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E-grāmata: Sociophysics: A Physicist's Modeling of Psycho-political Phenomena

  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : Understanding Complex Systems
  • Izdošanas datums: 11-Feb-2012
  • Izdevniecība: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781461420323
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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : Understanding Complex Systems
  • Izdošanas datums: 11-Feb-2012
  • Izdevniecība: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781461420323
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Do humans behave much like atoms? Sociophysics, which uses tools and concepts from the physics of disordered matter to describe some aspects of social and political behavior, answers in the affirmative. But advocating the use of models from the physical sciences to understand human behavior could be perceived as tantamount to dismissing the existence of human free will and also enabling those seeking manipulative skills . This thought-provoking book argues it is just the contrary.

Indeed, future developments and evaluation will either show sociophysics to be inadequate, thus supporting the hypothesis that people can primarily be considered to be free agents, or valid, thus opening the path to a radically different vision of society and personal responsibility. This book attempts to explain why and how humans behave much like atoms, at least in some aspects of their collective lives, and then proposes how this knowledge can serve as a unique key to a dramatic leap forwards in achieving more social freedom in the real world. At heart, sociophysics and this book are about better comprehending the richness and potential of our social interaction, and so distancing ourselves from inanimate atoms.



This book attempts to explain why and how humans behave much like atoms in some aspects of their collective lives. The authors then suggest ways that this knowledge could serve as the key to a dramatic leap forwards in social freedom in the real world.
The Reader's Guide to a Unique Book of Its Kind xvii
References xxiii
Part I Sociophysics: Setting the Frame
1 What is Sociophysics About?
3(18)
1.1 Science Fiction and Asimov's Foundation Syndrome
3(2)
1.2 What Makes Sense and What Does Not with Asimov's Fictional Psychohistory
5(5)
1.2.1 Predicting the Future Is Not Possible
5(2)
1.2.2 Historical Vs. Ahistorical Sciences
7(1)
1.2.3 Small Groups, Large Groups, Not so Simple
8(1)
1.2.4 A Mathematician Could Not Have Done It, a Physicist Could, Maybe
9(1)
1.3 A Parenthesis on the Fall of Empires
10(1)
1.4 Time for New Paradigms
11(2)
1.5 Sociophysics, a Possible Novel Hard Science: Not a Zero Risk Path
13(3)
1.6 Discovering the Limits of Human Freedom Opens the path to Social Freedom
16(3)
References
19(2)
2 The Question: Do Humans Behave like Atoms?
21(20)
2.1 My Basic Philosophy
21(2)
2.2 Telling the Truth About What Indeed Physics Is and What It Is Not
23(4)
2.3 Physics Does Not Care About Mathematical Rigor
27(1)
2.4 Implementing a Physics-like Approach Outside Physics
28(1)
2.5 But Indeed, Do Humans Behave Like Atoms?
29(2)
2.6 Building Up an "Atom-Individual" Connection
31(3)
2.7 Our Bare Methodology
34(3)
2.8 To Sum up
37(2)
References
39(2)
3 Sociophysics: The Origins
41(28)
3.1 The First Days
42(2)
3.1.1 Breaking the Secret of Critical Phenomena
42(1)
3.1.2 The Physicist's Corner
43(1)
3.2 The First Days, the First Fight
44(2)
3.3 From Claim to Demonstration
46(2)
3.4 The Story Behind the Scene
48(3)
3.5 More About Academic Freedom
51(1)
3.6 Surviving Within Physics by Not Playing Tennis
