Rather than reiterating the basic soil fertility facts discussed elsewhere, here soil and plant scientists present and discuss examples of how modern research tools can help develop better answers to production and environmental questions. The information could be helpful to researchers, students, and extension personnel. The topics include soil fertility: nutrient management, assessing a fertilizer program: short-term and long-term approaches, the optimization of financially constrained fertilizer use, the use of enriched and natural abundance nitrogen and carbon isotopes in soil fertility research, and soil and fertilizer management practices to control nutrient losses under subsurface tile-drained conditions. Annotation ©2017 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)