. Most of our evolutionary success is no doubt due to our highly developed ability to cooperate and interact with each other. It is thus not surprising that instances of interpersonal rejection and social exclusion would have an enormously detrimental impact on the individual. Until 10 years ago, however, social psychology regarded ostracism, rejection and social exclusion as merely outcomes to be avoided, but we knew very little about their antecedents and consequences, and about the processes involved when they occurred. Furthermore, the literatures of ostracism, social exclusion and rejection have not until now included discussions of the bullying literature.

Recenzijas

"This book is for all of us. It's for everyone who has ever been jilted, shunned, stood up for dinner, blackballed, left at the altar, or not told about the secret handshake. These chapters offer everything from clever insights to novel experiments to thorough reviews, touching in turn on many facets of the experience of rejection that we all know far too wellbut have never before seen analyzed with this kind of scientific clarity." Daniel M. Wegner, Harvard University

"Why do people ignore, exclude, or reject others? How does such ostracism impact people's emotions, thoughts, and actions (in ways both toxic and adaptive)? In this state-of-the-art volume, internationally prominent social psychologists provide definitive answers. A timely and fascinating book for anyone seeking deeper insight into 'the social animal.'" David G. Myers, Hope College

"Many facets of [ ...] renewed scholarly interest are illuminated in this very comprehensive and sophisticated collection of papers from highly regarded scholars in several subfields. For the foreseeable future, this book will be definitive. It is a sourcebook that codifies the leading edge of research on social exclusion across many levels of analysis.

The editors intended the [ ...] book to be a collaborative effort representing cross-fertilisation of many perspectives on exclusion rather than a more simplistic anthology of works from diverse thinkers. They have definitely succeeded, and as a result this book should be useful to researchers and advanced students in any behavioural science domain concerned with the dynamics of social belonging." Brian H. Stagner, in PsyCritiques, June 14 2006