52(3)
3.7 Breaking the Gap with a Social Scientist
55(2)
3.8 Changing My Strategy: Back to the World of Physics
57(1)
3.9 The Secret One Shot International Seminar
58(1)
3.10 The Rising Sun of Sociophysics
58(2)
3.11 When Too Much Is Too much
60(1)
3.12 Claiming the Paternity of Sociophysics
61(2)
3.13 Reorientating My Strategy Again to Join a Social Sciences Group
63(3)
References
66(3)
4 Sociophysics: Weaknesses, Achievements, and Challenges
69(24)
4.1 The Essential Challenges of Sociophysics
69(1)
4.2 Sociophysics: A New Field Is Emerging
70(1)
4.3 Deciding the Future of Sociophysics
71(1)
4.4 Sociophysics: Epistemological Foundations
72(2)
4.5 Flashback to the Origins
74(1)
4.6 The Soviet-Like Rewriting of the History of Sociophysics
75(2)
4.7 Fatherhood with a Touch of Humor
77(2)
4.8 Basic Weaknesses of Growing Sociophysics
79(2)
4.9 The Positive Achievements of Sociophysics so Far
81(2)
4.10 The First Sociophysics Successful Prediction of a Precise Event
83(3)
4.10.1 Taking Risks to Validate Sociophysics
84(1)
4.10.2 When the Prediction Turns Out to be True
85(1)
4.10.3 When a Prediction Fails
86(1)
4.11 Proposal to Establish a Road Map
86(1)
4.12 What the Climatologists Did with the IPCC Should Not Be Repeated
87(1)
References
88(5)
Part II Discovering the Wonderful (and Maybe Scary) World of Sociophysics
5 Sociophysics: An Overview of Emblematic Founding Models
93(8)
5.1 In a Few Words
95(2)
5.1.1 Decision Making
95(1)
5.1.2 Bottom-up Democratic Voting
96(1)
5.1.3 Terrorism
96(1)
5.1.4 Coalitions Versus Fragmentation
96(1)
5.1.5 Public Opinion
97(1)
References
97(4)
6 Universal Features of Group Decision Making
101(20)
6.1 The Strike Phenomenon
101(5)
6.1.1 The Model
102(1)
6.1.2 The Operating Mechanism
102(2)
6.1.3 The Overlap with the Physical Model
104(1)
6.1.4 The Novel Counterintuitive Social Highlights
105(1)
6.1.5 Achievements of the Model
106(1)
6.2 How Do Groups Make Their Decisions?
106(13)
6.2.1 The Symmetrical Individual Versus the Symmetrical Group
107(1)
6.2.2 The Random Symmetry Breaking Choice
108(1)
6.2.3 Anticipating the Group Choice
109(2)
6.2.4 Individuals Are Often Not Symmetrical
111(2)
6.2.5 Life Is Not a Paradise
113(1)
6.2.6 Some Emblematic Illustrations of the Model
114(3)
6.2.7 The Leader Effect
117(1)
6.2.8 The Overlap with the Physical Model
118(1)
6.2.9 The Model's Achievements
118(1)
References
119(2)
7 The Dictatorship Paradox of Democratic Bottom-up Voting
121(18)
7.1 The Local Majority Rule Model
123(1)
7.2 Incorporating the Inertia Effect of Being the Ruler
123(2)
7.3 From Probabilistic to Deterministic Voting
125(1)
7.4 The Magic Formula for Presidency
126(1)
7.5 A Simulation to Visualize the Dictatorship Effect of Democratic Voting
127(2)
7.6 From Two to Three Competing Parties
129(3)
7.7 The Overlap with the Physical Model
132(3)
7.8 Achievements of the Model
135(2)
References
137(2)
8 The Dynamics of Spontaneous Coalition-Fragmentation Versus Global Coalitions
139(16)
8.1 The Two-Country Problem
139(3)
8.2 The Unstable Three-Country Problem
142(7)
8.3 Superposing Current Pair Bonds to Historical Ones
149(2)
8.4 From Binary to a Multiple Coalitions
151(1)
8.5 The Overlap with the Physical Model
152(1)
8.6 Achievements of the Model
153(1)
References
153(2)
9 Terrorism and the Percolation of Passive Supporters
155(14)
9.1 The Geometry of Terrorism
156(4)
9.2 Local Versus Global Terrorism: A Unified Frame
160(3)
9.3 What Is to Be Done?
163(2)
9.4 The Various Flags of a Terrorist Group
165(2)
9.5 The Overlap with the Physical Model
167(1)
9.6 Achievements of the Model
168(1)
References
168(1)
10 The Modeling of Opinion Dynamics
169(34)
10.1 An Overview
169(2)
