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E-grāmata: Sociophonetic Approach to Scottish Standard English

(University of Bamberg)
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Sociophonetic Approach to Scottish Standard EnglishPalielināt
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Applying a sociophonetic research paradigm, this volume presents an investigation of variation and change in the Scottish Standard English accent. Based on original audio recordings made in Edinburgh, it provides detailed acoustic and auditory analyses of selected accent features. In contrast to other studies of English in Scotland, the focus is on the extent to which certain characteristics of middle-class speech are susceptible (or immune) to the influence of Southern Standard British English, or vary in ways unrelated to that influence. Beyond the fine-grained patterns of variation that are revealed, the study highlights innovative methodological approaches to sociophonetic variation and contributes to a better general understanding of the status and function of Scottish Standard English. The book will be of general interest to sociolinguists and sociophoneticians, and of particular interest to researchers or students concerned with phonetic or phonological aspects of Scottish English.
List of tables ix
List of figures xi
List of equations xiii
List of abbreviations xv
List of other symbols xvii
Acknowledgements xix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1(16)
1.1 Scottish English: Previous research
1.2 The present study in the context of Edinburgh
3(4)
1.3 The variables under investigation
7(3)
1.4 Research in a sociophonetic framework
10(3)
1.5 Overall contribution of the present study
13(1)
1.6 Structure of the book
14(3)
Chapter 2 Scottish Standard English in context 17(16)
2.1 The Scottish English language continuum
17(6)
2.1.1 Scots and Scottish Standard English
18(2)
2.1.2 Status and definition of SSE
20(2)
2.1.3 'Drifting'
22(1)
2.2 SSE as a double contact variety
23(3)
2.3 Characteristics of the SSE accent
26(7)
2.3.1 The sound inventory
26(4)
2.3.2 Criterial and optional features of SSE
30(3)
Chapter 3 Explaining accent variation and change 33(14)
3.1 Accent contact and change by accommodation
33(2)
3.2 Internal and external factors in variation and change
35(10)
3.2.1 Age, gender and contact
36(2)
3.2.2 Style
38(2)
3.2.3 Ease of articulation and clarity
40(2)
3.2.4 Frequency effects
42(1)
3.2.5 Other internal factors
43(2)
3.3 Towards a unified model
45(2)
Chapter 4 Data and methodology 47(20)
4.1 Data collection
47(6)
4.1.1 Speakers and styles
48(2)
4.1.2 Types and tokens
50(2)
4.1.3 Recording, processing and transcription
52(1)
4.2 Analysing acoustic vowel data
53(6)
4.2.1 Making vowel measurements
54(1)
4.2.2 Vowel transformation
55(3)
4.2.3 Acoustic vowels as variables
58(1)
4.3 Auditory analyses of (r)
59(1)
4.4 Multilevel modelling
60(7)
4.4.1 The hierarchical (generalised) linear model
61(2)
4.4.2 Model output and diagnostics
63(2)
4.4.3 Model-building
65(2)
Chapter 5 The research context for /e/ and /o/ 67(12)
5.1 The acoustics and perception of diphthongs
67(2)
5.2 Historical developments of (e) and (o)
69(2)
5.3 /e/ and /o/ in Scotland
71(4)
5.3.1 Early sources and textbooks
72(1)
5.3.2 Contemporary empirical research
73(2)
5.4 Summary and research questions
75(4)
Chapter 6 Statistical analyses of (e) and (o) 79(22)
6.1 Descriptive statistics
79(4)
6.2 Multilevel analyses of (e) and (o)
83(13)
6.2.1 Social effects
86(3)
6.2.2 Stylistic effects
89(4)
6.2.3 Language-internal effects
93(3)
6.3 Discussion of results
96(5)
Chapter 7 The research context for (r) 101(14)
7.1 Variability of /r/
101(2)
7.2 Historical developments of /r/
103(1)
7.3 /r/ in Scotland
104(6)
7.3.1 Early sources and textbooks
104(2)
7.3.2 Contemporary empirical research
106(4)
7.4 Linking /r/
110(2)
7.5 Summary and research questions
112(3)
Chapter 8 Statistical analyses of (r) 115(24)
8.1 Descriptive statistics
115(5)
8.2 Multilevel analyses of (r)
120(14)
8.2.1 Social effects
123(3)
8.2.2 Stylistic effects
126(1)
8.2.3 Language-internal effects
127(7)
8.3 Discussion of results
134(5)
Chapter 9 Conclusion: Variation and change in SSE 139(10)
9.1 Summary of central findings
139(4)
9.2 The SSE-SSBE continuum - fact or fiction?
143(6)
References 149(14)
Appendices
A Fieldwork material
163(3)
A.1 Reading passage
163(1)
A.2 Word list
164(1)
A.3 Questionnaire
165(1)
B Sample transcript
166(3)
C Token numbers
169(2)
C.1 Token numbers of (e) and (o)
169(1)
C.2 Token numbers of (r)
170(1)
D Independent variables
171(6)
D.1 Technical definitions
171(3)
D.2 Normal values
174(3)
Index 177
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