About the Editors xv
Contributors xvii
Preface xix
1 The Social Outcast: An Overview 1(18)
Kipling D. Williams, Joseph P. Forgas, William von Hippel, and Lisa Zadro
Introduction
1(2)
The Background
3(1)
Part I: Theoretical Foundation
4(4)
Part II: Deep Roots of Exclusion: Neuropsychological Substrates of Isolation and Exclusion
8(1)
Part III: Individual and Population Differences and the Impact of Social Exclusion and Bullying
9(2)
Part IV: Influences of Rejection on Emotion, Perception, and Cognition
11(2)
Part V: Effects of Social Exclusion on Pro- and Anti-Social Behavior
13(1)
Integration and Synthesis
14(1)
Summary
15(4)
I. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
2 Ostracism: The Indiscriminate Early Detection System
19(16)
Kipling D. Williams and Lisa Zadro
Introduction
19(1)
A Model of Ostracism
20(2)
Core-Threats and Reactions
22(2)
Periphery-Taxonomy of Dimensions
24(3)
Reactions to Ostracism Are Quick and Powerful
27(4)
When Might Situational or Individual Difference Factors Matter?
31(4)
3 Varieties of Interpersonal Rejection
35(18)
Mark R. Leary
The Concept of Rejection
36(4)
Dimensions of Rejection Episodes
40(6)
Rejection-Related Constructs
46(3)
Conclusions
49(4)
4 The Inner Dimension of Social Exclusion: Intelligent Thought and Self-Regulation Among Rejected Persons
53(24)
Roy F. Baumeister and C. Nathan DeWall
Social Rejection and the Need to Belong
55(1)
Manipulations of Rejection and Exclusion
56(3)
Social Rejection and Its Influence on Cognition
59(4)
Social Exclusion Inhibits Effective Self-Regulation
63(5)
Decrements in Cognition and Self-Regulation Following Social Exclusion and Rejection: Why?
68(1)
How and Why Does Rejection Impair Self-Regulation
69(1)
Conclusion
70(7)
II. DEEP ROOTS OF EXCLUSION: NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL SUBSTRATES OF ISOLATION AND EXCLUSION
5 Adding Insult to Injury: Social Pain Theory and Response to Social Exclusion
77(14)
Geoff MacDonald, Rachel Kingsbury, and Stephanie Shaw
Study 1: Hurt Feelings and Reaction to Depictions of Injury
82(1)
Study 2: Pain Sensitivity Following Rejection
83(1)
Study 3: Persistent Pain and Hurt Feelings
84(1)
Summary and Conclusions
85(6)
6 People Thinking About People: The Vicious Cycle of Being a Social Outcast in One's Own Mind
91(18)
John T Cacioppo and Louise C. Hawkley
Social Isolation Elevates Feelings of Loneliness
92(2)
Personality, Affective Orientations, and Social Dispositions
94(4)
Social Cognition
98(6)
Conclusion
104(5)
7 Why It Hurts to Be Left Out: The Neurocognitive Overlap Between Physical and Social Pain
109(22)
Naomi I. Eisenberger and Matthew D. Lieberman
Pain Overlap Theory
111(2)
Hypothesis #1: Physical and Social Pain Share a Common Phenomenological and Neural Basis
113(3)
Hypothesis #2: Physical and Social Pain Rely on the Same Computational Mechanisms
116(3)
Hypothesis #3: Inducing or Regulating One Type of Pain Similarly Influences the Other
119(2)
Hypothesis #4: Trait Differences Relating to One Type of Pain Relate to the Other Type as Well
121(2)
Conclusion
123(8)
III. INDIVIDUAL AND POPULATION DIFFERENCES AND THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND BULLYING
8 Rejection Sensitivity as a Predictor of Affective and Behavioral Responses to Interpersonal Stress: A Defensive Motivational System
131(24)
Rainer Romero-Canyas and Geraldine Downey
The Legacy of Rejection
131(2)
The Origins of RS
133(3)
The Impact of RS on Personal and Interpersonal Functioning After Rejection
136(3)
RS as a Predictor of Hostile and Distressed Responses to Rejection
139(5)
RS and Efforts to Secure Acceptance
144(5)
RS as a Defensive Motivational System
149(2)
Conclusion
151(4)
9 The Rejected and the Bullied: Lessons About Social Misfits from Developmental Psychology
155(16)
Jaana Juvonen and Elisheva F. Gross
A Decade of Studying the Outcast: Comparing Development and Social Research
157(1)
The Outcast as a Social Misfit
158(1)
The Aversive Consequences of Being Rejected or Bullied
159(6)
Lessons Learned: Proposed Model of Peer Rejection
165(6)
10 Role of Social Expectancies in Cognitive and Behavioral Responses to Social Rejection
171(14)
Kristin L. Sommer and Yonata S. Rubin
Felt Desirability
173(1)
Trait Self-Esteem and Social Expectancies
173(3)