10.2 Why Is Public Opinion Often Conservative?
171(2)
10.3 The Local Majority Model and the Existence of Biases
173(11)
10.4 The Appearance of Nonthreshold Dynamics
184(1)
10.5 Mixing the Group Sizes
185(3)
10.6 Heterogeneous Agents and the Contrarian Effect
188(1)
10.7 Thresholdless Driven Coexistence
189(2)
10.8 The One-Sided Inflexible Effect and the Global Warming Issue
191(2)
10.9 The Thresholdless Case
193(2)
10.10 Extending the Competition to Three Opinions
195(1)
10.11 The Reshuffling Effect and Rare Event Nucleation
196(1)
10.12 The Overlap with Physical Systems and Other Sociophysics Models
197(1)
10.13 Achievements of the Model
198(1)
10.14 In the Meantime
199(1)
References
200(3)
11 By Way of Caution
203(6)
Part III Democratic Voting in Bottom-Up Hierarchical Structures: From Advantages and Setbacks to Dictatorship Paradoxes
12 Highlights of the Part
209(14)
12.1 Dictatorships Can Be Democratic
209(1)
12.2 What It Is About
210(1)
12.3 The Wonderful World of Democracy
210(1)
12.4 Not Ruling Is Bad for You
211(1)
12.5 Big Is Better
212(1)
12.6 What Matters
213(1)
12.7 The Strategic Key
214(1)
12.8 Visualizing the Democratic-Driven Dictatorship Twist
215(1)
12.9 The Key Configurations to Infiltrate a Party
215(5)
12.10 Life Is More Risky with Three Competing Parties
220(1)
12.11 Eastern European Communist Collapse Was Not Sudden
220(1)
References
221(2)
13 Basic Mechanisms for the Perfect Democratic Structure
223(24)
13.1 Starting from a Naive View of Former Communist Organizations
223(2)
13.2 Setting Up the Simplest Form of a Voting Process
225(2)
13.3 The Single Random Small Group Voting Scheme
227(2)
13.4 Fluctuations, Group Sizes, and Democratic Balance
229(2)
13.5 Limits of the Single Group Voting Scheme
231(1)
13.6 Including Even-Sized Voting Groups
232(2)
13.7 Setting Up the Perfect Democratic Structure
234(6)
13.8 The Dynamics Driven by Repeated Democratic Voting
240(3)
13.9 Some Comments About Zero
243(4)
14 Going to Applications
247(26)
14.1 The Practical Scheme
247(3)
14.2 The Physicist's Corner: Trying to Be a Little More Mathematical
250(6)
14.3 The Magic Formula
256(7)
14.4 What It Means in Terms of Global Size
263(1)
14.5 The Physicist's Corner: To Make It Simpler
264(4)
14.6 Putting a Limit on the Global Size
268(5)
15 Touching on a Fundamental Aspect of Nature, Both Physical and Human
273(24)
15.1 Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena
273(3)
15.2 Revisiting the Practical Scheme
276(1)
15.3 Revisiting the Magic Formula
277(2)
15.4 Rare Dictatorial Events Versus Antidemocratic Ones
279(5)
15.4.1 Another Viewpoint
282(1)
15.4.2 The Physicist's Corner
283(1)
15.5 From Rare Antidemocratic Events to the Radical Efficiency of Geometric Nesting
284(6)
15.5.1 Monitoring the Rare Antidemocratic Bottom Configurations
284(2)
15.5.2 When the Radical Efficiency Turns Nasty
286(4)
15.6 More About Hierarchies
290(5)
15.6.1 Randomness Is Sufficient at the Bottom
290(1)
15.6.2 Geography and Multisize Combination of Voting Groups
291(3)
