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E-grāmata: Social Science: An Introduction to the Study of Society

  • Formāts: 460 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 30-May-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000512823
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  • Formāts: 460 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 30-May-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000512823
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"Now in its 18th edition, Social Science: An Introduction to the Study of Society teaches students critical thinking and problem-solving skills that will allow them to approach social issues in an objective and informed way. Readers will see how seemingly diverse disciplines intermingle and connect to one another"--

Now in its eigthteenth edition, Social Science: An Introduction to the Study of Society approaches its study from a common sense perspective, rather than a formalistic perspective more common in social science texts. Readers will see how seemingly diverse disciplines intermingle and connect to one another—anthropology and economics, for example. The goal of the book is to teach students critical thinking and problem-solving skills that will allow them to approach social issues in an objective and informed way.

New to this edition are significant updates on:

  • Debates about the limits of democracy, and the developing Chinese political alternative.
  • Political, economic, and social implications of the Covid pandemic.
  • Assessment of the Donald Trump presidency.
  • Political, economic, and social implications of the movement from the Trump presidency to the Biden presidency.
  • Implications of the multitrillion-dollar budget deficits the US government has been running.
  • The emergence of populist movements throughout the world.
  • The Chinese political and economic challenge to the United States.
  • Recent developments in evolution theory.
  • Examples, data, recommended readings, and Internet questions.
  • Critical thinking questions.


Now in its eighteenth edition, Social Science: An Introduction to the Study of Society teaches students critical thinking and problem-solving skills that will allow them to approach social issues in an objective and informed way. Readers will see how seemingly diverse disciplines intermingle and connect to one another.

Preface xix
New to This Edition xxi
Acknowledgments xxiii
Part I Introduction
1(20)
Chapter 1 Social Science and Its Methods
1(20)
Social Science
5(1)
Social Science as a System of Rules
6(2)
The Scientific Method and Its Application
8(2)
Methodology and the Social Sciences
10(2)
The Methods of Social Science
12(1)
An Example of the Social Science Method
13(1)
Other Social Science Methods
14(1)
Educated Common Sense in the Social Sciences
15(1)
The Use of Statistics
15(1)
The Interdisciplinary Approach
16(1)
The Impartial Spectator and the Veil of Ignorance
17(1)
Values, Terminology, and Rhetoric
17(1)
Conclusion
18(1)
Key Points
18(1)
Some Important Terms
19(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion
19(1)
For Further Study
19(2)
Appendix: Historical Roots of Social Science
21(40)
The Enlightenment
22(1)
From Philosophy to Social Science
22(1)
Some Important Terms
23(1)
Chapter 2 Human Origins
24(19)
The Origin of the Human Species
25(1)
Darwin and the Theory of Evolution
25(3)
Recent Developments in Genetics
28(1)
A Revised Theory of Evolution
29(1)
Some Implications of Recent Developments
29(1)
Sociobiology
30(1)
Punctuated Equilibrium Versus Gradual Change
31(1)
The Evolution of Human Beings
31(1)
Science, Faith, and Controversy
32(2)
Predecessors of Modern Humans
34(2)
DNA Evidence and the Descent of Humans
36(4)
Conclusion
40(1)
Key Points
40(1)
Some Important Terms
41(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion
41(1)
For Further Study
41(2)
Chapter 3 Origins of Western Society
43(18)
From the Stone Age to the Agricultural Age
43(1)
Early Civilizations
44(1)
The Cradle of Modern Civilization: Mesopotamia and Egypt
44(2)
Development of Greek Civilization
46(1)
The Persian Empire
47(1)
Roman Civilization
48(2)
The Middle Ages (AD 476--1453)
50(3)
The Renaissance
53(2)
The Development of Modern Economic and Political Institutions