Trait Self-Esteem and Perceived Rejection Within Close Relationships
176(2)
Negative Expectancies and Relational Devaluation
178(1)
Situational Determinants of Expectancies
179(1)
Negative Social Expectancies and Self-Protection
180(2)
Summary
182(3)
11 Coping With Rejection: Core Social Motives Across Cultures
185(16)
Susan T. Fiske and Mariko Yamamoto Core Social Motives
186(15)
Motives and Rejection: Evidence
188(7)
Conclusion
195(6)
IV. INFLUENCES OF REJECTION ON EMOTION, PERCEPTION, AND COGNITION
12 When Does Social Rejection Lead to Aggression? The Influences of Situations, Narcissism, Emotion, and Replenishing Connections
201(12)
Jean M Twenge
When Does Social Rejection Cause Aggression?
201(2)
When Rejection May Lead to Aggression
203(1)
Situational and Target Effects
204(2)
Narcissism as a Moderator
206(2)
Replenishing Belongingness
208(2)
Conclusions
210(3)
13 The Social Monitoring System: Enhanced Sensitivity to Social Cues as an Adaptive Response to Social Exclusion
213(14)
Cynthia F Pickett and Wendi L. Gardner
Introduction
214(1)
The Regulation of Belonging Need
215(2)
Predicted Functions of the Social Monitoring System
217(3)
Empirical Evidence
220(4)
Conclusions
224(3)
14 Social Snacking and Shielding: Using Social Symbols, Selves, and Surrogates in the Service of Belonging Needs
227(16)
Wendi L. Gardner, Cynthia L. Pickett, and Megan Knowles
Introduction
227(1)
Belonging Regulation
228(4)
How Do You Pursue Belonging When Marooned on a Deserted Island?
232(6)
Conclusions
238(5)
15 All Animals Are Equal but Some Animals Are More Equal than Others: Social Identity and Marginal Membership
243(20)
Michael A. Hogg
Groups, Prototypes, and Group Membership
244(1)
Prototypicality and Group Structure
245(3)
Some Correlates of Relative Prototypicality
248(4)
The Experience of Prototypically Marginal Membership
252(4)
Processes and Conditions that May Favor Deviance and Diversity
256(1)
Concluding Comments
257(6)
16 Bye Bye, Black Sheep: The Causes and Consequences of Rejection in Family Relationships
263(16)
Julie Fitness
Introduction
263(1)
What Is a Family?
264(1)
Family Rules and Rule Violations
265(4)
Differential Family Treatment: Favored Children and Black Sheep
269(4)
Consequences of Family Rejection
273(1)
Conclusions
274(5)
V. EFFECTS OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION ON PRO- AND ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
17 Exclusion and Nonconscious Behavioral Mimicry
279(18)
Jessica L. Lakin and Tanya L. Chartrand
The Social Psychology of Exclusion
280(3)
Nonconscious Behavioral Mimicry
283(3)
Link Between Social Exclusion and Behavioral Mimicry
286(6)
Conclusion
292(5)
18 The Effect of Rejection on Anti-Social Behaviors: Social Exclusion Produces Aggressive Behaviors
297(10)
Kathleen R. Catanese and Dianne M. Tice
Manipulating Belongingness in the Laboratory
299(2)
Social Exclusion Causes Aggressive Behavior
301(3)
Future Work
304(1)
Conclusion
305(2)
19 Rejection and Entitativity: A Synergistic Model of Mass Violence
307(14)
Lowell Gaertner and Jonathan luzzini
The School Shootings: A Process Implied in a Dichotomy
308(1)
Entitativity: On the Perception of Groupness
309(1)
Rejection x Entitativity: An Experiment
310(3)
Rejection x Entitativity in a Local High School
313(2)
Plausible Mediating Processes
315(1)
Individual Differences as Potential Moderators
316(1)
A Concluding Caveat
317(4)
20 Avoiding the Social Death Penalty: Ostracism and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas
321(12)
Jaap W. Ouwerkerk, Norbert L. Kerr, Marcella Gallucci, andPaul A. M. Van Lange
The Social Pain and Social Function of Ostracism
322(1)
The Bad Apple Effect in Social Dilemmas
323(1)
Attenuating the Bad Apple Effect
324(2)
Tolerance for Multiple Bad Apples
326(1)
Who Gets Ostracized and How Does this Make Us Feel?
327(1)
The Role of Ostracism in the Evolution of Cooperation
328(5)
21 The Psychological Impact of Social Isolation: Discussion and Commentary
333(14)
Marilynn B. Brewer
Social Inclusion as a Regulatory System
334(7)
The Functions of Exclusion
341(2)
The Importance of the Temporal Dimension
343(1)
A Concluding Comment
344(3)
Author Index 347(14)
Subject Index 361


Williams, Kipling D.; Forgas, Joseph P.; Hippel, William Von
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