15.6.3 A Digression of About a Fifty Percent Score: What Is the Meaning of a Majority?
294(1)
References
295(2)
16 Dictatorship Paradoxes of Democratic Voting in Hierarchical Structures
297(82)
16.1 The Inertial Effect of Being in Power
297(3)
16.2 The Dramatic Effect of Tie Break Voting in the Single
300(2)
16.3 Varying the Voting Group Size
302(3)
16.4 From the Perfect Democratic Structure to the Perfect
305(7)
16.5 The Dynamics Driven by Repeated Democratic Voting
312(4)
16.5.1 The Physicist's Corner
313(3)
16.6 From the Magic to the Machiavelli Formula
316(7)
16.6.1 The Physicist's Corner
320(3)
16.7 Global Size, the Practical Scheme, the Magic Formula
323(16)
16.7.1 Global Size
324(1)
16.7.2 The Practical Scheme
325(2)
16.7.3 The Physicist's Corner
327(3)
16.7.4 The Magic Formula
330(2)
16.7.5 The Physicist's Corner
332(4)
16.7.6 The Super Magic Formula
336(1)
16.7.7 The Physicist's Corner
337(2)
16.8 What Happens to the Rare Antidemocratic Events?
339(9)
16.8.1 The Minimum Number of Bottom Agents to Win the Presidency
341(5)
16.8.2 The Associated Number of Different Bottom Nasty Configurations
346(1)
16.8.3 The Actual Probability of a Nasty Bottom Configuration
347(1)
16.9 All Bottom Minorities and Majorities Winning the Presidency
348(19)
16.9.1 The Odd Case r = 3
351(5)
16.9.2 The Even Case r = 4: The Challenging View Point
356(2)
16.9.3 The Even Case r = 4: The Running Power View Point
358(8)
16.9.4 The Physicist's Corner
366(1)
16.10 The Worrying Power of Geometric Nesting or How to Make Certain a Very Rare Event
367(3)
16.10.1 The Sudden and Unexpected Taking Over of Large Institutions
368(1)
16.10.2 The Scary Lobbying
368(1)
16.10.3 A Striking Idealized Illustration
369(1)
16.10.4 Hint to Restore the Democratic Functioning
369(1)
16.11 Softening the Inertia Principle
370(4)
16.11.1 The Physicist's Corner
373(1)
16.11.2 Three Competing Opinions: It Becomes Even More Counterintuitive
374(1)
16.12 Communist Collapse and French FN Victory
374(2)
16.12.1 Hierarchies Are Everywhere
375(1)
References
376(3)
Part IV The Risky Business of Alliances in Bottom-Up Democratic Voting with Three-Choice Competition
17 Bottom-Up Democratic Voting in a Three-Choice Competition
379(44)
17.1 Two Competing Parties in Short
380(10)
17.1.1 The General Frame
380(1)
17.1.2 Predicting the Results of Democratic Elections
380(2)
17.1.3 The Bottom-Up Voting Dynamics
382(4)
17.1.4 From Theoretical Principles to Reality
386(3)
17.1.5 From Reality to Implementation
389(1)
17.2 Three Competing Parties
390(14)
17.2.1 Two Competing Parties, a One-Dimensional Problem
391(2)
17.2.2 Three Competing Parties, a Two-Dimensional Problem
393(2)
17.2.3 The Three-Party Bottom-Up Voting Flow
395(7)
17.2.4 The Physicist's Corner
402(2)
17.3 The Bottom-Up Voting Flow Diagram
404(7)
17.3.1 The Frequent Case of Two Large Opposing Parties with a Small One in Between
406(3)
17.3.2 Some General (α, β, γ) Case Snapshots
409(2)
17.4 The "Golden Triangle" to Win the Presidency
411(2)
References
413(10)
18 So Sorry, That's the End of the Tour!
423(4)
19 I Thank You
427(2)
Index 429
Serge Galam is a theoretical physicist specialized in disordered systems with doctorate degrees from Paris and Tel-Aviv. After being a research associate at the City College of New York and an assistant professor at New York University, he joined the CNRS in Paris where he is currently working at the Research Center in Applied Epistemology at the 'Ecole Polytechnique. He is the proud father of sociophysics, a new field of study that he envisioned and initiated more than thirty years ago.

He has authored over 120 research papers in the best international journals, three books,  over 60 popular articles and 30 book chapters and given about 300 talks throughout the world.