55(1)
From Serfdom to Mercantilism
55(1)
The Emergence of Nation-States
56(1)
The Industrial and Political Revolutions of the 1750s to the 1850s
57(1)
Learning to Live Together
58(1)
Conclusion
59(1)
Key Points
59(1)
Some Important Terms
59(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion
59(1)
For Further Study
60(1)
Part II Culture and the Individual
61(88)
Chapter 4 Society, Culture, and Cultural Change
61(19)
Culture and Multiculturalism
61(1)
Multiculturalism
62(1)
The Shared Beliefs in Culture
63(1)
Culture and the Nature of Society
63(1)
Culture and Its Role in Human Societies
64(1)
The Elements of Culture
64(2)
Cultural Integration
66(1)
Culture, Society, and Social Change
67(1)
Popular Theories of Social Change
68(1)
Factors Causing Cultural Change
69(2)
Language and Cultural Change
71(1)
Factors Stabilizing Culture
72(1)
Social Change Versus Social Stability
72(1)
Social Change and Social Problems
73(1)
Cultural Lag and Social Problems
73(1)
Limitations of the Cultural Lag Theory
74(1)
Contrasts Among Cultures
75(1)
The Interaction of Humans and Society
76(1)
Cultural Relativism
76(1)
Approach to the Study of Society
77(1)
Key Points
77(1)
Some Important Terms
77(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion
78(1)
For Further Study
78(2)
Chapter 5 Geography, Demography, Ecology, and Society
80(14)
Geography
80(1)
Demography
81(1)
Population Estimates
82(1)
Determinants of Population Growth
82(2)
The Growth of Population Over Time
84(1)
The Problem of Counting
84(1)
The Malthusian Theory
85(2)
The Concept of Optimal Population
87(1)
The Question of Population Quality
87(1)
Ecology: The Interaction of Geography, Demography, and Environment
88(1)
The Ecological Balance
89(1)
Pollution
90(1)
Conservation and the Price of Gasoline and Oil
91(1)
Conclusion
92(1)
Key Points
92(1)
Some Important Terms
92(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion
92(1)
For Further Study
93(1)
Chapter 6 Technology and Society
94(17)
Technology and Social Change
94(2)
The Industrial Revolution
96(1)
The Development of Industrialism in the United States
96(1)
Standardization, Interchangeability, and Mass Production
97(1)
Social and Economic Effects of Interchangeability
98(1)
The Cultural and Social Basis for Technological Progress
99(1)
The Technological Foundation of Globalization
100(1)
Technology and Social Change Revisited
100(2)
Technology, Income Distribution, and Jobs
102(1)
Natural Resources, Economics, and Technology
103(2)
Natural Resources, Technology, and Climate Change
105(1)
The Anthropocene Age
105(1)
Technology and Social Change in the Future
105(1)
The Information Revolution
106(2)
Don't Hold Your Breath Expecting Immediate Change
108(1)
Conclusion: Speculating About the Future
108(1)
Key Points
108(1)
Some Important Terms
109(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion
109(1)
For Further Study
109(2)
Chapter 7 Psychology, Society, and Culture
111(18)
Socialization of the Individual
112(1)
Significance of the Early Years of Childhood
112(1)
Significance of Differences in Individual Environment
113(1)
Effects of Extreme Isolation on Children
114(1)
Personality and Its Development
115(1)
The Nature/Nurture Debate
115(2)
Explanations of Behavior
117(1)
The Well-Adjusted Individual
118(1)
Adjustment and Normality
119(1)
The Freudian Concept of Personality
119(3)
Pop Psychologies
122(1)
Intelligence, Personal Adjustment, and Normality
122(1)
Mental Tests
122(4)
Intelligence and Personal Adjustment
126(1)
Conclusion
126(1)
Key Points
127(1)
Some Important Terms
127(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion
127(1)
For Further Study
128(1)
Chapter 8 Deviance, Crime, and Society
129(20)
Deviance and Norms
129(1)
Conflicting Norms and Tension
130(1)
Norms, Crime, and the Rule of Law
131(1)
When Norms Conflict: Straight Outta Compton
132(2)
Major Theories on Deviance
134(1)
Psychological and Biological Explanations of Deviance
135(1)
Genetic and Biological Predisposition to Deviance
135(1)
Sociobiology and Deviance
135(1)
Sociological Explanations of Deviance
136(2)
Economic Explanations of Deviance
138(1)
Summary of Various Perspectives on Deviance
138(1)
Crime, Law, and Order
138(1)
Problem 1 Is the United States Trying to Exert Too Much Control Over Individuals?
139(3)
Problem 2 Is Justice Applied Equally to All in the United States?
142(2)
Problem 3 Deciding the Purpose of the Justice and Criminal System
144(2)
Conclusion
146(1)
Key Points
147(1)
Some Important Terms
147(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion
147(1)
For Further Study
148(1)
Part III Institutions and Society
149(104)
Chapter 9 The Family
149(22)
Variations in the Family Pattern
149(1)
Number of Mates
150(1)
Selection of Mates
151(1)
Family Control
152(1)
Single-Parent Families
152(1)
Reckoning of Descent
153(1)
Functions of the Family in Society
154(1)
Matching Family Patterns With Family Functions
155(1)
Number and Stability of Mates
155(2)
Selection of Mates
157(1)
Other Western Family Characteristics and Functions of the Family
157(1)
The Family in the United States Today
158(2)
Matchmaking and Dating
160(1)
Sex and Singles
161(2)
Children
163(1)
Senior Citizens
163(1)
Family Disorganization and Divorce
164(2)
Singles
166(1)
Living Together
167(1)
The Future of the Family
167(1)
Key Points
168(1)
Some Important Terms
168(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion
169(1)
For Further Study
169(2)
Chapter 10 Religion
171(17)
The Nature of Religion
172(1)
The Great Religions of Today
173(1)
Hinduism
174(1)
Buddhism
175(1)
Judaism
176(2)
Christianity
178(3)
Islam
181(2)
The Role of Religion in Society
183(1)
Religion as a Source of Moral Values and Social Change
184(1)
Impact of Religion on Education, the Arts, and Literature
184(1)
Interfaith Efforts for Peace
185(1)
The Potential Conflict Between Religion and Government
185(1)
Key Points
185(1)
Some Important Terms
186(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion
186(1)
For Further Study
186(2)
Chapter 11 Education
188(19)
Schools as Agencies of Social Control
189(1)
The Dual Thrust of US Education
189(1)
Education and US Democracy
189(1)
The Development of US Education
190(2)
Democratic Structure of the US School System
192(1)
Formalization of the School System
192(3)
Examining the School System
195(1)
Technological Change and Teaching
195(1)
Private Schools and Home Schooling
196(1)
Charter Schools, Privatization, and the Problem of School Finance
196(1)
Textbooks
197(1)
School Dropouts
198(1)
Multiculturalism, Collaborative Learning, and Institutional Fairness
198(1)
How Good Are US Schools?
199(1)
The Search for Excellence
200(1)
Changes in the College Curriculum
201(1)
Is the US Educational System Equal?
202(1)
How Much Education Should the Average Citizen Receive?
203(1)
Interaction of Economics, Politics, and Social Institutions
204(1)
Key Points
204(1)
Some Important Terms
205(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion
205(1)
For Further Study
205(2)
Chapter 12 Social and Economic Stratification
207(16)
Types of Social Stratification
208(1)
Estates
208(1)
Castes
208(1)
Social Classes
209(3)
Social Mobility
212(1)
Who Are the Upwardly Mobile?
213(1)
Education and Social Mobility
214(1)
Class Consciousness in the United States
215(1)
Class Consciousness, Marx, and Weber
216(1)
Economic and Social Inequality
216(1)
Causes of Income Inequality
217(1)
Jobless Recovery and Globalization
217(1)
Measuring Poverty
218(1)
Increasing Social and Economic Inequality
219(1)
Policies to Reduce Inequality
220(1)
Some Conclusions About the US Class System
220(1)
Key Points
220(1)
Some Important Terms
221(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion
221(1)
For Further Study
222(1)
Chapter 13 Stratification, Minorities, and Discrimination
223(30)
Race and Ethnicity
223(1)
Questions of Ethnic and Racial Superiority
224(1)
Ethnic and Racial Prejudice and Discrimination
225(2)
The Melting Pot
227(1)
Minorities
227(1)
Native Americans
227(7)
Systemic Racism and Microaggressions
234(3)
Hispanics
237(1)
Asian Descent
237(2)
Arab Americans and Americans of Middle Eastern Descent
239(1)
Immigration and Minorities
239(3)
Religious Minorities
242(1)
Women
243(4)
Senior Citizens
247(2)
Physical Disabilities Discrimination
249(1)
Conclusion
250(1)
Key Points
250(1)
Some Important Terms
250(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion
251(1)
For Further Study
251(2)
Part IV Politics and Society
253(61)
Chapter 14 The Functions and Forms of Government
253(20)
The Primary Functions of Government
254(1)
Maintaining Internal Order and External Security
254(1)
Ensuring Justice
254(1)
Safeguarding Individual Freedoms
254(2)
Regulating Business's and Individuals' Actions
256(1)
Promoting the General Welfare
256(1)
Debates About the Nature of Government
257(1)
Political Theory and Government
257(1)
Three Views of the Nature of Government
257(4)
Elements of Truth in Each of the Views
261(1)
Forms of Government
261(1)
Democracies
261(4)
Autocracy
265(5)
Governments Are Far From Simple
270(1)
Key Points
270(1)
Some Important Terms
271(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion
271(1)
For Further Study
271(2)
Chapter 15 Governments of the World
273(18)
French Government
273(1)
The French Parliamentary System
274(2)
The French Executive Branch
276(1)
Chinese Government
276(1)
Chinese Governmental History
276(1)
Chinese State Structure
277(1)
Nigerian Government
278(1)
British Influence
279(1)
Modern Nigeria's Government: The Fourth Republic
280(1)
Difficulties Facing Nigeria
281(1)
A Final Comment
282(1)
Russian Government
282(3)
Saudi Arabian Government
285(3)
Some Lessons About Governments
288(1)
Future Changes in Governments
288(1)
Key Points
289(1)
Some Important Terms
289(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion
289(1)
For Further Study
290(1)
Chapter 16 Democratic Government in the United States
291(23)
Historical Development of US Government
292(1)
The Structure of US Government
293(1)
Structure of the National Government
293(2)
The Nature of Our National Government
295(9)
The Political Process
304(1)
Political Parties
304(1)
Elections
305(2)
The Fourth Estate
307(2)
The Political Elite
309(1)
The Military-Industrial Complex and Pressure Groups
309(2)
Evaluation of the Democratic Political Process
311(1)
Key Points
312(1)
Some Important Terms
312(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion
312(1)
For Further Study
313(1)
Part V Economics and Society
314(37)
Chapter 17 The Organization of Economic Activities
314(16)
The Nature of an Economy
315(1)
Functions of an Economy
315(1)
Economics and the Social Sciences
315(1)
Economic Wants and Economic Goods
315(2)
The Other Economic Problem
317(1)
The Evolution of Economic Systems
317(1)
From Feudalism to Mercantilism
318(1)
From Mercantilism to a Pragmatic Market Economy
318(3)
Planned and Unplanned Economies
321(1)
How Planned Economies Are Supposed to Work
321(1)
Why Central Planning Did Not Meet Its Goals
322(1)
How Market Economies Are Supposed to Work
322(2)
Supply and Demand
324(2)
Modern Economies Are Pragmatic Market Economies
326(1)
Conclusion
327(1)
Key Points
327(1)
Some Important Terms
328(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion
328(1)
For Further Study
329(1)
Chapter 18 The Economy, Government, and Economic Challenges Facing the United States
330(21)
Government's Indirect Role in the Economy
330(1)
The Problem of Regulating the Economy
331(1)
Whose Desires Does the Government Reflect?
332(1)
Fluctuating Attitudes Toward Regulation
333(1)
Government's Direct Role in the Economy
334(1)
Where the Government Spends Its Money
334(1)
Where Government Gets Its Money
335(1)
Alternative Methods of Supply in a Pragmatic Market Economy
335(1)
Some Controversial Roles of the Government
336(1)
Income Redistribution Through Government
336(3)
Governments Macroeconomic Role
339(1)
Stabilizing the Economy
339(1)
Monetary and Fiscal Policy
340(1)
Economic Challenges Facing the United States in the Future
341(1)
The Debt Challenge
342(1)
The Globalization Challenge
343(3)
The Income Inequality Challenge
346(1)
The Climate Change Challenge
347(1)
Conclusion
348(1)
Key Points
348(1)
Some Important Terms
348(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion
349(1)
For Further Study
349(2)
Part VI Global Issues
351(76)
Chapter 19 International Political Relations
351(21)
The State in International Relations
352(1)
The Nation-State
353(1)
The Establishment and Disappearance of Nation-States
354(1)
The Rise of the European Union
355(1)
Sovereignty of States
356(1)
Power in the World Community
357(1)
The Nature and Sources of National Power
358(1)
The End of US Hegemony and the Rise of Chinese Military Power
359(1)
Other Sources of Power
360(1)
Maintaining Security
361(2)
Foreign Policies
363(1)
Geography and Foreign Policy
364(1)
Values, Ideologies, and Foreign Policy
364(2)
The United States in the World Community
366(1)
The President and Foreign Policy
367(1)
US Foreign Policies
368(2)
Key Point
370(1)
Some Important Terms
370(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion
370(1)
For Further Study
371(1)
Chapter 20 International Economic Relations
372(14)
What Makes International Trade Different?
373(1)
Foreign Exchange Markets
373(1)
Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rate Systems
373(3)
Balance of Payments and Balance of Trade
376(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of International Trade
377(1)
Three Advantages of Trade
378(1)
Disadvantages of Trade
378(1)
Why Economists Generally Support Free Trade
378(1)
Why You Can't Get the Advantages Without the Disadvantages
379(1)
Restrictions on International Trade
380(1)
Tariffs on Imports
380(2)
Import Quotas
382(1)
Removing Trade Restrictions
382(1)
Globalization
383(1)
Globalization, Trade Imbalances, and Exchange Rates
384(1)
Conclusion
384(1)
Key Points
384(1)
Some Important Terms
384(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion
385(1)
For Further Study
385(1)
Chapter 21 The Political Economies of Developing Countries
386(20)
Problems of Developing Countries
388(1)
The Political Consensus Problem
388(2)
The Corruption Problem
390(1)
The Economic Problem
391(2)
The Debt Problem
393(1)
The Population Problem
393(1)
The Brain Drain Problem
393(1)
Mission Impossible: Advice to a Potential Leader
394(1)
Options of Developing Countries
395(1)
Political Options
395(1)
Economic Options
395(1)
Foreign Policy Options
395(1)
Population Options
395(1)
The Brain Drain Option
395(1)
Who Will Be the Next Leader?
396(1)
Case Studies
396(1)
China
396(3)
Venezuela
399(2)
Uganda
401(2)
Conclusion
403(1)
Key Points
404(1)
Some Important Terms
404(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion
404(1)
For Further Study
405(1)
Chapter 22 International Institutions and the Search for Peace
406(21)
The Problem of War
408(1)
The Causes of War
408(1)
Approaches to the Problem of War
409(2)
The United Nations
411(1)
Is the UN Worth It?
412(2)
The UN's Role in Keeping the Peace
414(2)
Other UN Approaches
416(1)
The Outlook for Peace
417(2)
Trouble Spots of the World
419(5)
Conclusion
424(1)
Key Points
424(1)
Some Important Terms
425(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion
425(1)
For Further Study
426(1)
Index 427
David C. Colander received his PhD from Columbia University and was the Christian A. Johnson Distinguished Professor of Economics at Middlebury College in Middlebury, Vermont from 1982 until 2013, when he was appointed Distinguished College Professor at Middlebury. In 20012002, he was the Kelly Professor of Distinguished Teaching at Princeton University. He has authored, co-authored, or edited more than 40 books and 200 articles on a wide range of topics. His books have been translated into a number of different languages, including Chinese, Bulgarian, Polish, Italian, and Spanish. He has been president of both the Eastern Economic Association and History of Economic Thought Society and has been on the editorial boards of numerous journals, including the Journal of Economic Perspectives and the Journal of Economic Education.

Elgin F. Hunt is deceased. He was one of the early authors of this book when it began in the 1930s, and took over as sole author in the 1950s. He continued revising the book until the late 1970s, when David C. Colander took over.